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Valizadeh S, Rahimi Khub M, Chiniforush N, Kharazifard MJ, Hashemikamangar SS. Effect of Laser Irradiance and Fluoride Varnish on Demineralization Around Dental Composite Restorations. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 11:450-455. [PMID: 33425296 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effects of CO2 and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers with and without fluoride varnish on demineralization around composite restorations. Methods: This in vitro experimental study evaluated 96 extracted human premolars. After preparation and restoration of class V cavities in the buccal surface of the teeth with composite resin, they were randomly divided into 8 groups of control, CO2 laser (L1), CO2 laser-NaF (L1F), NaF-CO2 laser (FL1), Er:YAG laser (L2), Er:YAG laser-NaF (L2F), NaF-Er:YAG laser (FL2) and NaF (F). The entire surface of the teeth, except for the restored cavity in the buccal surface and 1 mm around the margin, was coated with two layers of nail varnish. The teeth then underwent pH cycling for 10 days (3 hours in demineralizing solution and 21 hours in remineralizing solution) to artificially induce demineralization. The amount of calcium and phosphorous released into the cariogenic solution was quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. The Vickers hardness tester was used to measure the hardness of the tooth structure adjacent to composite restoration. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: The four groups of L1F, FL1, FL2 and L2F showed minimum loss of calcium and phosphorous ions, and the mean hardness of FL1 and FL2 groups was higher than that of other groups. Conclusion: The CO2 and Er:YAG lasers alone have no significant effect on the resistance of tooth structure to cariogenic solution. However, they can exert a synergistic effect when used along with NaF varnish. Fluoride varnish applied prior to laser irradiation confers further resistance to the tooth structure and positively affects its hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valizadeh
- Assistant Professor, Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Assistant Professor, Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Kharazifard
- Research Member, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of lasers (at sub-ablative parameters) in reducing caries incidence compared with traditional prophylactic interventions (TPIs) when used alone or together with other TPIs such as pits and fissures sealant or fluoride gels or varnishes. DESIGN A systematic review. Data sources include Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library (December 2019). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Only randomised trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) dealing with prophylactic lasers use (vs TPI or untreated teeth) were considered as eligible. We excluded in vitro and ex vivo studies. DATA EXTRACTION Eligible studies were selected and data extracted independently by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed adopting the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Data on caries incidence, sealant retention, fluoride uptake, adverse events, treatment duration, patients' discomfort and cost-effectiveness ratio was extracted. DATA ANALYSIS Extracted data were presented narratively due to the heterogeneity of included studies. RESULTS Seven RCTs and two CCTs, all with an evident risk of bias, met inclusion criteria, pooling together 269 individuals and 1628 teeth. CO2, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet, erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG), erbium, chromium: yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) and Argon lasers were used. In the permanent dentition, lasers only when used in combination with TPIs were effective in reducing caries when compared with untreated teeth (risk ratio (RR)=0.44 (0.20-0.97); Er:YAG laser) or with TPIs used alone (RR=0.39 (0.22-0.71); CO2 laser). Moreover, Argon laser significantly improved the fluoride uptake into the enamel surfaces (ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) tests: 95%, p<0.0001). Likewise, sealant retention improved when acid etching was performed on previously irradiated enamel fissures by CO2 laser (RR=0.63 (0.38-1.04)) or Er:YAG laser (RR=0.54 (95% CI: 0.34 to 0.87)). In addition, laser resulted safe and well tolerated by patients. CONCLUSION Despite some positive indications, an inadequate level of evidence was found in the included studies concerning the lasers' effectiveness in preventing caries. Further studies with a higher methodological quality level are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagano
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Lombardo
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orso
- Health Planning Service, Regional Health Authority of Umbria, Perugia, Italy
| | - Iosief Abraha
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Benito Capobianco
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cianetti
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Fissure caries inhibition with a CO 2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser-a randomized, single-blind, split-mouth controlled, 1-year clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2055-2068. [PMID: 32803438 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this randomized, single-blind, split-mouth controlled, clinical trial was to evaluate whether the use of a short-pulsed 9.3-μm CO2 laser increases the caries resistance of occlusal pit and fissures in addition to fluoride therapy over 12 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 participants, average age 13.1 years, were enrolled. At baseline, second molars were randomized into test and control, and assessed by ICDAS, SOPROLIFE, and DIAGNOdent. An independent investigator irradiated test molars with a CO2 laser (wavelength 9.3 μm, pulse duration 4 μs, pulse repetition rate 43 Hz, beam diameter 250 μm, average fluence 3.9 J/cm2, 20 