1
|
Chang TMS. Editorial: Innovative medical technology based on artificial cells, including its different configurations. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1306419. [PMID: 38021437 PMCID: PMC10668123 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1306419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hassan GS, Flores Molina M, Shoukry NH. The multifaceted role of macrophages during acute liver injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237042. [PMID: 37736102 PMCID: PMC10510203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is situated at the interface of the gut and circulation where it acts as a filter for blood-borne and gut-derived microbes and biological molecules, promoting tolerance of non-invasive antigens while driving immune responses against pathogenic ones. Liver resident immune cells such as Kupffer cells (KCs), a subset of macrophages, maintain homeostasis under physiological conditions. However, upon liver injury, these cells and others recruited from circulation participate in the response to injury and the repair of tissue damage. Such response is thus spatially and temporally regulated and implicates interconnected cells of immune and non-immune nature. This review will describe the hepatic immune environment during acute liver injury and the subsequent wound healing process. In its early stages, the wound healing immune response involves a necroinflammatory process characterized by partial depletion of resident KCs and lymphocytes and a significant infiltration of myeloid cells including monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs) complemented by a wave of pro-inflammatory mediators. The subsequent repair stage includes restoring KCs, initiating angiogenesis, renewing extracellular matrix and enhancing proliferation/activation of resident parenchymal and mesenchymal cells. This review will focus on the multifaceted role of hepatic macrophages, including KCs and MoMFs, and their spatial distribution and roles during acute liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada S. Hassan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuel Flores Molina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang W, Wu Z, Gao Z, Wan M, Zhou M, Mao C, Shen J. Artificial Cells: Past, Present and Future. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15705-15733. [PMID: 36226996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and allow researchers to explore biological process and the origin of life. The construction methods for artificial cells, through both top-down or bottom-up approaches, have achieved great progress over the past decades. Here we present a comprehensive overview on the development of artificial cells and their properties and applications. Artificial cells are derived from lipids, polymers, lipid/polymer hybrids, natural cell membranes, colloidosome, metal-organic frameworks and coacervates. They can be endowed with various functions through the incorporation of proteins and genes on the cell surface or encapsulated inside of the cells. These modulations determine the properties of artificial cells, including producing energy, cell growth, morphology change, division, transmembrane transport, environmental response, motility and chemotaxis. Multiple applications of these artificial cells are discussed here with a focus on therapeutic applications. Artificial cells are used as carriers for materials and information exchange and have been shown to function as targeted delivery systems of personalized drugs. Additionally, artificial cells can function to substitute for cells with impaired function. Enzyme therapy and immunotherapy using artificial cells have been an intense focus of research. Finally, prospects of future development of cell-mimic properties and broader applications are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zheng Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie X, Zhou X, Liu T, Zhong Z, Zhou Q, Iqbal W, Xie Q, Wei C, Zhang X, Chang TMS, Sun P. Direct Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to 3D Functional Hepatocyte-like Cells in Alginate Microencapsulation Sphere. Cells 2022; 11:3134. [PMID: 36231094 PMCID: PMC9562699 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of a stable source of hepatocytes is one of major limitations in hepatocyte transplantation and clinical applications of a bioartificial liver. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with a high degree of self-renewal and totipotency are a potentially limitless source of a variety of cell lineages, including hepatocytes. Many techniques have been developed for effective differentiation of hESCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells. However, the application of hESC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hESC-Heps) in the clinic has been constrained by the low yield of fully differentiated cells, small-scale culture, difficulties in harvesting, and immunologic graft rejection. To resolve these shortcomings, we developed a novel 3D differentiation system involving alginate-microencapsulated spheres to improve current hepatic differentiation, providing ready-to-use hESC-Heps. METHODS In this study, we used alginate microencapsulation technology to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells (hESC-Heps). Hepatic markers of hESC-Heps were examined by qPCR and Western blotting, and hepatic functions of hESC-Heps were evaluated by indocyanine-green uptake and release, and ammonia removal. RESULTS The maturity and hepatic functions of the hESC-Heps derived from this 3D system were better than those derived from 2D culture. Hepatocyte-enriched genes, such as HNF4α, AFP, and ALB, were expressed at higher levels in 3D hESC-Heps than in 2D hESC-Heps. 3D hESC-Heps could metabolize indocyanine green and had better capacity to scavenge ammonia. In addition, the 3D sodium alginate hydrogel microspheres could block viral entry into the microspheres, and thus protect hESC-Heps in 3D microspheres from viral infection. CONCLUSION We developed a novel 3D differentiation system for differentiating hESCs into hepatocyte-like cells by using alginate microcapsules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xie
