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Kohan J, Vyas K, Erotocritou M, Khajuria A, Tehrani K. High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Energy With and Without Radiofrequency for Noninvasive Body Contouring: A Systematic Review. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:1156-1165. [PMID: 37957393 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emsculpt Neo (EmSculpt NEO Device, BTL Industries, Inc.) is a FDA-cleared noninvasive body contouring treatment for increasing muscle tone and/or reducing fat. The device uses high-intensity electromagnetic energy to stimulate muscle contractions and to build muscle mass (Emsculpt) or a combination of electromagnetic energy with radiofrequency (Emsculpt NEO) to produce a synergistic effect of building muscle mass and reducing fat. In this study, we conduct a high-quality systematic review to evaluate outcomes for Emsculpt and Emsculpt NEO treatments for noninvasive body contouring. METHODS An electronic search was performed of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases using the key terms "High intensity focused electromagnetic therapy; HIFEM; Emsculpt; Emsculpt NEO; BTL Industries." The search included all articles published in English through January 2023. Inclusion criteria included articles noninvasive body contouring and reporting at least one outcome of interest (clinical or patient-reported outcomes). Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the GRADE criteria. Articles involving applications other than for body contouring, animal studies, and review articles were excluded. RESULTS Of the 159 articles identified in the initial search strategy, 51 met relevance based on abstract screening. Fifteen clinical studies were identified, including Emsculpt (n=11) and Emsculpt NEO (n=2). The typical protocol involved four treatments given over a 2-4-week period (range 3-8 treatments) with increase to 100% intensity setting and 1-6-month follow-ups. No complications were reported. Abdominal measurements were obtained using imaging were reported in eight studies. Treated areas included the buttocks (n=4), thighs (n=3), arms or calves (n=1), and abdomen (n=11). For abdominal contouring, mean reductions of fat thickness were 5.5 mm, muscle thickness of 2 mm, and rectus diastasis improvement of 3.0 mm. No studies reported weight change before and after treatment. All studies with patient-reported outcomes report high patient satisfaction. Two studies report marginal or no benefit of treatment. Certain studies failed to report comorbidities or demographic characteristics other than age and sex, which precludes analysis of specific subgroups that may benefit from treatment. Furthermore, certain studies failed to address how missing data or the final study population was analyzed. CONCLUSION This systematic review reports on currently published evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of Emsculpt and Emsculpt NEO for body contouring. High-quality level data reporting with patient-reported outcomes will optimize shared decision-making and informed consent. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II Therapeutic study. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kohan
- The Robert Larner MD College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
- , New York, USA.
| | - Krishna Vyas
- Aristocrat Plastic Surgery and MedAesthetics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marios Erotocritou
- Kellogg College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ankur Khajuria
- Kellogg College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Tehrani
- Aristocrat Plastic Surgery and MedAesthetics, New York, New York, USA
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Goldberg DJ. Induction of fat apoptosis by a combination of synchronized radiofrequency and HIFEM technology: Human histology study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:812-817. [PMID: 38279191 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE With the growing demand for more effective fat reduction techniques, a combination of synchronized radiofrequency (RF) and HIFEM has been introduced. Preceding studies evidenced the ability of RF+HIFEM to maintain the fat tissue temperature at the levels necessary for adipocyte apoptosis while documenting the induced changes to the fat tissue during the several weeks after the treatment. This study aims to demonstrate the induction of apoptosis by RF+HIFEM technology in the early stages through the assessment of caspase-3 protein, one of the apoptosis-executing proteases. DESIGN In this two-arm, single-center, randomized trial, nine human subjects were enrolled and assigned into two groups, either the active group (N = 6) treated with both RF+HIFEM set at the highest tolerated levels or the sham group (N = 3) treated with 5% of the maximum RF+HIFEM power, serving as a control. All patients were scheduled to undergo one treatment visit of the abdominal area, two follow-up visits at 8 and 24 h, and one safety visit 7 days after the treatment. A punch biopsy (5 mm in diameter, approximately 10 mm in depth) was obtained from the abdominal area at the baseline and consecutive follow-up visits. Samples were fixed, and cut into 5 μm thick slices, and immunohistochemical staining was used to visualize the Caspase-3, revealing the adipocyte nuclei where apoptosis processes are in progress. FINDINGS Documented findings suggest that the temperature threshold of 43-45°C is required to initiate fat apoptosis and consequent reduction in adipocyte number was achieved during the combined treatment with RF+HIFEM. The active group showed an elevated ratio of positively stained nuclei versus all adipocyte nuclei found on the evaluated slices-referred to as the apoptotic index (AI). The AI significantly (p < 0.001) increased at both 8 h (47.01 ± 10.56%) and 24 h (43.58 ± 6.35%) posttreatment. The Sham group showed no significant change in the AI (p > 0.05). No adverse events or side effects related to the treatments were observed. SUMMARY This study supports previously published evidence on fat reduction after RF+HIFEM treatment, documenting the safe initiation of adipocyte programmed cell death posttreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Goldberg