laser pulses per spot). Test molars received laser and fluoride treatment, control teeth fluoride alone. Fluoride varnish was applied at baseline and at 6 months. After 6 and 12 months, teeth were again assessed. RESULTS A total of 57 participants completed the 6-month and 51 the 12-month recall. Laser-treated surfaces showed very slight ICDAS improvements over time with ICDAS change - 1 in 11% and 8%, no changes (ICDAS change 0) in 68% and 67%, and slightly worsened (ICDAS change 1) in 19% and 24% at 6- and 12-month recalls, respectively, and worsened by two scores in 2% at both recall time points. Control teeth showed significantly higher ICDAS increases, with 47% and 25% showing ICDAS change 0, ICDAS change 1 in 49% and 55%, and ICDAS change 2 in 4% and 20% at 6- and 12-month recalls, respectively. Differences in ICDAS changes between the groups were statistically significant (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001; Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, exact). A total of 22% of the participants developed ICDAS 3 scores on the control teeth. CONCLUSIONS Microsecond short-pulsed 9.3-μm CO2 laser irradiation markedly inhibits caries progression in pits and fissures in comparison with fluoride varnish alone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The 9.3-μm CO2 laser irradiation of pits and fissures enhances caries resistance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02357979.
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Silva CV, Mantilla TF, Engel Y, Tavares JP, Freitas PM, Rechmann P. The effect of CO 2 9.3 μm short-pulsed laser irradiation in enamel erosion reduction with and without fluoride applications-a randomized, controlled in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 35:1213-1222. [PMID: 32030555 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-02979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the protective effect of short-pulsed CO2 9.3 μm laser irradiation against erosion in human enamel without and combined with TiF4 and AmF/NaF/SnCl2 applications, respectively, as well as compared to the protective effect of these fluoride treatments alone. After polishing, ninety enamel samples (3 × 3mm) were used for 9 different treatment groups: 4% TiF4 gel (pH 1.5, 24,533 ppm F-); AmF/NaF/SnCl2 rinse (pH 4.5; 500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2); CO2 laser (average power 0.58 W); CO2 laser (0.58 W) + TiF4; CO2 laser (0.58 W) + AmF/NaF/SnCl2; CO2 laser (0.69 W); CO2 laser (0.69 W) + TiF4; CO2 laser (0.69 W) + AmF/NaF/SnCl2; negative control (deionized water). TiF4 gel was brushed on only once before the first erosive cycling, while samples treated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 were daily immersed in 5 ml of the solution before cycling. Laser treatment occurred with a CO2 laser (wavelength 9.3 μm, pulse repetition rate 100 Hz, pulse duration 14.6 μs/18 μs, average power 0.58 W/0.69 W, fluence 1.9 J/cm2/2.2 J/cm2, beam diameter 0.63 mm, irradiation time 10 s, air cooling). TiF4 was applied only once, while AmF/NaF/SnCl2 was applied once daily before the erosive challenge. Surface loss (in μm) was measured with optical profilometry immediately after treatment, and after 5 and 10 days of erosive cycling (0.5% citric acid, pH 2.3, 6 × 2 min/day). Additionally, scanning electron microscopy investigations were performed. All application measures resulted in loss of surface height immediately after treatment. After 5 days, significantly reduced surface loss was observed after applying laser irradiation (both power settings) followed by applications of TiF4 or AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (p < 0.05; 2-way ANOVA and Tukey test) compared to fluoride application alone. After 10 days, compared to after 5 days, a reduced tissue loss was observed in all groups treated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution. This tissue gain occurred with the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 application alone and was significantly higher when the application was combined with the laser use (p < 0.05). Short-pulsed CO2 9.3 μm laser irradiation followed by additional application of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution significantly reduces the progression of dental enamel erosion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - T F Mantilla
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Y Engel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - J P Tavares
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - P M Freitas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - P Rechmann
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Rechmann P, Le CQ, Kinsel R, Kerbage C, Rechmann BMT. In vitro CO 2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser caries prevention-effects of a newly developed laser irradiation pattern. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 35:979-989. [PMID: 31897815 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Caries prevention with different lasers has been investigated in laboratory studies and clinical pilot trials. Objective of this in vitro study was to assess whether 9.3-μm microsecond short-pulsed CO2 laser irradiation enhances enamel caries resistance without melting, with and without additional fluoride application. Seven groups of enamel, totaling 105 human enamel samples, were irradiated with 2 different carbon dioxide lasers with 2 different energy application systems (original versus spread beam; 9.3 μm wavelength, pulse repetition rate 43 Hz vs 100 Hz, fluence ranges from 1.4 to 3.9 J/cm2, pulse duration 3 μs to 18 μs). The laboratory pH-cycling was performed with or without additional fluoride, followed by cross-sectional microhardness testing. To assess caries inhibition, the mean relative mineral loss delta Z (∆Z) was determined. To evaluate for melting, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations were performed. For the non-laser control groups with additional fluoride use, the relative mineral loss (ΔZ, vol% × μm) ranged between 512 ± 292 