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Yu YQ, Yang X, Wu XF, Fan YB. Enhancing Permeation of Drug Molecules Across the Skin via Delivery in Nanocarriers: Novel Strategies for Effective Transdermal Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:646554. [PMID: 33855015 PMCID: PMC8039394 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.646554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transdermal route of administration provides numerous advantages over conventional routes i.e., oral or injectable for the treatment of different diseases and cosmetics applications. The skin also works as a reservoir, thus deliver the penetrated drug for more extended periods in a sustained manner. It reduces toxicity and local irritation due to multiple sites for absorption and owes the option of avoiding systemic side effects. However, the transdermal route of delivery for many drugs is limited since very few drugs can be delivered at a viable rate using this route. The stratum corneum of skin works as an effective barrier, limiting most drugs' penetration posing difficulty to cross through the skin. Fortunately, some non-invasive methods can significantly enhance the penetration of drugs through this barrier. The use of nanocarriers for increasing the range of available drugs for the transdermal delivery has emerged as a valuable and exciting alternative. Both the lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs can be delivered via a range of nanocarriers through the stratum corneum with the possibility of having local or systemic effects to treat various diseases. In this review, the skin structure and major obstacle for transdermal drug delivery, different nanocarriers used for transdermal delivery, i.e., nanoparticles, ethosomes, dendrimers, liposomes, etc., have been discussed. Some recent examples of the combination of nanocarrier and physical methods, including iontophoresis, ultrasound, laser, and microneedles, have also been discussed for improving the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal drugs. Limitations and future perspectives of nanocarriers for transdermal drug delivery have been summarized at the end of this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Yu
- Scientific Research and Education Department, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, China.,Nursing Department, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wu
- Nursing Department, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Belikov AV, Tavalinskaya AD, Smirnov SN. Investigation of the Dual-Stage Method of Active Er:YLF Laser Drug Delivery Through the Nail and Laser-Induced Transformations of the Drug Extinction Spectrum. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1122-1131. [PMID: 33450786 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A novel dual-stage method for active laser drug delivery (DSLADD) in the treatment of nail diseases is being presented. This method includes sequentially performed microporation of the nail with submillisecond pulses of Er:YLF laser radiation through a layer of an aqueous solution of drug deposited on the nail surface (Stage 1) and exposure this layer to the same laser radiation to deliver drug under the nail plate (Stage 2). The delivery of methylene blue (MB) as one of the possible drugs in the treatment of nail diseases is investigated. The influence of the thickness of the MB layer, as well as the energy and number of applied laser pulses, on the rate of active laser delivery is discussed. To illustrate the possible effect of delivery on the drug delivered, special attention is paid to the deformation of the extinction spectrum of MB solution after laser irradiation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Diode-pumped Er:YLF laser was used for DSLADD. The process of DSLADD under the nail plate was investigated using digital video microscopy. For different values of the thickness of MB solution layer applied to the nail plate and the energy of laser pulses, the number of laser pulses required to create a single through a microchannel in the nail plate and the number of laser pulses required to deliver the solution to the ventral side of the nail plate after its microporation were registered. The mass and the dose of MB solution penetrated under the nail plate, and the rate of MB solution delivery through a single microchannel was determined. Investigation of the influence of Er:YLF laser radiation parameters on the extinction spectrum of the drug was performed using a fiber spectrometer. The extinction spectra of the 0.001% aqueous solution of MB were recorded before and after exposure to a different number of Er:YLF laser pulses with the energy of 1-4 mJ. RESULTS It was found that the minimum number of laser pulses required for active Er:YLF laser drug delivery under the nail corresponds to the MB layer thickness of 100 μm and the laser pulse energy of 4 mJ. It is shown that in this case, the rate of active laser delivery of MB solution reaches 0.26 ± 0.03 mg/pulse. The radiation of the Er:YLF laser affects the shape of the extinction spectrum of the aqueous solution of MВ, which is associated with the transition of the dye from the monomeric to dimeric state. Depending on the laser pulse energy, the fraction of a certain conformational state in the aqueous MB solution can decrease or increase, stimulating a possible change in its photodynamic and antiseptic activity. CONCLUSION For the first time, a novel DSLADD through the nail has been described and investigated in vitro. It was demonstrated that at Er:YLF laser pulse repetition rate of f = 30 Hz, microporation of the nail plate and drug delivery through a single microchannel will be about 1.5 s. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Belikov
- Faculty of Laser Photonics and Optoelectronics, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Pr, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Tavalinskaya
- Faculty of Laser Photonics and Optoelectronics, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Pr, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Sergey N Smirnov