- Skin Laser & Surgery Specialists, Division of Schwieger Dermatology Group, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Piłat P, Szpila G, Stojko M, Nocoń J, Smolarczyk J, Żmudka K, Moll M, Hawranek M. Modern and Non-Invasive Methods of Fat Removal. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1378. [PMID: 37629668 PMCID: PMC10456392 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes accumulate triacylglycerols as an energy store, thereby causing an increase in the adipose tissue volume. Weight gain can be prevented through damage to the adipocyte structure or an increase in the body's metabolic rate. Commonly used methods to disintegrate the cell membrane of adipocytes include injection lipolysis, cryolipolysis, ultrasonic lipolysis, radiofrequency lipolysis, laser lipolysis, carboxytherapy, and lipolysis using an electromagnetic field. The names of these methods suggest which substances are being used, and their main advantages are a very low invasiveness, as well as effectiveness. However, new discoveries in medicine, along with individuals' desire to improve their appearance, have resulted in numerous studies on more ways of reducing body fat. Great potential is seen in beige adipocytes, which can be transformed, i.e., "recruited" from white adipocytes, or synthesized de novo; they also show thermogenic properties. One of the stimuli inducing the formation of beige adipocytes is cold and B3-adrenergic stimulation. Based on these findings, the researchers created, for example, cooling clothing. Additionally, curcumin and natural anthocyanins have proven to be helpful in the treatment of obesity and diabetes, by stimulating the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1, and inducing the formation of beige adipocytes. Another study showed that the conversion of white adipose tissue is indirectly influenced by interleukin-6 secreted by the muscles, the expression of which is increased in people actively exercising. Moreover, there is potential in adenosine analogs, fenoldopam, rhubarb, the herbal extract Ephedra sinica Stapf, electroacupuncture simulation, and the drug CBL-514. Despite knowledge and experience, the ideal method for a quick and noticeable, but safe and non-invasive reduction of body fat has not been found yet. The research conducted nowadays may bring us closer to the development of a universal method, and turn out to be a breakthrough in the fight against overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Piłat
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (G.S.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (K.Ż.); (M.M.)
- Student’s Scientific Society, III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Gabriela Szpila
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (G.S.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (K.Ż.); (M.M.)
| | - Michał Stojko
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (G.S.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (K.Ż.); (M.M.)
- Student’s Scientific Society, III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Nocoń
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (G.S.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (K.Ż.); (M.M.)
| | - Joanna Smolarczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 50-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Karol Żmudka
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (G.S.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (K.Ż.); (M.M.)
| | - Martyna Moll
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (G.S.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (K.Ż.); (M.M.)
| | - Michał Hawranek
- III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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Swanson E. A Systematic Review of Electromagnetic Treatments for Body Contouring. Ann Plast Surg 2023; 90:180-188. [PMID: 36688862 PMCID: PMC9869942 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy-based treatments include ultrasound, lasers, cryolipolysis, and radiofrequency. The most recent energy treatment for noninvasive body contouring is electromagnetic treatments-a hot topic in plastic surgery today. A systematic review to assess efficacy and safety has not been published. METHODS An electronic search was performed using PubMed to identify the literature describing electromagnetic treatments. Measurements from imaging studies were tabulated and compared. RESULTS Fourteen clinical studies were evaluated. Two studies included simultaneous radiofrequency treatments. In 11 studies, the Emsculpt device was used; in 2 studies, the Emsculpt-Neo device was used. One study included a sham group of patients. The usual protocol was 4 treatments given over a 2-week period. No complications were reported. Eight studies included abdominal measurement data obtained using magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or ultrasound. Photographic results were typically modest. Photographs showing more dramatic results also showed unexplained reductions in untreated areas.Measurement variances were high. The mean reduction in fat thickness was 5.5 mm. The mean increment in muscle thickness was 2.2 mm. The mean decrease in muscle separation was 2.9 mm (P = 0.19). Early posttreatment ultrasound images in 1 study showed an echolucent muscle layer, compared with a more echodense layer at the baseline, consistent with tissue swelling after exercise. Almost all studies were authored by medical advisors for the device manufacturer. DISCUSSION Measurement data show small reductions in fat thickness, occurring almost immediately after the treatments. Adipocyte removal without tissue swelling would be unique among energy-based treatments. Similarly, muscle hypertrophy is not known to occur acutely after exercise; muscle swelling likely accounts for an early increment in muscle thickness. Any improvement in the diastasis recti is likely fictitious. CONCLUSIONS Electromagnetic treatments, either administered alone or in combination with radiofrequency, are safe. However, the evidence for efficacy is tenuous. Measured treatment effects are very small (<5 mm). Conflict of interest and publication bias are major factors in studies evaluating energy-based alternatives. The evidence-based physician may not be satisfied that an equivocal treatment benefit justifies the time and expense for patients.