and 809 ± 297 (mean ± SD). ΔZ for the laser-irradiated samples with fluoride use ranged between 186 ± 214 and 374 ± 191, averaging a 58% ± 6% mineral loss reduction (ANOVA, P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001). For the non-laser-treated controls without additional fluoride, the mineral loss increased (ΔZ 914 ± 422 to 1224 ± 736). In contrast, the ΔZ for the laser-treated groups without additional fluoride ranged between 463 ± 190 and 594 ± 272 (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) indicative of 50% ± 2% average reduction in mineral loss. Enhanced caries resistance was achieved by all applied fluences. Using the spread beam resulted in enhanced resistance without enamel melting as seen by SEM. CO2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser irradiation with both laser beam configurations resulted in highly significant reduction in enamel mineral loss. Modifying the beam to a more homogenous profile will allow enamel caries resistance even without apparent enamel melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rechmann
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - C Q Le
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - R Kinsel
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - C Kerbage
- Convergent Dental, 140 Kendrick Street, Bldg C3, Needham, MA, 02494, USA
| | - B M T Rechmann
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Jang AT, Chan KH, Fried D. Automated ablation of dental composite using an IR pulsed laser coupled to a plume emission spectral feedback system. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49:658-665. [PMID: 28467687 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to assemble a laser system for the selective removal of dental composite from tooth surfaces, that is feasible for clinical use incorporating a spectral feedback system, a scanning system, articulating arm and a clinical hand-piece, and evaluate the performance of that system on extracted teeth. METHODS Ten extracted teeth were collected and small fillings were placed on the occlusal surface of each tooth. A clinical system featuring a CO2 laser operating at 50 Hz and spectral optical feedback was used to remove the composite. Removal was confirmed using a cross polarized optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) system designed for clinical use. RESULTS The system was capable of rapidly removing composite from small preparations on tooth occlusal surfaces with a mean loss of enamel of less than 20 μm. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that spectral feedback can be successfully employed in an automated system for composite removal by incorporating dual photodiodes and a galvanometer controlled CO2 laser. Additionally, the use of registered OCT images presents as a viable method for volumetric benchmarking. Overall, this study represents the first implementation of spectral feedback into a clinical hand-piece and serves as a benchmark for a future clinical study. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:658-665, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Jang
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Kenneth H Chan
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Daniel Fried
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
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Influence of irradiation by a novel CO 2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser on sealant bond strength. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:609-620. [PMID: 28132137 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether irradiation of enamel with a novel CO2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser using energies that enhance caries resistance influences the shear bond strength of composite resin sealants to the irradiated enamel. Seventy bovine and 240 human enamel samples were irradiated with a 9.3-μm carbon dioxide laser (Solea, Convergent Dental, Inc., Natick, MA) with four different laser energies known to enhance caries resistance or ablate enamel (pulse duration from 3 μs at 1.6 mJ/pulse to 43 μs at 14.9 mJ/pulse with fluences between 3.3 and 30.4 J/cm2, pulse repetition rate between 4.1 and 41.3 Hz, beam diameter of 0.25 mm and 1-mm spiral pattern, and focus distance of 4-15 mm). Irradiation was performed "freehand" or using a computerized, motor-driven stage. Enamel etching was achieved with 37% phosphoric acid (Scotchbond Universal etchant, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN). As bonding agent, Adper Single Bond Plus was used followed by placing Z250 Filtek Supreme flowable composite resin (both 3M ESPE). After 24 h water storage, a single-plane shear bond test was performed (UltraTester, Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT). All laser-irradiated samples showed equal or higher bond strength than non-laser-treated controls. The highest shear bond strength values were observed with the 3-μs pulse duration/0.25-mm laser pattern (mean ± SD = 31.90 ± 2.50 MPa), representing a significant 27.4% bond strength increase over the controls (25.04 ± 2.80 MPa, P ≤ 0.0001). Two other caries-preventive irradiation (3 μs/1 mm and 7 μs/0.25 mm) and one ablative pattern (23 μs/0.25 mm) achieved significantly increased bond strength compared to the controls. Bovine enamel also showed in all test groups increased shear bond strength over the controls. Computerized motor-driven stage irradiation did not show superior bond strength values over the clinically more relevant freehand irradiation. Enamel that is made caries-resistant with CO2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser irradiation showed at least equal or significantly higher shear bond strength to pit and fissure sealants than non-laser-irradiated enamel. The risk of a sealant failure due to CO2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser irradiation appears reduced. If additional laser ablation is required before placing a sealant, the CO2 9.3-μm enamel laser-cut showed equivalent or superior bond strength to a flowable sealant.