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Chaozhou Health Vocational College, Chaozhou 521000, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Tingdang Liu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhong
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Waqas Iqbal
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qingdong Xie
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Chiju Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Departments of Physiology, Medicine & Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Pingnan Sun
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Artificial cells for the treatment of liver diseases. Acta Biomater 2021; 130:98-114. [PMID: 34126265 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases have become an increasing health burden and account for over 2 million deaths every year globally. Standard therapies including liver transplant and cell therapy offer a promising treatment for liver diseases, but they also suffer limitations such as adverse immune reactions and lack of long-term efficacy. Artificial cells that mimic certain functions of a living cell have emerged as a new strategy to overcome some of the challenges that liver cell therapy faces at present. Artificial cells have demonstrated advantages in long-term storage, targeting capability, and tuneable features. This article provides an overview of the recent progress in developing artificial cells and their potential applications in liver disease treatment. First, the design of artificial cells and their biomimicking functions are summarized. Then, systems that mimic cell surface properties are introduced with two concepts highlighted: cell membrane-coated artificial cells and synthetic lipid-based artificial cells. Next, cell microencapsulation strategy is summarized and discussed. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of artificial cells are outlined. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Liver diseases have become an increasing health burden. Standard therapies including liver transplant and cell therapy offer a promising treatment for liver diseases, but they have limitations such as adverse immune reactions and lack of long-term efficacy. Artificial cells that mimic certain functions of a living cell have emerged as a new strategy to overcome some of the challenges that liver cell therapy faces at present. This article provides an overview of the recent progress in developing artificial cells and their potential applications in liver disease treatment, including the design of artificial cells and their biomimicking functions, two systems that mimic cell surface properties (cell membrane-coated artificial cells and synthetic lipid-based artificial cells), and cell microencapsulation strategy. We also outline the challenges and future perspectives of artificial cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jauković A, Abadjieva D, Trivanović D, Stoyanova E, Kostadinova M, Pashova S, Kestendjieva S, Kukolj T, Jeseta M, Kistanova E, Mourdjeva M. Specificity of 3D MSC Spheroids Microenvironment: Impact on MSC Behavior and Properties. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:853-875. [PMID: 32681232 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been considered the promising candidates for the regenerative and personalized medicine due to their self-renewal potential, multilineage differentiation and immunomodulatory capacity. Although these properties have encouraged profound MSC studies in recent years, the majority of research has been based on standard 2D culture utilization. The opportunity to resemble in vivo characteristics of cells native niche has been provided by implementation of 3D culturing models such as MSC spheroid formation assesed through cells self-assembling. In this review, we address the current literature on physical and biochemical features of 3D MSC spheroid microenvironment and their impact on MSC properties and behaviors. Starting with the reduction in the cells' dimensions and volume due to the changes in adhesion molecules expression and cytoskeletal proteins rearrangement resembling native conditions, through the microenvironment shifts in oxygen, nutrients and metabolites gradients and demands, we focus on distinctive and beneficial features of MSC in spheroids compared to cells cultured in 2D conditions. By summarizing the data for 3D MSC spheroids regarding cell survival, pluripotency, differentiation, immunomodulatory activities and potential to affect tumor cells growth we highlighted advantages and perspectives of MSC spheroids use in regenerative medicine. Further detailed analyses are needed to deepen our understanding of mechanisms responsible for modified MSC behavior in spheroids and to set future directions for MSC clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jauković
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia
| | - Desislava Abadjieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Drenka Trivanović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia.,IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Clinics, Röntgenring 11, D-97070, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Stoyanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Kostadinova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shina Pashova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Snejana Kestendjieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tamara Kukolj
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia