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Sant'Ana E, Meleck M, Ferrari P, Padovan R, Camargo C, Godoi S, de Assis L. Electromagnetic field for supramaximal muscle stimulation: A retrospective study of safety, efficacy, and patient satisfaction in Brazil. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1266-1272. [PMID: 36718803 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, even individuals who do physical activity regularly have some degree of dissatisfaction with their own bodies. The electromagnetic field for supramaximal muscle contraction has been the subject of research. High-intensity supramaximal muscle stimulation (HI-SMS) is a non-invasive technology used to strengthen, firm, and tone the abdominal muscles, arms, buttocks, and thighs and has been indicated for aesthetic purposes. AIMS The present study aimed to examine the safety and efficacy of HI-SMS used in the abdominal muscles of patients through the analysis of clinical evaluation, biochemical serum profile, and patient satisfaction with the procedure. PATIENTS/METHODS This is retrospective non-randomized and non-controlled study collected in a private clinic; all data from healthy participants (n = 25), aged between 18 and 55 years, were compiled and analyzed. All received eight 30 min sessions of electromagnetic field ONIX HI-SMS (intensity of the 90%-100%) located in abdominal, twice a week with intervals of 2-3 days. RESULTS The results show that BMI, fat thickness, and waist circumference improved the body contour after the treatment. There was no statistical difference in the data referring to the values of AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, glycemia, LDH, CK, and IL-6. However, there was a reduction of "non-esterified" free fatty acids when compared to baseline. This treatment provided high levels of tolerance, comfort, and high level of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Thus, it can be suggested that the treatment with HI-SMS in abdominal muscles proves to be a safe technology with potential for non-invasive therapy for aesthetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Sant'Ana
- Advanced Aesthetic Clinic Laddora, Amparo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Meleck
- Advanced Aesthetic by Michelle Meleck, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ferrari
- Nucleus Padovan Medicine, Health and Performance, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Padovan
- Nucleus Padovan Medicine, Health and Performance, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvana Godoi
- Advanced Aesthetic Clinic Laddora, Amparo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brasil University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Assis
- Brasil University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Katz B. Concomitant use of radiofrequency and high intensity focused electromagnetic field energies for full-body remodeling: MRI evidence-based prefatory trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:193-199. [PMID: 36045514 PMCID: PMC10087156 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency and HIFEM have been used as standalone modalities in body contouring. The novel device allows their synchronous emission simultaneously in a single applicator. OBJECTIVES This prelusive trial aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of such treatment when used on multiple body parts on the same day for a full-body remodeling. METHODS Three female subjects (21.0 ± 2.0 years) underwent 4 treatment sessions. The treatment was applied to the abdomen, saddlebags, inner thighs, and buttocks, during each visit, lasting 30 min for each site. The outcomes were assessed through examination of MRI images acquired at baseline and 3 months post-treatment. Fat and muscle thickness were measured at predefined locations. Weight and waist, hip, and thigh circumference records along with digital photographs were also taken. RESULTS Fat thickness measurement showed a reduction of 17.57 ± 3.22 mm in the saddlebag region, 12.43 ± 1.93 mm in inner thighs, and 10.65 ± 1.26 mm in the abdomen. The fat in the buttock region showed negligible changes. The muscle thickness increased on average by 2.98 ± 0.60 mm for rectus abdominis and 7.42 ± 1.56 mm for gluteus maximus. The circumferential reduction was also observed on the waist (7.83 ± 2.25 cm), at the level of outer thighs (2.83 ± 1.53 cm), and inner thighs (3.58 ± 1.84 cm). Digital photographs showed noticeable improvement in the overall body appearance. The treatments were safe, and no side effects were noted. CONCLUSION The preliminary outcomes indicate that the procedure delivering HIFEM and RF simultaneously on multiple body areas on the same day could be an effective and comfortable treatment for fat reduction on multiple body parts, thickening of underlying muscles, and overall improved aesthetic appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Katz