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Rechmann P, Rechmann BMT, Groves WH, Le CQ, Rapozo-Hilo ML, Kinsel R, Featherstone JDB. Caries inhibition with a CO2 9.3 μm laser: An in vitro study. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48:546-54. [PMID: 27075245 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The caries preventive effects of different laser wavelengths have been studied in the laboratory as well as in pilot clinical trials. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether irradiation with a new 9.3 μm microsecond short-pulsed CO2 -laser could enhance enamel caries resistance with and without additional fluoride applications. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and one human tooth enamel samples were divided into seven groups. Each group was treated with different laser parameters (CO2 -laser, wavelength 9.3 μm, 43 Hz pulse-repetition rate, pulse duration between 3 µs at 1.5 mJ/pulse to 7 µs at 2.9 mJ/pulse). A laboratory pH-cycling model followed by cross-sectional microhardness testing determined the mean relative mineral loss delta Z (ΔZ) for each group to assess caries inhibition in tooth enamel by the CO2 9.3 µm short-pulsed laser irradiation. The pH-cycling was performed with or without additional fluoride. RESULTS The non-laser control groups with additional fluoride had a relative mineral loss (ΔZ, vol% × µm) that ranged between 646 ± 215 and 773 ± 223 (mean ± SD). The laser irradiated and fluoride treated samples had a mean ΔZ ranging between 209 ± 133 and 403 ± 245 for an average 55% ± 9% reduction in mineral loss (ANOVA test, P < 0.0001). Increased mean mineral loss (ΔZ between 1166 ± 571 and 1339 ± 347) was found for the non-laser treated controls without additional fluoride. In contrast, the laser treated groups without additional fluoride showed a ΔZ between 470 ± 240 and 669 ± 209 (ANOVA test, P < 0.0001) representing an average 53% ± 11% reduction in mineral loss. Scanning electron microscopical assessment revealed that 3 µs pulses did not markedly change the enamel surface, while 7 µs pulses caused some enamel ablation. CONCLUSION The CO2 9.3 µm short-pulsed laser energy renders enamel caries resistant with and without additional fluoride use. The observed enhanced acid resistance occurred with the laser irradiation parameters used without obvious melting of the enamel surface as well as after irradiation with energies causing cutting of the enamel. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:546-554, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rechmann
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Beate M T Rechmann
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - William H Groves
- Convergent Dental, Inc., 2 Vision Drive, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760
| | - Charles Q Le
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Marcia L Rapozo-Hilo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Richard Kinsel
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - John D B Featherstone
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143
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Chan KH, Jew JM, Fried D. A new sealed RF-excited CO 2 laser for enamel ablation operating at 9.4-μm with a pulse duration of 26-μs. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 9692. [PMID: 27006521 DOI: 10.1117/12.2218651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies over the past 20 years have shown that carbon dioxide lasers operating at wavelengths between 9.3 and 9.6-μm with pulse durations near 20-μs are ideal for hard tissue ablation. Those wavelengths are coincident with the peak absorption of the mineral phase. The pulse duration is close to the thermal relaxation time of the deposited energy of a few microseconds which is short enough to minimize peripheral thermal damage and long enough to minimize plasma shielding effects to allow efficient ablation at practical rates. The desired pulse duration near 20-μs has been difficult to achieve since it is too long for transverse excited atmospheric pressure (TEA) lasers and too short for radio-frequency (RF) excited lasers for efficient operation. Recently, Coherent Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) developed the Diamond J5-V laser for microvia drilling which can produce laser pulses greater than 100-mJ in energy at 9.4-μm with a pulse duration of 26-μs and it can achieve pulse repetition rates of 3 KHz. We report the first results using this laser to ablate dental enamel. Efficient ablation of dental enamel is possible at rates exceeding 50-μm per pulse. This laser is ideally suited for the selective ablation of carious lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Chan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758
| | - Jamison M Jew
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758
| | - Daniel Fried
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758