| | - Michal Jeseta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Obilní trh 11, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Kistanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Mourdjeva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kouroupis D, Correa D. Increased Mesenchymal Stem Cell Functionalization in Three-Dimensional Manufacturing Settings for Enhanced Therapeutic Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:621748. [PMID: 33644016 PMCID: PMC7907607 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.621748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) exist within their in vivo niches as part of heterogeneous cell populations, exhibiting variable stemness potential and supportive functionalities. Conventional extensive 2D in vitro MSC expansion, aimed at obtaining clinically relevant therapeutic cell numbers, results in detrimental effects on both cellular characteristics (e.g., phenotypic changes and senescence) and functions (e.g., differentiation capacity and immunomodulatory effects). These deleterious effects, added to the inherent inter-donor variability, negatively affect the standardization and reproducibility of MSC therapeutic potential. The resulting manufacturing challenges that drive the qualitative variability of MSC-based products is evident in various clinical trials where MSC therapeutic efficacy is moderate or, in some cases, totally insufficient. To circumvent these limitations, various in vitro/ex vivo techniques have been applied to manufacturing protocols to induce specific features, attributes, and functions in expanding cells. Exposure to inflammatory cues (cell priming) is one of them, however, with untoward effects such as transient expression of HLA-DR preventing allogeneic therapeutic schemes. MSC functionalization can be also achieved by in vitro 3D culturing techniques, in an effort to more closely recapitulate the in vivo MSC niche. The resulting spheroid structures provide spatial cell organization with increased cell–cell interactions, stable, or even enhanced phenotypic profiles, and increased trophic and immunomodulatory functionalities. In that context, MSC 3D spheroids have shown enhanced “medicinal signaling” activities and increased homing and survival capacities upon transplantation in vivo. Importantly, MSC spheroids have been applied in various preclinical animal models including wound healing, bone and osteochondral defects, and cardiovascular diseases showing safety and efficacy in vivo. Therefore, the incorporation of 3D MSC culturing approach into cell-based therapy would significantly impact the field, as more reproducible clinical outcomes may be achieved without requiring ex vivo stimulatory regimes. In the present review, we discuss the MSC functionalization in 3D settings and how this strategy can contribute to an improved MSC-based product for safer and more effective therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Diego Correa
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yin F, Wang WY, Mao LC, Cai QQ, Jiang WH. Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transfected with HGF on TGF-β1/Smad Signaling Pathway in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis Rats. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1395-1406. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Cui Mao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi-Qi Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Hua Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang TMS. ARTIFICIAL CELL evolves into nanomedicine, biotherapeutics, blood substitutes, drug delivery, enzyme/gene therapy, cancer therapy, cell/stem cell therapy, nanoparticles, liposomes, bioencapsulation, replicating synthetic cells, cell encapsulation/scaffold, biosorbent/immunosorbent haemoperfusion/plasmapheresis, regenerative medicine, encapsulated microbe, nanobiotechnology, nanotechnology. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:997-1013. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1577885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cellular Spheroids of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Perspectives in Future Healthcare. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic cellular properties of several types of cells are dramatically altered as the culture condition shifts from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) environment. Currently, several lines of evidence have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine. MSCs not only replenish the lost cells, they also promote the regeneration of impaired tissues by modulating the immune responses. Following the development of 3D cell culture, the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of spheroid-forming MSCs have been identified in several animal disease models by promoting differentiation or trophic factor secretion, as compared to planar-cultured MSCs. Due to the complicated and multifunctional applications in the medical field, MSCs are recently named as medicinal signaling cells. In this review, we summarize the predominant differences of cell–environment interactions for the MSC spheroids formed by chitosan-based substrates and other scaffold-free approaches. Furthermore, several important physical and chemical factors affecting cell behaviors in the cell spheroids are discussed. Currently, the understanding of MSCs spheroid interactions is continuously expanding. Overall, this article aims to review the broad advantages and perspectives of MSC spheroids in regenerative medicine and in future healthcare.
Collapse
|
11
|
Paracrine Effects of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells in Survival and Cytokine Expression after 90% Partial Hepatectomy. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5270527. [PMID: 28326105 PMCID: PMC5343266 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5270527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure is a complex and fatal disease. Cell-based therapies are a promising alternative therapeutic approach for liver failure due to relatively simple technique and lower cost. The use of semipermeable microcapsules has become an interesting tool for evaluating paracrine effects in vivo. In this study, we aimed to assess the paracrine effects of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) encapsulated in sodium alginate to treat acute liver failure in an animal model of 90% partial hepatectomy (90% PH). Encapsulated BMMC were able to increase 10-day survival without enhancing liver regeneration markers. Gene expression of Il-6 and Il-10 in the remnant liver was markedly reduced at 6 h after 90% PH in animals receiving encapsulated BMMC compared to controls. This difference, however, was neither reflected by changes in the number of CD68+ cells nor by serum levels of IL6. On the other hand, treated animals presented increased caspase activity and gene expression in the liver. Taken together, these results suggest that BMMC regulate immune response and promote apoptosis in the liver after 90% PH by paracrine factors. These changes ultimately may be related to the higher survival observed in treated animals, suggesting that BMMC may be a promising alternative to treat acute liver failure.
