1
|
Godavarty A, Leiva K, Amadi N, Klonoff DC, Armstrong DG. Diabetic Foot Ulcer Imaging: An Overview and Future Directions. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023; 17:1662-1675. [PMID: 37594136 PMCID: PMC10658670 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231187660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) affect one in every three people with diabetes. Imaging plays a vital role in objectively complementing the gold-standard visual yet subjective clinical assessments of DFUs during the wound treatment process. Herein, an overview of the various imaging techniques used to image DFUs is summarized. Conventional imaging modalities (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emitted computed tomography, and ultrasound) are used to diagnose infections, impact on the bones, foot deformities, and blood flow in patients with DFUs. Transcutaneous oximetry is a gold standard to assess perfusion in DFU cases with vascular issues. For a wound to heal, an adequate oxygen supply is needed to facilitate reparative processes. Several optical imaging modalities can assess tissue oxygenation changes in and around the wounds apart from perfusion measurements. These include hyperspectral imaging, multispectral imaging, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, laser Doppler flowmetry or imaging, and spatial frequency domain imaging. While perfusion measurements are dynamically monitored at point locations, tissue oxygenation measurements are static two-dimensional spatial maps. Recently, we developed a spatio-temporal NIR-based tissue oxygenation imaging approach to map for the extent of asynchrony in the oxygenation flow patterns in and around DFUs. Researchers also measure other parameters such as thermal maps, bacterial infections (from fluorescence maps), pH, collagen, and trans-epidermal water loss to assess DFUs. A future direction for DFU imaging would ideally be a low-cost, portable, multi-modal imaging platform that can provide a visual and physiological assessment of wounds for comprehensive wound care intervention and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Godavarty
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Leiva
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noble Amadi
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - David G. Armstrong
- Southwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA), Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stephens S, Jaffri A, Saliba S. Local microvascular tissue oxygenation of the intrinsic foot muscles in patients with diabetes: A cross-sectional case-comparison study. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 56:102035. [PMID: 37167703 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-related complications including impaired peripheral circulation and lower limb ulceration are severe consequences for those with diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to assess differences in tissue oxygenation and oxygen utilization of the plantar surface intrinsic foot muscles between diabetic participants and healthy comparisons following short foot exercise and a standard walking protocol. METHODS Eighteen participants, 9 with diabetes and 9 healthy age- and sex-matched comparisons, completed two interventions in a randomized order. For the short foot exercise intervention, participants completed 5 sets of 15 intrinsic foot muscle contractions. For the walking intervention, participants completed a modified six-minute walk test. Tissue oxygenation variables including oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy in quiet stance and during intrinsic foot muscle contraction cycles following each intervention. Means, standard deviations, 95 % confidence intervals, mean differences, and Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated for each tissue oxygenation variable. RESULTS The results of this study indicated no significant group differences in quiet standing tissue oxygenation measures at baseline and following each intervention. Participants in the diabetic group had significantly less change in tissue saturation index during intrinsic foot muscle contractions compared to healthy participants after the short foot exercise intervention (ES= 4.00, P = .0002) and walking intervention (ES= 1.33, P = .015). CONCLUSIONS By utilizing wireless NIRS and novel research methodology, this study was able to explore changes in plantar surface tissue oxygenation of the intrinsic foot muscles following a targeted short foot exercise intervention as well as a standard walking protocol in patients diagnosed with diabetes compared to age- and sex- matched individuals without diabetes. We identified that diabetic participants presented with less oxygen utilization during intrinsic foot muscle contractions performed following both exercise interventions compared to their healthy age- and sex- matched comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stephens
- University of Virginia, Department of Kinesiology, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Abbis Jaffri
- Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Susan Saliba
- University of Virginia, Department of Kinesiology, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joseph S, Munshi B, Agarini R, Kwok RCH, Green DJ, Jansen S. Near infrared spectroscopy in peripheral artery disease and the diabetic foot: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3571. [PMID: 35939767 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the need for tools that assess microvascular status in diabetic foot disease (DFD) being clear, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a putative method for noninvasive testing of the diabetic foot. The use of NIRS in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has extended to its role in studying the pathophysiology of DFD. NIRS generates metrics such as recovery time, deoxygenation, oxygen consumption (VO2 ), tissue oxygen saturation (StO2 ), total haemoglobin (HbT), and oxyhaemoglobin area under the curve (O2 HbAUC ). NIRS may potentially help the multidisciplinary team stratify limbs as high-risk, especially in diabetic patients with symptoms masked by peripheral neuropathy. NIRS may be useful for assessing treatment effectiveness and preventing deterioration of patients with PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joseph
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bijit Munshi
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Raden Agarini
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ricky Chi Ho Kwok
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shirley Jansen