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Sabaeian M, Shahzadeh M. Simulation of temperature and thermally induced stress of human tooth under CO2 pulsed laser beams using finite element method. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 30:645-51. [PMID: 23868367 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The authors report the simulation of temperature distribution and thermally induced stresses of human tooth under CO2 pulsed laser beam. A detailed tooth structure comprising enamel, dentin, and pulp with realistic shapes and thicknesses were considered, and a numerical method of finite element was adopted to solve time-dependent bio-heat and stress equations. The realistic boundary conditions of constant temperature for those parts embedded in the gingiva and heat flux condition for those parts out of the gingiva were applied. The results which were achieved as a function of energy density (J/cm(2)) showed when laser beam is irradiated downward (from the top of the tooth), the temperature and thermal stresses decrease quickly as a function of depth that is a result of strong absorption of CO2 beams by enamel. This effect is so influential that one can use CO2 beams to remove micrometer layers while underlying tissues, especially the pulp, are safe from thermal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabaeian
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran,
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Rechmann P, Charland DA, Rechmann BMT, Le CQ, Featherstone JDB. In-vivo occlusal caries prevention by pulsed CO2 -laser and fluoride varnish treatment--a clinical pilot study. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:302-10. [PMID: 23737079 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES High caries prevalence in occlusal pits and fissures warrants novel prevention methods. An 86% reduction in dental enamel smooth surface demineralization in-vivo following short-pulsed 9.6 µm-CO(2) -laser irradiation was recently reported. The objective of this study was to conduct a blinded 12-month-pilot clinical trial of occlusal pit and fissure caries inhibition using the same CO(2) -laser irradiation conditions. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty subjects, average age 14 years, were recruited. At baseline, second molars were randomized into test and control groups, assessed by International Caries Detection & Assessment System (ICDAS-II), SOPROLIFE light-induced fluorescence evaluator in daylight and blue-fluorescence mode and DIAGNOdent. An independent investigator irradiated test molars with a CO(2) -laser, wavelength 9.6 µm, pulse-duration 20 µs, pulse-repetition-rate 20 Hz, beam diameter 800 µm, average fluence 4.5 ± 0.5 J/cm(2), 20 laser pulses per spot. At 3-, 6- and 12-month recall teeth were assessed by ICDAS, SOPROLIFE and DIAGNOdent. All subjects received fluoride varnish applications at baseline and 6-month recall. RESULTS All subjects completed the 3-month, 19 the 6-month and 16 the 12-month recall. At all recalls average ICDAS scores had decreased for the test and increased for the control fissures (laser vs. control, 3-month: -0.10 ± 0.14, 0.30 ± 0.18, P > 0.05; 6-month: -0.26 ± 0.13, 0.47 ± 0.16, P = 0.001; 12-month: -0.31 ± 0.15, 0.75 ± 0.17, P < 0.0001; mean ± SE, unpaired t-test) being statistically significantly different at 6- and 12-month recalls. SOPROLIFE daylight evaluation revealed at 6- and 12-months statistically significant differences in changes between baseline and recall for test and control molars, respectively (laser vs. control, 6-month: 0.22 ± 0.13, 0.17 ± 0.09, P = 0.02; 12-month: 0.28 ± 0.19, 0.25 ± 0.17, P = 0.03). For SOPROLIFE blue-fluorescence evaluation mean changes in comparison to baseline for the control and the laser treated teeth were also statistically significant for the 6- and 12-month recall. CONCLUSION Specific microsecond short-pulsed 9.6 µm CO(2) -laser irradiation markedly inhibits caries progression in pits and fissures in comparison to fluoride varnish alone over 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rechmann
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Rechmann P, Fried D, Le CQ, Nelson G, Rapozo-Hilo M, Rechmann BMT, Featherstone JDB. Caries inhibition in vital teeth using 9.6-μm CO2-laser irradiation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:071405. [PMID: 21806251 PMCID: PMC3144970 DOI: 10.1117/1.3564908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that in a short-term clinical pilot trial short-pulsed 9.6 μm CO(2)-laser irradiation significantly inhibits demineralization in vivo. Twenty-four subjects scheduled for extraction of bicuspids for orthodontic reasons (age 14.9 ± 2.2 years) were recruited. Orthodontic brackets were placed on bicuspids (Transbond XT, 3M). An area next to the bracket was irradiated with a CO(2)-laser (Pulse System Inc, Los Alamos, New Mexico), wavelength 9.6 μm, pulse duration 20 μs, pulse repetition rate 20 Hz, beam diameter 1100 μm, average fluence 4.1 ± 0.3J∕cm(2), 20 laser pulses per spot. An adjacent nonirradiated area served as control. Bicuspids were extracted after four and twelve weeks, respectively, for a quantitative assessment of demineralization by cross-sectional microhardness testing. For the 4-week arm the mean relative mineral loss ΔZ (vol% × μm) for the laser treated enamel was 402 ± 85 (mean ± SE), while the control showed significantly higher mineral loss (ΔZ 738 ± 131; P = 0.04, t-test). The difference was even larger after twelve weeks (laser arm ΔZ 135 ± 98; control 1067 ± 254; P = 0.002). The laser treatment produced 46% demineralization inhibition for the 4-week and a marked 87% inhibition for the 12-week arm. This study shows, for the first time in vivo, that the short-pulsed 9.6 μm CO(2)-laser irradiation successfully inhibits demineralization of tooth enamel in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rechmann