- Juva Skin and Laser Center, Manhattan, New York, USA
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Manuskiatti W, Nanchaipruek Y, Gervasio MK, Lektrakul N, Apinuntham C. Combination of monopolar 2 MHz radiofrequency and electrical multidirectional stimulation for reducing abdominal circumference and enhancing the muscle definition in subjects with overweight range body mass index. Lasers Surg Med 2022; 54:1198-1206. [PMID: 36183371 PMCID: PMC9828667 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popularity of noninvasive body contouring procedures has been steadily increasing in recent years, however, studies evaluating its effectiveness in individuals with overweight range body mass index (BMI) are limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined 2 MHz radiofrequency (RF) and electrical multidirectional stimulation (EMDS) for the improvement of the abdominal contour in subjects with overweight range BMI. METHODS Twelve participants with overweight range BMI (23.6-24.9 kg/m2 ) underwent a single RF treatment, followed by a series of six EMDS treatments. Follow-up assessments (abdominal circumference [AC] and skinfold thickness measurements) were scheduled 1, 2, and 3 months after the final session. RESULTS At 1 month after the final treatment, a 3.1% (2.6 ± 0.47 cm, mean ± SD) significant reduction in mean AC was observed (p ˂ 0.001) and a maximal skinfold thickness reduction of 14% (4.6 ± 1.1 mm) was also noted (p = 0.032). Transient dysesthesia lasting 2-3 hours after EMDS treatment was the most common adverse effect reported by 5 of 12 subjects (41.7%), with no other serious side effects. CONCLUSIONS Combined RF and EMDS treatments are safe and effective, yielding significant reductions in both AC and skinfold thickness in patients with overweight range BMI, causing only minimal and transient adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woraphong Manuskiatti
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Yanisorn Nanchaipruek
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Mia Katrina Gervasio
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nittaya Lektrakul
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Chalermkwan Apinuntham
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
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Muscle Stimulation for Aesthetic Body Shaping: A Comprehensive and Critical Review. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:1076-1082. [PMID: 35985005 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aesthetic muscle stimulation (AMS) using high-intensity electromagnetic field (HIFEM) targets skeletal muscle neurons, causing muscle hypertrophy and loss of adipose tissue, thereby cultivating a sculpted physique. Many studies have evaluated AMS for noninvasive body contouring; however, the efficacy, safety, and long-term data remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To critically evaluate the current literature on the use of electromagnetic muscle stimulation for body contouring and provide a consensus on patient selection and long-term efficacy of AMS. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched using the terms: "HIFEM," "Electromagnetic therapy," and "muscle" or "Electrical stimulation muscle treatments" and "aesthetics." Studies involving the use of muscle stimulation for nonaesthetic/dermatologic, in vitro studies or studies involving animals were excluded. RESULTS Twenty studies in total were included [9 moderate-quality, 8 low-quality, and 3 very low‒quality studies] based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation scale, representing 521 patients. Body sites evaluated included the abdomen (378 patients), buttock (156 patients), arms (22 patients), and calves (15 patients). CONCLUSION Electromagnetic muscle stimulation represents an effective therapeutic intervention for abdominal contouring that yields increased muscle thickness, and reduced abdominal fat thickness, for up to 1 year after treatment. Larger, controlled studies are needed to determine the efficacy of electromagnetic muscle stimulation alone for contouring of buttocks, thighs, arms, and calves.