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Heart and Vascular Research Institute, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of Infrared Combined with Methylcobalamin on the Vibratory Sensory Threshold and Nerve Conduction Velocity of the Lower Extremity in Patients with Diabetic Foot Treatment. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8287192. [PMID: 36072896 PMCID: PMC9441398 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8287192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of infrared combined with methylcobalamin on the vibratory sensory threshold and lower limb nerve conduction velocity of patients with diabetic foot. Methods One hundred and six patients with diabetic foot in our hospital from February 2018 to December 2020 were enrolled and divided into the study and control groups. The patients in the control group were given methylcobalamin, and the patients in the research group were treated with infrared light on the basis of the control group. The therapeutic effect, vibration sensory threshold, lower limb nerve conduction velocity, and related biochemical index levels before and after treatment in the two groups were counted. Result The total effective rate of the study group (94.34%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (81.13%). The left/right lower limb vibration sensation threshold decreased in both groups after treatment, and the study group was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The conduction velocity of the left/right common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve increased in both groups after treatment, and the study group was larger than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The bFGF, VEGF, and APN increased in both groups after treatment. VEGF and APN increased and IL-6 and TNF-α decreased in both groups after treatment, and the study group was better than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Infrared and methylcobalamin combined treatment of diabetic foot can effectively improve lower extremity nerve conduction velocity and vibration sensory threshold, regulate serum bFGF and VEGF levels, reduce the degree of inflammatory response, and help improve the overall treatment effect.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tuesta M, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Verdugo-Marchese H, Mateluna C, Alvear-Ordenes I. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Used to Assess Physiological Muscle Adaptations in Exercise Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071073. [PMID: 36101451 PMCID: PMC9312707 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, physical exercise has been used as a therapeutic strategy in various clinical conditions, with pleiotropic benefits. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been positioned as a tool to analyze effects on muscle oxygenation, also allowing knowledge of adaptations on microvascular levels and muscle metabolism in subjects with central and peripheral vascular alterations, as well as cardiovascular, metabolic, and/or musculoskeletal diseases. This knowledge can help to guide therapeutic exercise specialists in decision making regarding the prescription and follow up of physical exercise as a therapeutic tool in the observation of acute or chronic adaptations to improve efficiency in the treatment and recovery of these patients. This review presents an overview of the effects of exercise clinical trials on muscle oxygenation in different pathologies and the technical characteristics related to the equipment used. Abstract Using muscle oxygenation to evaluate the therapeutic effects of physical exercise in pathologies through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is of great interest. The aim of this review was to highlight the use of muscle oxygenation in exercise interventions in clinical trials and to present the technological characteristics related to the equipment used in these studies. PubMed, WOS, and Scopus databases were reviewed up to December 2021. Scientific articles that evaluated muscle oxygenation after exercise interventions in the sick adult population were selected. The PEDro scale was used to analyze the risk of bias (internal validity). The results were presented grouped in tables considering the risk of bias scores, characteristics of the devices, and the effects of exercise on muscle oxygenation. All the stages were carried out using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The search strategy yielded 820 clinical studies, of which 18 met the eligibility criteria. This review detailed the characteristics of 11 NIRS devices used in clinical trials that used physical exercise as an intervention. The use of this technology made it possible to observe changes in muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation parameters such as tissue saturation, oxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin in clinical trials of patients with chronic disease. It was concluded that NIRS is a non-invasive method that can be used in clinical studies to detect the effects of physical exercise training on muscle oxygenation, hemodynamics, and metabolism. It will be necessary to unify criteria such as the measurement site, frequency, wavelength, and variables for analysis. This will make it possible to compare different models of exercise/training in terms of time, intensity, frequency, and type to obtain more precise conclusions about their benefits for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Tuesta
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile;
- Laboratory of Sport Sciences, Centro de Medicina Deportiva Sports MD, Viña del Mar 2521156, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Applied Physiology Laboratory (FISAP), Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
- School of Education, Pedagogy in Physical Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2572007, Chile
| | | | - Cristián Mateluna
- Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2530388, Chile;
| | - Ildefonso Alvear-Ordenes
- Applied Physiology Laboratory (FISAP), Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thakur A, Sharma R, Sharma SK, Thakur K, Jelly P. Effect of buerger allen exercise on foot perfusion among patient with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102393. [PMID: 35085917 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Buerger-Allen exercise includes set of activities like elevation, movement and rest of the lower extremities. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of BAE on foot perfusion among patient with diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL & METHODS Five databases were searched for literatures published from inception to October 2020. Cochrane Collaboration Tool for RCTs and ROBINS-I tool for quasi-experimental studies were used for quality assessment. RESULTS Four RCTs and six quasi-experimental studies were included, and pooled analysis have shown that the BAE was significantly effective in the improvement of ABI scores (MD = 0.14; 95% CI 0.08-0.19; I2 = 30%; p < 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Studies showed that BAE effectively improves foot perfusion among patients with diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Thakur
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. India.