Collapse
|
12
|
Encapsulated Whole Bone Marrow Cells Improve Survival in Wistar Rats after 90% Partial Hepatectomy. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:4831524. [PMID: 26649048 PMCID: PMC4663362 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4831524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims. The use of bone marrow cells has been suggested as an alternative treatment for acute liver failure. In this study, we investigate the effect of encapsulated whole bone marrow cells in a liver failure model. Methods. Encapsulated cells or empty capsules were implanted in rats submitted to 90% partial hepatectomy. The survival rate was assessed. Another group was euthanized at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after hepatectomy to study expression of cytokines and growth factors. Results. Whole bone marrow group showed a higher than 10 days survival rate compared to empty capsules group. Gene expression related to early phase of liver regeneration at 6 hours after hepatectomy was decreased in encapsulated cells group, whereas genes related to regeneration were increased at 12, 24, and 48 hours. Whole bone marrow group showed lower regeneration rate at 72 hours and higher expression and activity of caspase 3. In contrast, lysosomal-β-glucuronidase activity was elevated in empty capsules group. Conclusions. The results show that encapsulated whole bone marrow cells reduce the expression of genes involved in liver regeneration and increase those responsible for ending hepatocyte division. In addition, these cells favor apoptotic cell death and decrease necrosis, thus increasing survival.
Collapse
|
13
|
Injured hepatocyte-released microvesicles induce bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells differentiation. Differentiation 2015; 90:40-7. [PMID: 26411497 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMCs) to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells under different conditions has been demonstrated previously. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CCl4-injured hepatocytes on the differentiation of the non-adherent (NAD) fraction of BMMCs. Differentiation (cell fate) was analyzed after 2, 6 and 24h of co-culture by gene and protein expression and by urea production. We also evaluated the presence of microvesicles (MVs) in the supernatant of differentiated cells, their content and the ability of these cells to absorb them. Hepatocyte-like characteristics were observed in the NAD cells after 24h of co-culture with injured hepatocytes. Cells that were co-cultured with healthy hepatocytes did not present signs of differentiation at any analyzed time point. Analysis of the supernatant from differentiated cells revealed the presence of MVs carrying hepatocyte-specific mRNAs, including Albumin, Coagulation factor V, Alpha-fetoprotein, and Cytokeratin 18. The incorporation of injured hepatocyte-derived MVs by NAD cells was shown at 24h, suggesting a possible role for MVs in the induction of cell plasticity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gurruchaga H, Saenz del Burgo L, Ciriza J, Orive G, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Advances in cell encapsulation technology and its application in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1251-67. [PMID: 25563077 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell encapsulation technology has improved enormously since it was proposed 50 years ago. The advantages offered over other alternative systems, such as the prevention of repetitive drug administration, have triggered the use of this technology in multiple therapeutic applications. AREAS COVERED In this article, improvements in cell encapsulation technology and strategies to overcome the drawbacks that prevent its use in the clinic have been summarized and discussed. Different studies and clinical trials that have been performed in several therapeutic applications have also been described. EXPERT OPINION The authors believe that the future translation of this technology from bench to bedside requires the optimization of diverse aspects: i) biosafety, controlling and monitoring cell viability; ii) biocompatibility, reducing pericapsular fibrotic growth and hypoxia suffered by the graft; iii) control over drug delivery; iv) and the final scale up. On the other hand, an area that deserves more attention is the cryopreservation of encapsulated cells as this will facilitate the arrival of these biosystems to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haritz Gurruchaga
- University of the Basque Country, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, NanoBioCel Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006 , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mobed-Miremadi M, Djomehri S, Keralapura M, McNeil M. Fickian-Based Empirical Approach for Diffusivity Determination in Hollow Alginate-Based Microfibers Using 2D Fluorescence Microscopy and Comparison with Theoretical Predictions. MATERIALS 2014; 7:7670-7688. [PMID: 28788268 PMCID: PMC5456451 DOI: 10.3390/ma7127670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hollow alginate microfibers (od = 1.3 mm, id = 0.9 mm, th = 400 µm, L = 3.5 cm) comprised of 2% (w/v) medium molecular weight alginate cross-linked with 0.9 M CaCl2 were fabricated to model outward diffusion capture by 2D fluorescent microscopy. A two-fold comparison of diffusivity determination based on real-time diffusion of Fluorescein isothiocyanate molecular weight (FITC MW) markers was conducted using a proposed