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Murgia RD, Noell C, Weiss M, Weiss R. Body contouring for fat and muscle in aesthetics: Review and debate. Clin Dermatol 2022; 40:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Duncan DI. Combination treatment for buttock and abdominal remodeling and skin improvement using HIFEM procedure and simultaneous delivery of radiofrequency and targeted pressure energy. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:3893-3898. [PMID: 34679227 PMCID: PMC9298235 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background High‐intensity electromagnetic field procedure (HIFEM) is an effective tool for body shaping and muscle toning. Radiofrequency (RF) combined with targeted pressure energy (TPE) provides the solution for skin laxity and cellulite. Aims To document the effect of consecutive use of HIFEM, RF, and TPE for treatment of abdomen and buttocks. Methods Fifteen subjects (44.3 ± 14.2 years, 22.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2) finished treatments and consequent follow‐ups. They were treated over the abdomen (Group 1, N = 7) or buttocks (Group 2, N = 8), receiving four treatment procedures consisting of HIFEM treatment administered first, immediately followed by the simultaneous RF & TPE treatment. Each session took approximately 50 min (30 min of HIFEM; up to 20 min of RF & TPE) depending on the treated area. Study outcomes were assessed by the circumference measurement, satisfaction and comfort questionnaires, and digital photographs. Results Combined treatments were safe and comfortable. At 1 month, the abdominal circumference significantly decreased by 4.4 cm, while buttocks showed a significant increase by 1.0 cm. The abdomen (−4.1 cm) and buttocks (+1.2 cm) circumference results were sustained for three months without a significant decline. Satisfaction was high in both groups (93.3%) since most subjects noted that the appearance of the treated area has been improved, referring to both body sculpting and skin appearance. Conclusions The consecutive application of HIFEM, RF, and TPE treatments noticeably improved the appearance of the abdomen and buttocks. Subjects showed enhancement of abdominal body contour, buttock lifting, and improved skin quality manifested by reduced skin laxity and cellulite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Irvine Duncan
- Plastic Surgical Associates of Fort Collins, P.C., plastic surgery Fort Collins, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Duncan DI. Commentary on: Clinical Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of a 1060-nm Diode Laser for Noninvasive Fat Reduction of the Abdomen. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:1166-1169. [PMID: 34019072 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Weiss RA, Bernardy J, Tichy F. Simultaneous Application of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic and Synchronized Radiofrequency for Fat Disruption: Histological and Electron Microscopy Porcine Model Study. Dermatol Surg 2021; 47:1059-1064. [PMID: 34115683 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency (RF) and high-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) technologies are used for noninvasive body shaping as standalone modalities. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of novel synchronized RF and HIFEM on subcutaneous adipose tissue in a porcine animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven large white pigs aged 6 months received 3 abdominal treatments of simultaneous application of synchronized RF and HIFEM (30 minutes, once per week). Punch biopsies of treated and control subcutaneous tissue were collected at the baseline, 4 days, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months. Specimens were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Adipocyte volume was analyzed. Fat tissue temperature was measured in situ (fiber optic probes) and superficially (thermal imager). RESULTS Fat layer was heated to temperatures of 42 to 45°C. Signs of fat apoptosis (shape alternations and pyknotic nuclei) appeared at day 4 and peaked between 2 weeks and 1 month. Adipocyte volume decreased significantly (p < .001) by 31.1% at 2 weeks, 1 month (-23.6%), and 2 months (-22.0%). Control samples showed healthy adipocytes. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs corroborated histology findings, showing flattened, volume-depleted and disrupted adipocytes. CONCLUSION Synchronized RF with HIFEM procedure resulted in a significant and sustained fat reduction with no adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Weiss
- Maryland Laser Skin, & Vein Institute, Hunt Valley, Maryland
| | | | - Frantisek Tichy
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, CZ
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Giesse S. A German Prospective Study of the Safety and Efficacy of a Non-Invasive, High-intensity, Electromagnetic Abdomen and Buttock Contouring Device. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2021; 14:30-33. [PMID: 33584965 PMCID: PMC7869812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel treatment method utilizing high-intensity focused electromagnetic field (HIFEM) in reducing fat and strengthening the muscles in the abdominal and gluteal areas. METHODS: A total of 14 patients, aged 23 to 49 years (mean: 33.2 years) received four treatments on the abdomen and/or buttocks, each lasting for 30 minutes. Ultrasound imaging was performed at baseline, immediately post-treatment, and eight weeks after the last treatment to examine the changes in thickness of the rectus abdominis and subcutaneous fat. Additionally, waist circumference, digital photographs, and patient satisfaction were collected at the same time points. The improvement in digital images was evaluated by practitioners and the patients themselves. RESULTS: Two months after the treatments, ultrasound measurements showed, on average, a 15.7-percent reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue and an average increase in the thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle by 26.1 percent. The abdominal circumference of the treated patients showed an average decrease of 2.84 centimeters. Immediately following the final session, the patient's satisfaction was 87.5 percent; eight weeks later, it was 100 percent. During the patient evaluation of photographs, 25 percent of the patients rated their appearance as improved, 66.7 percent as significantly improved, and 8.3 percent as greatly improved. Using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, the medical practitioners rated the patients as 100-percent improved. No relevant side effects of the treatment were documented. CONCLUSION: The data collected on the HIFEM procedure evaluated here are in line with the results from clinical studies and applications of this treatment in the United States. These results support the efficacy and tolerability of the HIFEM procedure. The treatment achieved high doctor and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Giesse