- Faculty of Laser Photonics and Optoelectronics, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Pr, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
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Lengert EV, Talnikova EE, Tuchin VV, Svenskaya YI. Prospective Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Enhanced Intra- and Transdermal Delivery of Antifungal Drugs. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:261-269. [PMID: 33091913 DOI: 10.1159/000511038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Topical therapy of superficial fungal infections allows the prevention of systemic side effects and provides drug targeting at the site of disease. However, an appropriate drug concentration in these sites should be provided to ensure the efficacy of such local treatment. The enhancement of intra- and transdermal penetration and accumulation of antifungal drugs is an important aspect here. The present overview is focused on novel nano-based formulations served to improve antimycotic penetration through the skin. Furthermore, it summarizes various approaches towards the stimulation of drug penetration through and into the stratum corneum and hair follicles, which are considered to be promising for the future improvement of superficial antifungal therapy as providing the drug localization and prolonged storage property at the targeted area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Lengert
- Educational and Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation,
| | - Ekaterina E Talnikova
- Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia I Svenskaya
- Educational and Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation
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Belikov AV, Tavalinskaya AD, Smirnov SN, Sergeev AN. Active Er-laser drug delivery using drug-impregnated gel for treatment of nail diseases. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3232-3240. [PMID: 31467776 PMCID: PMC6706032 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Active Er-laser drug delivery under the nail plate using a drug-impregnated gel containing liquid methylene blue clusters is demonstrated for the first time. The effect of the agar-agar concentration in the gel and the gel plate thickness on the number of Er:YLF-laser pulses required for formation of a through microhole in the gel and in the nail plate with subsequent active drug delivery is discussed. The influence of the laser pulse energy, the gel plate thickness, and the external pressure applied to the gel on the rate of delivery of methylene blue under the nail plate through a single microhole in it is investigated. It is shown that with a laser pulse energy of 4.0 ± 0.1 mJ, the delivery rate can reach 0.024 ± 0.004 mg/pulse.
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Tarabrin MK, Ustinov DV, Tomilov SM, Lazarev VA, Karasik VE, Kozlovsky VI, Korostelin YV, Skasyrsky YK, Frolov MP. High-efficiency continuous-wave single-mode room-temperature operation of Cr:CdSe single-crystal laser with output power of 2.3 W. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:12090-12099. [PMID: 31052754 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.012090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the study of quenching and thermal lensing based on simple effective lens approximation in a Cr2+:CdSe active medium, including detailed research on the medium's luminescence lifetime dependence on temperature in the 236-391 K range. This work has allowed us to partially overcome the limitations associated with thermal effects in the medium and build a laser system that allowed power scalability to be realized for the Cr2+:CdSe laser. Longitudinal pumping using a continuous-wave Tm-doped fiber laser at 1.908 μm produced an output of 2.3 W at 2.65 μm with an absorbed pump power slope efficiency of 47.6%, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest output power achieved in Cr:CdSe continuous-wave lasers.
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Genina EA, Svenskaya YI, Yanina IY, Dolotov LE, Navolokin NA, Bashkatov AN, Terentyuk GS, Bucharskaya AB, Maslyakova GN, Gorin DA, Tuchin VV, Sukhorukov GB. In vivo optical monitoring of transcutaneous delivery of calcium carbonate microcontainers. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2082-7. [PMID: 27375927 PMCID: PMC4918565 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for delivery of biocompatible CaCO3 microcontainers (4.0 ± 0.8 µm) containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles (14 ± 5 nm) into skin in vivo using fractional laser microablation (FLMA) provided by a pulsed Er:YAG laser system. Six laboratory rats have been used for the microcontainer delivery and weekly monitoring implemented using an optical coherence tomography and a standard histological analysis. The use of FLMA allowed for delivery of the microcontainers to the depth about 300 μm and creation of a depot in dermis. On the seventh day we have observed the dissolving of the microcontainers and the release of nanoparticles into dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Genina
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Yulia I Svenskaya
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Yanina
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Leonid E Dolotov
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Nikita A Navolokin
- Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Alexey N Bashkatov
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Georgy S Terentyuk
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia; Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Alla B Bucharskaya
- Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Galina N Maslyakova
- Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia; Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of RAS, 24 Rabochaya Street, Saratov 410028, Russia
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- National Research Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
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