Fickian-based approach in conjunction with a previously established numerical model developed based on spectrophotometric data. Computed empirical/numerical (Dempiricial/Dnumerical) diffusivities characterized by small standard deviations for the 4-, 70- and 500-kDa markers expressed in m2/s are (1.06 × 10−9 ± 1.96 × 10−10)/(2.03 × 10−11), (5.89 × 10−11 ± 2.83 × 10−12)/(4.6 × 10−12) and (4.89 × 10−12 ± 3.94 × 10−13)/(1.27 × 10−12), respectively, with the discrimination between the computation techniques narrowing down as a function of MW. The use of the numerical approach is recommended for fluorescence-based measurements as the standard computational method for effective diffusivity determination until capture rates (minimum 12 fps for the 4-kDa marker) and the use of linear instead of polynomial interpolating functions to model temporal intensity gradients have been proven to minimize the extent of systematic errors associated with the proposed empirical method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mobed-Miremadi
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0583, USA.
| | - Sabra Djomehri
- Preventive & Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | - Melanie McNeil
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192-0082, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
López ML, Kieling CO, Uribe Cruz C, Osvaldt A, Ochs de Muñoz G, Meurer L, Silla L, Matte U. Platelet increases survival in a model of 90% hepatectomy in rats. Liver Int 2014; 34:1049-56. [PMID: 24119092 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ninety per cent hepatectomy in rodents is a model for acute liver failure. It has been reported that platelets have a strong effect enhancing liver regeneration, because of the production of several growth factors such as serotonin. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of microencapsulated platelets on 90% hepatectomy in rats. METHODS Platelets (PLT) were microencapsulated in sodium alginate and implanted in the peritoneum of rats after 90% partial hepatectomy (PH). Control group received empty capsules (EC). Animals were euthanized at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post PH (n=9-12/group/time) to evaluate liver regeneration rate, mitotic index, liver content, serum and tissue levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and serotonin and its receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2B (5Ht2b). Survival rate in 10 days was evaluated in a different set of animals (n=20/group). RESULTS Platelets group showed the highest survival rate despite the lowest liver regeneration rate at any time point. Mitotic and BrdU index showed no difference between groups. However, the number of hepatocytes was higher and the internuclear distance was shorter for PLT group. Liver dry weight was similar in both groups indicating that water was the main responsible factor for the weight difference. Gene expression of IL-6 in the liver was significantly higher in EC group 6 h after PH, whereas 5Ht2b was up-regulated at 72 h in PLT group. CONCLUSIONS Platelets enhance survival of animals with 90% PH, probably by an early protective effect on hepatocytes and the increase in growth factor receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica L López
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program on Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Artificial Cells. Biomater Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-087780-8.00071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Liu ZC, Chang TMS. Intrasplenic transplantation of bioencapsulated mesenchymal stem cells improves the recovery rates of 90% partial hepatectomized rats. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:697094. [PMID: 23251190 PMCID: PMC3515999 DOI: 10.1155/2012/697094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow can secrete cytokines and growth factors and can transdifferentiate into liver cells. We transplanted polymeric membrane bioencapsulated MSCs into the spleens of 90% partial hepatectomized rats. This resulted in 91.6% recovery rates. This is compared to a recovery rate of 21.4% in the 90% hepatectomized rats and 25% in the 90% hepatectomized rats receiving intrasplenic transplantation of free MSCs. After 14 days, the remnant livers in the bioencapsulated MSCs group are not significantly different in weight when compared to the sham control group. From day 1 to day 3 after surgery, in the bioencapsulated MSCs group, the plasma HGF and IL-6 were significantly higher than those in the free MSCs group and control group (P < 0.01); plasma TNF-α was significantly lower (P < 0.001). We concluded that the intrasplenic transplantation of bioencapsulated MSCs significantly increases the recovery rates of 90% hepatectomized rats. It is likely that the initial effect is from proliver regeneration factors followed later by the transdifferentiated hepatocyte-like cells. However, histopathological analysis and hepatocyte proliferation study will be needed to better understand the regenerative mechanisms of this result. This study has implications in improving the survival and recovery of patients with very severe liver failure due to hepatitis, trauma, or extensive surgical resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zun Chang Liu