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. India.
| | - Suresh K Sharma
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Kalpana Thakur
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. India.
| | - Prasuna Jelly
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brousseau-Foley M, Blanchette V, Trudeau F, Houle J. Physical Activity Participation in People with an Active Diabetic Foot Ulceration: A Scoping Review. Can J Diabetes 2021; 46:313-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Aagaard TV, Moeini S, Skou ST, Madsen UR, Brorson S. Benefits and Harms of Exercise Therapy for Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2020; 21:219-233. [PMID: 32924691 DOI: 10.1177/1534734620954066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exercise therapy is a core element in the treatment of diabetes, but the benefits and harms for patients with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) are unknown. We therefore aimed to systematically review the benefits on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and harms of exercise therapy for patients with DFU. METHODS We searched 6 major databases. We performed citation and reference searches of included studies and contacted authors of ongoing trials. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess potential benefits on HRQoL and harms of exercise therapy. Observational studies were included to identify potential harms of exercise therapy. RESULTS We included 10 published publications of 9 trials and results from 2 unpublished trials including a total of 281 individuals with DFUs receiving various forms of exercise therapy. Due to lack of HRQoL measurements and high heterogeneity, it was not possible to perform meta-analyses. Results on HRQoL was present in one unpublished study. Harms reported ranged from musculoskeletal problems, increased wound size, to amputation; however, no safe conclusions could be drawn from the available data due to high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the trials. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Protective strategies are often preferred over therapeutic exercise that might have unforeseen consequences for patients over time. Based on the current literature, no evidence-based recommendations can be provided on the benefits and harms of exercise therapy for patients with DFUs. Well-conducted RCTs are needed to guide rehabilitation including detailed description of adverse events and an exercise program in a semisupervised or fully supervised setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vedste Aagaard
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Sahar Moeini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Søren T Skou
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Naestved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark.,Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulla Riis Madsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark.,The Danish Knowledge Centre for Rehabilitation and Palliative Care. University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stig Brorson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee CC, Chuang CC, Lai BC, Lu CL, So EC, Lin BS. Dual-wavelength fiber-optic technique to assist needle cricothyroidotomy. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:571-582. [PMID: 32700050 PMCID: PMC7952284 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The traditional needle cricothyroidotomy procedure is performed blindly without any medical equipment. Complications including posterior tracheal wall perforation, accidental vessel puncture, and missed tracheal puncture are reported. Therefore, we proposed a dual-wavelength fiber-optic technique based on the technique of near-infrared spectroscopy to assist operators performing needle cricothyroidotomy in a swine model. We embedded optical fibers in a 16-gauge intravenous needle catheter. Real-time data were displayed on an oscilloscope, and we used the program to analyze the data immediately. The change of optical density corresponding to 690-nm and 850-nm wavelengths and hemoglobin parameters (HbO2 and Hb concentrations) was analyzed immediately using the program in the laptop. Unique and significant optical differences were presented in this experiment. We could easily identify every different tissue by the change of optical density corresponding to 690-nm and 850-nm wavelengths and hemoglobin parameters (HbO2 and Hb concentrations). Statistical method (Kruskal-Wallis H test) was used to compare differences in tissues at each time-point, respectively. The p values in every tissue in optical density change corresponding to 690 nm and 850 nm were all < 0.001. Furthermore, the p values in every tissue in Hb and HbO2 were also all < 0.001. The results were statistically significant. This is the first and novel study to introduce a dual-wavelength embedded fibers into a standard cricothyroidotomy needle. This proposed system might be helpful to provide us real-time information of the advanced needle tip to decrease possible complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Lee
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan, 711, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Sciences Industry, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Chuang
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Sciences Industry, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Cheng Lai
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan, 711, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Li Lu
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyh Lin
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan, 711, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The assessment of Buerger's exercise on dorsal foot skin circulation in patients with vasculopathic diabetic foot ulcer by using wireless near-infrared spectroscope: a cohort prospective study. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:977-982. [PMID: 29308553 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of peripheral circulation is crucial for the care of vasculopathic diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to investigate the effects of Buerger's exercise on dorsal foot skin circulation with novel technique of measuring the absorption difference in wavelength of light between oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR). Patients with vasculopathic DFU who could tolerate Buerger's exercise three times a day at home for at least 8 weeks were enrolled (group A). They were divided into two subgroups: without previous percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) (group A1) vs. with previous PTA (group A2). Wireless NIRS were applied on patients' dorsal foot to assess the peripheral circulation in follow-up clinics. The patients' wound condition, follow-up time, and concentration of HbO2 and total hemoglobin (HbT) before and after exercise rehabilitation program were documented. From May 2015 to February 2016, 14 patients with average age of 70.2 ± 11.2 were enrolled in this study (group A), including eight without previous PTA (group A1), and six with previous PTA (group A2). The concentration of HbO2 and HbT were significantly increased after exercise rehabilitation program training in group A (p = 0.024 in HbO2, p = 0.02 in HbT, n = 14) and group A2 (p = 0.021 in HbO2, p = 0.028 in HbT, n = 6), while the concentration in group A1 were improved with borderline significance after exercise (p = 0.055 in HbO2, p = 0.058 in HbT, n = 8). The majority of the ulcers were either completely healed (11/14 = 78.57%) or improving (3/14 = 21.43%). Buerger's exercise improved the peripheral circulation and wound condition in patients with vasculopathic DFU. The wireless apparatus is a novel and efficient tool to monitor rehabilitation program.
Collapse
|