- Dr. Giesse is with the Aesthetic Lounge GmbH, Ludwigshafen in Rhein, Germany
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Kinney BM, Kent DE. MRI and CT Assessment of Abdominal Tissue Composition in Patients After High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Therapy Treatments: One-Year Follow-Up. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:NP686-NP693. [PMID: 32103232 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies investigating high-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) treatments have recently been published. However, due to the novelty of the procedure, long-term data are still missing. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in abdominal tissues on average 1 year after a series of HIFEM treatments, to determine the long-term durability of patients' original body responses. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanning were performed on 21 patients a mean of 332.6 [88.5] days after their original HIFEM treatment series. The scans were evaluated by a blinded radiologist for abdominal muscle thickness, subcutaneous fat changes, and abdominal separation. The results were compared with the MRI/CT-assisted measurements taken at baseline and 6-week follow-up. Correlations between collected data sets were calculated and tested. The incidence of any adverse events related to earlier treatments was monitored. RESULTS When comparing the 1-year follow-up measurements with the baseline, the MRI/CT-assisted calculations revealed mean reductions of 14.63% (2.97 [2.11] mm) in fat, 19.05% (1.89 [0.88] mm) in muscle thickening, and 10.46% (1.96 [1.71] mm) in diastasis recti. All changes were significant (P < 0.05) and not related to weight fluctuations (P > 0.05). The baseline width of diastasis positively correlated with the degree of improvement at follow-up. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION The HIFEM-induced muscle hypertrophy, fat reduction, and reduction in abdominal separation were maintained 1-year posttreatment. This suggests long-term durability of the original bodily response, which needs to be verified by continuing follow-up of this group and by further studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Kinney
- Clinical Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane I. Duncan
- Department of Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgical Associates of Fort Collins, P. C. Fort Collins Colorado USA
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16
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Changes in Gluteal Muscles After Treatments With the High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Procedure. Dermatol Surg 2020; 47:386-391. [DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jacob CI, Rank B. Abdominal Remodeling in Postpartum Women by Using a High-intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Procedure: An Investigational Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pilot Study. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2020; 13:S16-S20. [PMID: 33349789 PMCID: PMC7733372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: High-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) technology offers an alternative to surgical procedures in terms of correction of altered body shape. In this pilot study, we investigated whether HIFEM technology can positively affect abdominal appearance in postpartum women. Methods: Ten women (3-36 months postpartum; average age: 37.7 years) received four 30-minute abdominal HIFEM treatments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of abdominal fat thickness, rectus abdominis thickness, and the width of abdominal separation was performed and evaluated at baseline, one month, three months, and six months post-treatment. Additionally, weight was recorded, standardized photographs were taken, and patient comfort levels with the procedures were assessed, using a 7-point scale, at these same time points. The paired t-test was used to statistically analyze the mean differences between the baseline and post-treatment data. Results: Results obtained from MRI images showed an average abdominal fat reduction of 17.0 percent at the one-month follow-up visit, while at the three-month follow-up, it was 20.2 percent. The average muscle thickness increase at the one-month follow-up was 20.5 percent, and at the three-month follow-up, it was 21.3 percent. The distance between the rectus abdominis muscles was reduced by 16.7 percent at the first follow-up visit and by 22.7 percent at three-month follow-up visit. The nine subjects who attended the six-month visit showed, on average, a 17.6-percent fat reduction, 21.7-percent increase in muscle, and a 23.2-percent reduction of abdominal separation. Weight did not change significantly. Conclusion: HIFEM treatments appeared to reduce the fat layer and width of abdominal separation, while increasing the thickness of abdominal muscle thickness in postpartum women. The observed results at one month post-procedure were improved at three months post-procedure and remained stable at the six-month follow-up visit. Future studies that include a control or sham group are needed to identify and reduce the risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn I Jacob
- Dr. Jacob and Ms. Rank are with Chicago Cosmetic Surgery and Dermatology in Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brittany Rank
- Dr. Jacob and Ms. Rank are with Chicago Cosmetic Surgery and Dermatology in Chicago, Illinois
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18
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Lopes JSS, dos Santos SP, de Almeida LMB, Kayser AP, Reis EFO, de Oliveira KA, do Amaral Queiroz MC, da Silva LP, Marques ABF, da Silva Borges BM, de Almeida AC. Efficacy of Ultrasound for Localized Fat Treatment on Clinical and Psychological Outcomes: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. AESTHETIC SURGERY JOURNAL OPEN FORUM 2020; 2:ojaa012. [PMID: 33791639 PMCID: PMC7671288 DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The use of ultrasound for localized fat treatment on possible psychological influences is little explored to date. Therefore, it is relevant to elaborate studies that include a placebo group in order to measure the real effects of the exclusive application of ultrasound.
Objectives
To verify the influence of ultrasound application for localized fat treatment on clinical, functional, and psychological outcomes.