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Staninec M, Darling CL, Goodis HE, Pierre D, Cox DP, Fan K, Larson M, Parisi R, Hsu D, Manesh SK, Ho C, Hosseini M, Fried D. Pulpal effects of enamel ablation with a microsecond pulsed lambda = 9.3-microm CO2 laser. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41:256-63. [PMID: 19347946 PMCID: PMC3188421 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In vitro studies have shown that CO2 lasers operating at the highly absorbed 9.3 and 9.6-microm wavelengths with a pulse duration in the range of 10-20-microsecond are well suited for the efficient ablation of enamel and dentin with minimal peripheral thermal damage. Even though these CO2 lasers are highly promising, they have yet to receive FDA approval. Clinical studies are necessary to determine if excessive heat deposition in the tooth may have any detrimental pulpal effects, particularly at higher ablative fluencies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pulpal safety of laser irradiation of tooth occlusal surfaces under the conditions required for small conservative preparations confined to enamel. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Test subjects requiring removal of third molar teeth were recruited and teeth scheduled for extraction were irradiated using a pulsed CO2 laser at a wavelength of 9.3 microm operating at 25 or 50 Hz using a incident fluence of 20 J/cm(2) for a total of 3,000 laser pulses (36 J) for both rates with water cooling. Two control groups were used, one with no treatment and one with a small cut made with a conventional high-speed hand-piece. No anesthetic was used for any of the procedures and tooth vitality was evaluated prior to treatment by heat, cold and electrical testing. Short term effects were observed on teeth extracted within 72 hours after treatment and long term effects were observed on teeth extracted 90 days after treatment. The pulps of the teeth were fixed with formalin immediately after extraction and subjected to histological examination. Additionally, micro-thermocouple measurements were used to estimate the potential temperature rise in the pulp chamber of extracted teeth employing the same irradiation conditions used in vivo. RESULTS Pulpal thermocouple measurements showed the internal temperature rise in the tooth was within safe limits, 3.3+/-1.4 degrees C without water cooling versus 1.7+/-1.6 degrees C with water-cooling, n = 25, P<0.05. None of the control or treatment groups showed any deleterious effects on pulpal tissues and none of the 29 test-subjects felt pain or discomfort after the procedure. Only two test-subjects felt discomfort from "cold sensitivity" during the procedure caused by the water-spray. CONCLUSION It appears that this CO2 laser can ablate enamel safely without harming the pulp under the rate of energy deposition employed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Staninec
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Cynthia L. Darling
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Harold E. Goodis
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Daniel Pierre
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Darren P. Cox
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pathology, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Kenneth Fan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Michael Larson
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Renaldo Parisi
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Dennis Hsu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Saman K. Manesh
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Chi Ho
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Mehran Hosseini
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
| | - Daniel Fried
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0758
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Kabbach W, Zezell DM, Pereira TM, Albero FG, Clavijo VRG, de Andrade MF. A Thermal Investigation of Dental Bleaching In Vitro. Photomed Laser Surg 2008; 26:489-93. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William Kabbach
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Maria Zezell