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Biomedical Engineering, Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 1004, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Biomedical Engineering, Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 1004, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Song YS, Lee HJ, Doo SH, Lee SJ, Lim I, Chang KT, Kim SU. Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibit collagen deposit and improve bladder function in rat model of bladder outlet obstruction. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1641-50. [PMID: 22506988 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x637488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) caused by collagen deposit is one of the most common problems in elderly male. This study was performed to examine the capability of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to inhibit collagen deposition in rat model of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). HGF is known for its antifibrotic effect and the most promising agent for treating bladder fibrosis. BM3.B10 stable immortalized human MSC line (B10) was transduced to encode human HGF with a retroviral vector was prepared (B10.HGF). Two weeks after the onset of BOO, B10, and B10.HGF cells were injected into the rat's bladder wall. After 4 weeks, bladder tissues were harvested and Masson's trichrome staining was performed. Transgene expression in HGF-expressing B10 cells was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining, and the high levels of HGF secreted by B10.HGF cells was confirmed by ELISA. The mean bladder weight in BOO rats was 5.8 times of the normal controls, while in animals grafted with B10.HGF cells, the weight was down to four times of the control [90.2 ± 1.6 (control), 89.9 ± 2.8 (sham), 527.9 ± 150.9 (BOO), 447.7 ± 41.0 (BOO + B10), and 362.7 ± 113.2 (BOO + B10.HGF)]. The mean percentage of collagen area increased in BOO rats, while in the animals transplanted with B10.HGF cells, the collagen area decreased to the normal control level [12.2 ± 1.3, (control), 12.8 ± 1.1 (sham), 26.6 ± 2.7 (BOO), 19.9 ± 6.0 (BOO + B10), and 13.3 ± 2.1 (BOO + B10.HGF)]. The expression of collagen and TGF-b protein increased after BOO, while the expression of HGF and c-met protein increased in the group with B10.HGF transplantation after BOO. Intercontraction interval decreased after BOO, but it recovered after B10.HGF transplantation. Maximal voiding pressure (MVP) increased after BOO, and it recovered to levels of the normal control after transplantation of B10.HGF cells. Residual urine volume (RU) increased after BOO, but the RU increase was not reversed by transplantation of B10.HGF cells. Human MSCs overexpressing HGF inhibited collagen deposition and improved cystometric parameters in bladder outlet obstruction of rats. The present study indicates that transplantation of MSCs modified to overexpress HGF could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy against bladder fibrosis in patients with bladder outlet obstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seob Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee HJ, Won JH, Doo SH, Kim JH, Song KY, Lee SJ, Lim I, Chang KT, Song YS, Kim SU. Inhibition of collagen deposit in obstructed rat bladder outlet by transplantation of superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled human mesenchymal stem cells as monitored by molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cell Transplant 2012; 21:959-70. [PMID: 22449414 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x627516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) caused by collagen deposit is one of the most common problems in elderly males. The present study is to investigate if human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of inhibiting collagen deposition and improve cystometric parameters in bladder outlet obstruction in rats. Human MSCs were labeled with nanoparticles containing superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPION), and transplanted in rat BOO lesion site. Forty 6-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (group 1: control, group 2: sham operation, group 3: BOO, and group 4: BOO rats receiving SPION-hMSCs). Two weeks after the onset of BOO, 1 × 10(6) SPION-hMSCs were injected into the bladder wall. Serial T2-weighted MR images were taken immediately after transplantation of SPION-labeled human MSCs and at 4 weeks posttransplantation. T2-weighted MR images showed a clear hypointense signal induced by the SPION-labeled MSCs. While the expression of collagen and TGF-β protein increased after BOO, the expression of both returned to the original levels after MSC transplantation. Expression of HGF and c-met protein also increased in the group with MSC transplantation. Maximal voiding pressure and residual urine volume increased after BOO but they recovered after MSC transplantation. Human MSCs transplanted in rat BOO models inhibited the bladder fibrosis and mediated recovery of bladder dysfunction. Transplantation of MSC-based cell therapy could be a novel therapeutic strategy against bladder fibrosis in patients with bladder outlet obstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jun Lee
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ezzat T, Dhar DK, Malago M, Damink SWMO. Dynamic tracking of stem cells in an acute liver failure model. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:507-16. [PMID: 22363116 PMCID: PMC3280395 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i6.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate a dual labeling technique, which would enable real-time monitoring of transplanted embryonic stem cell (ESC) kinetics, as well as long-term tracking.