Methods
Thirty female participants who were candidates for localized abdominal fat treatment were included and randomly divided into three groups: control (CG, n = 10), experimental (EG, n = 10), and placebo (PG, n = 10). The CG did not receive any intervention. The EG received 10 ultrasound sessions for 20 minutes. For the PG, ultrasound was also applied for 20 minutes, but with zero intensities. Anthropometric assessment, cardiovascular parameters, circumference measurements, photography, endurance test, and subjective questionnaires were performed before and after the treatment protocols.
Results
The EG photographs show an improvement of 60% in the visual appearance. Regarding the other analyzed outcomes, no statistically significant differences were found between moments and groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
Pretreatment and posttreatment photographs analysis demonstrate visual improvement in the appearance of abdominal localized fat in the EG. However, ultrasound application, when compared with CG and PG, is not a superior method for improving clinical, functional, and psychological parameters.
Level of Evidence: 2
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinara Pereira dos Santos
- Department of Aesthetics, Center University of the Araguaia Valley (UNIVAR), Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | | | - Ariadne Pereira Kayser
- Department of Aesthetics, Center University of the Araguaia Valley (UNIVAR), Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | | | - Ketelly Alves de Oliveira
- Department of Aesthetics, Center University of the Araguaia Valley (UNIVAR), Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | | | - Luaneia Pereira da Silva
- Department of Physiotherapy, University Center of the Araguaia Valley (UNIVAR), Barra do Garças, Brazil
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Zachary CB, Burns AJ, Pham LD, Jimenez Lozano JN. Clinical Study Demonstrates that Electromagnetic Muscle Stimulation Does Not Cause Injury to Fat Cells. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 53:70-78. [PMID: 32383824 PMCID: PMC7891655 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives A previous pre‐clinical study on electromagnetic muscle stimulation (EMMS) suggested that fat cell apoptosis occurs following treatment in a porcine model. While EMMS can induce changes in muscle, the effect on fat tissue is not established. This clinical study sought to assess adipose tissue response to EMMS in comparison to cryolipolysis treatment. Study Design/Materials and Methods Study subjects were recruited prior to abdominoplasty to receive body contouring treatments and subsequently to obtain tissue for histological analysis. Non‐invasive abdominal treatments were delivered using a commercially available (n = 6) or prototype (n = 3) EMMS system or a cryolipolysis system (n = 2). Subjects received a single EMMS treatment (100% intensity for 30 minutes) or a single cryolipolysis treatment (−11°C for 35 minutes) to the abdomen. Superficial and deep (i.e., adjacent to muscle layer) subcutaneous adipose tissue was harvested at set timepoints post‐treatment. The presence or absence of an inflammatory response was evaluated using standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. As adipocytes that are destined to become apoptotic cannot be distinguished by traditional H&E staining during the early phases of injury, irreversible fat cell injury was assessed using perilipin immunofluorescence. Results Following H&E histological analysis at 3, 10, 11, and 17 days post‐treatment, no EMMS‐treated samples showed an inflammatory response in either the superficial or deep subcutaneous adipose tissue. For the cryolipolysis‐treated adipose tissue, however, the H&E staining revealed a marked inflammatory response with an influx of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages at timepoints consistent with previous histological studies. Further, loss of perilipin staining provided clear visual evidence of irreversible fat cell injury in the cryolipolysis‐treated adipose tissue. In contrast, the electromagnetic muscle stimulation‐treated samples showed persistence of perilipin staining of adipose tissue indicating that all fat cells were viable. Conclusion This study failed to demonstrate either fat cell injury or inflammatory response following EMMS treatment. While electromagnetic muscle stimulation may non‐invasively induce muscle changes, this clinical study found no evidence of an impact injurious or otherwise on subcutaneous fat. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Zachary
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - A Jay Burns
- Private Practice Surgical and Non-Surgical Cosmetic Plastic Surgery, Dallas, Texas, 75225
| | - Linda D Pham
- ZELTIQ Aesthetics, an affiliate of Allergan, plc., Pleasanton, California, 94588
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Duncan D, Dinev I. Noninvasive Induction of Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia: Effects of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Field Evaluated in an In-Vivo Porcine Model: A Pilot Study. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:568-574. [PMID: 31665217 PMCID: PMC7154795 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjz244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) field technology has been reported to increase muscle thickness and hypertrophy. However, this process has not yet been confirmed on a histologic level. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate in-vivo structural changes in striated porcine muscle tissue following HIFEM treatment. METHODS Three Yorkshire pigs received four 30-minute HIFEM treatments applied to the biceps femoris muscle on 1 side only. The fourth pig served as a control subject. At baseline and 2 weeks after the last treatment, biopsy specimens of the muscle tissue were collected from the treatment site. The control pig underwent muscle biopsy from a similar but untreated site. Twenty-five histology slides were evaluated from each pig. A certified histopathologist analyzed sliced biopsy samples for structural changes in the tissue. RESULTS Histologic analysis showed hypertrophic changes 2 weeks posttreatment. The muscle mass density increased by 20.56% (to a mean of 17,053.4 [5617.9] µm2) compared with baseline. Similarly, muscle fiber density (hyperplasia) increased: the average change in the number of fibers in a slice area of 136,533.3 µm2 was +8.0%. The mean size of an individual muscle fiber increased by 12.15% (to 332.23 [280.2] µm2) 2 weeks posttreatment. Control samples did not show any significant change in fiber density or hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Histopathologic quantification showed significant structural muscle changes through a combination of fiber hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Control biopsies showed a lack of similar changes. The data correlate with findings of other HIFEM research and suggest that HIFEM could be used for noninvasive induction of muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Dinev
- General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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21
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Halaas Y, Bernardy J. Mechanism of nonthermal induction of apoptosis by high-intensity focused electromagnetic procedure: Biochemical investigation in a porcine model. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:605-611. [PMID: 31943721 PMCID: PMC7028149 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple studies have reported adipose tissue reduction after the application of the High‐Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) field technology, yet cellular level evidence of the mechanisms has remained scarce. Objectives This study aims to verify or refute previous single‐study histological evidence and further investigates the proposed mechanism of apoptotic induction. Methods The thigh of two Large White pigs was treated with HIFEM for 30 minutes. Fat punch biopsies were collected from the application area before, immediately after, and 8 hours post‐treatment. Control samples were taken from the abdomen immediately after and 8 hours post‐treatment. Samples were analyzed for pro‐apoptotic DNA markers (BAX, BCL‐2, TXNIP, MMP9, TNF‐α), the levels of free fatty acids (FFA), and the pH levels of the adipose tissue. Results The levels of FFA in the treated adipose tissue increased on average by 127.1% immediately post‐treatment and by 134.1% 8 hours post‐treatment, indicating a rapid breakdown of lipids. The average recorded adipose pH changed from 7.30 ± 0.12 at baseline to 6.60 ± 0.07 immediately post‐treatment (P = .001) and to 7.19 ± 0.12 8 hours post‐treatment. The levels of BAX, TXNIP, MMP9, and TNF‐α increased post‐treatment while BCL‐2 decreased. Control samples showed constant levels of pH and pro‐apoptotic markers. The FFAs in the control samples were increased by 41.6%‐51.4%. Conclusion The changes in the levels of the pro‐apoptotic markers conformed to the previously reported elevated fat apoptosis post‐HIFEM treatments. These effects were accompanied by an increase in FFA levels, and by reduced pH levels, due to the increased acidity in the adipose tissue. Further research is required to explore the potential of nonthermal induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Halaas
- Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Bernardy
- Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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22
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Unnikrishnan A, Kurup K, Salmon AB, Richardson A. Is Rapamycin a Dietary Restriction Mimetic? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:4-13. [PMID: 30854544 PMCID: PMC6909904 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial suggestion that rapamycin, an inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR) nutrient signaling, increased lifespan comparable to dietary restriction, investigators have viewed rapamycin as a potential dietary restriction mimetic. Both dietary restriction and rapamycin increase lifespan across a wide range of evolutionarily diverse species (including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice) as well as reducing pathology and improving physiological functions that decline with age in mice. The purpose of this article is to review the research comparing the effect of dietary restriction and rapamycin in mice. The current data show that dietary restriction and rapamycin have different effects on many pathways and molecular processes. In addition, these interventions affect the lifespan of many genetically manipulated mouse models differently. In other words, while dietary restriction and rapamycin may have similar effects on some pathways and processes; overall, they affect many pathways/processes quite differently. Therefore, rapamycin is likely not a true dietary restriction mimetic. Rather dietary restriction and rapamycin appear to be increasing lifespan and retarding aging largely through different mechanisms/pathways, suggesting that a combination of dietary restriction and rapamycin will have a greater effect on lifespan than either manipulation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Unnikrishnan
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Kavitha Kurup
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Sam and Ann Barhop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Geratric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma,Address correspondence to: Arlan Richardson, PhD, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1372, Oklahoma City, OK 73104. E-mail:
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Fusade T. Quoi de neuf en dermatologie interventionnelle ? Ann Dermatol Venereol 2019; 146:12S11-12S18. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(20)30101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kelly KM. Science and peace. Lasers Surg Med 2018; 51:5-7. [PMID: 30561812 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Kelly
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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