- Laser and Application Center, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ana PA, Velloso WF, Zezell DM. Three-dimensional finite element thermal analysis of dental tissues irradiated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:093910. [PMID: 19044431 DOI: 10.1063/1.2953526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a finite element model of a half-sectioned molar tooth was developed in order to understand the thermal behavior of dental hard tissues (both enamel and dentin) under laser irradiation. The model was validated by comparing it with an in vitro experiment where a sound molar tooth was irradiated by an Er,Cr:YSGG pulsed laser. The numerical tooth model was conceived to simulate the in vitro experiment, reproducing the dimensions and physical conditions of the typical molar sound tooth, considering laser energy absorption and calculating the heat transfer through the dental tissues in three dimensions. The numerical assay considered the same three laser energy densities at the same wavelength (2.79 microm) used in the experiment. A thermographic camera was used to perform the in vitro experiment, in which an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2.79 microm) was used to irradiate tooth samples and the infrared images obtained were stored and analyzed. The temperature increments in both the finite element model and the in vitro experiment were compared. The distribution of temperature inside the tooth versus time plotted for two critical points showed a relatively good agreement between the results of the experiment and model. The three dimensional model allows one to understand how the heat propagates through the dentin and enamel and to relate the amount of energy applied, width of the laser pulses, and temperature inside the tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Aparecida Ana
- 1Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares,Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Abstract
The cutting of dental hard tissue during restorative procedures presents considerable demands on the ability to selectively remove diseased carious tissue, obtain outline and retention form and maintain the integrity of supporting tooth tissue without structural weakening. In addition, the requirement to preserve healthy tissue and prevent further breakdown of the restoration places the choice of instrumentation and clinical technique as prime factors for the dental surgeon. The quest for an alternative treatment modality to the conventional dental turbine has been, essentially, patient-driven and has led to the development of various mechanical and chemical devices. The review of the literature has endorsed the beneficial effects of current laser machines. However utopian, there is additional evidence to support the development of ultra-short (nano- and femto-second) pulsed lasers that are stable in use and commercially viable, to deliver more efficient hard tissue ablation with less risk of collateral thermal damage. This paper explores the interaction of laser energy with dental hard tissues and bone and the integration of current laser wavelengths into restorative and surgical dentistry.
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Nakamura Y, Hossain M, Yamada Y, Masuda YM, Jayawardena JA, Matsumoto K. Basic Study of Morphological Changes and Surface Roughness of Cavities Prepared by TEA CO2Laser Irradiation. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24:503-7. [PMID: 16942432 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2006.24.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological change of dental hard tissue and surface roughness of cavities prepared by transversely excited, atmospheric pressure (TEA) CO2 laser irradiation. BACKGROUND DATA It has been reported that dental hard tissues and bone can be removed by a long-pulse of TEA CO2 laser irradiation with minimal thermal damage. However, there are few reports on the surface roughness of lased teeth. METHODS The TEA CO2 laser was irradiated on the enamel and dentin surfaces of extracted human teeth under the following conditions: wavelength, 10.6 microm; output, 95 mJ/pulse; pulse repetition rate, 1 Hz; irradiation time, 7.5 microsec/shot; and energy density, 7.9 J/cm2. Morphological studies were performed by histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. Surface roughness of prepared cavities was measured by three-dimensional laser microscopy. RESULTS Irradiated dentin produced a deeper defect (705 +/- 11 microm) than the enamel (501 +/- 10 microm). Histological appearance showed a basophilic line at the margin of lased dentin. SEM observation noted that the surfaces of the enamel cavity seem to be melted, and dentinal tubules were sealed. The surface roughness of the enamel cavity wall and dentin floor were 175 +/- 5 microm and 170 +/- 6 microm, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that it is possible to remove carious dental hard tissue or cavity preparation with the TEA CO2 laser irradiation. Lased dental hard tissue can facilitate caries prevention, and surface roughness of the cavities might improve the bond strength of restorative dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Nakamura
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Laser literature watch. Photomed Laser Surg 2005; 23:513-24. [PMID: 16262584 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2005.23.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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