METHODS: Liver damage was induced in C57/BL6 male mice (n = 40) by acetaminophen (APAP) 300 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally. Green fluorescence protein (GFP) positive C57/BL6 mouse ESCs were stained with the near-infrared fluorescent lipophilic tracer 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR) immediately before transplantation into the spleen. Each of the animals in the cell therapy group (n = 20) received 5 × 106 ESCs 4 h following treatment with APAP. The control group (n = 20) received the vehicle only. The distribution and dynamics of the cells were monitored in real-time with the IVIS Lumina-2 at 30 min post transplantation, then at 3, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, and after one and 2 wk. Immunohistochemical examination of liver tissue was used to identify expression of GFP and albumin. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was measured as an indication of liver damage.
RESULTS: DiR-stained ESCs were easily tracked with the IVIS using the indocyanine green filter due to its high background passband with minimal background autofluorescence. The transplanted cells were confined inside the spleen at 30 min post-transplantation, gradually moved into the splenic vein, and were detectable in parts of the liver at the 3 h time-point. Within 24 h of transplantation, homing of almost 90% of cells was confirmed in the liver. On day three, however, the DiR signal started to fade out, and ex vivo IVIS imaging of different organs allowed signal detection at time-points when the signal could not be detected by in vivo imaging, and confirmed that the highest photon emission was in the liver (P < 0.0001). At 2 wk, the DiRsignal was no longer detectable in vivo; however, immunohistochemistry analysis of constitutively-expressed GFP was used to provide an insight into the distribution of the cells. GFP +ve cells were detected in tissue sections resembling hepatocytes and were dispersed throughout the hepatic parenchyma, with the presence of a larger number of GFP +ve cells incorporated within the sinusoidal endothelial lining. Very faint albumin expression was detected in the transplanted GFP +ve cells at 72 h; however at 2 wk, few cells that were positive for GFP were also strongly positive for albumin. There was a significant improvement in serum levels of ALT, albumin and bilirubin in both groups at 2 wk when compared with the 72 h time-point. In the cell therapy group, serum ALT was significantly (P = 0.016) lower and albumin (P = 0.009) was significantly higher when compared with the control group at the 2 wk time-point; however there was no difference in mortality between the two groups.
CONCLUSION: Dual labeling is an easy to use and cheap method for longitudinal monitoring of distribution, survival and engraftment of transplanted cells, and could be used for cell therapy models.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang M, Pei H, Zhang L, Guan L, Zhang R, Jia Y, Li B, Yue W, Wang Y, Pei X. Hepatogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells on poly-lactide-co-glycolide scaffolds: in vitro and in vivo studies. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:1041-50. [PMID: 20064016 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) have been shown to be multipotent and could be induced into various cell types, which make them the ideal cell source for cell therapy or tissue engineering. However, differentiation of ASCs into hepatocytes on three-dimensional scaffold, an important part of tissue engineering, has not been reported. In this study, to investigate the hepatogenesis of ASCs on porous poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) scaffolds, we loaded hASCs on these scaffolds. The cell-scaffold complex was implanted into the peritoneal cavity of 70% hepatectomized rats with or without 14 days of induction in hepatic inducing medium. Our results indicated that hASCs cultured on the PLGA scaffolds in the hepatic inducing medium proliferated more efficiently and could be induced into cells with hepatocyte-like phenotypic and functional properties. In vivo studies showed that induced hASCs on PLGA scaffolds survived and maintained hepatic phenotype and function for at least 14 days after implantation; moreover, noninduced hASCs on PLGA scaffolds expressed human albumin 14 days after transplantation. Collectively, these results suggest that porous PLGA scaffolds are suitable for the hepatogenesis of hASCs. These findings might be helpful in the application of hASC-based tissue engineering for liver disease therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Induction by TNF-α of IL-6 and IL-8 in cystic fibrosis bronchial IB3-1 epithelial cells encapsulated in alginate microbeads. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936184 PMCID: PMC2946646 DOI: 10.1155/2010/907964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a microencapsulation procedure for the entrapment and manipulation of IB3-1 cystic fibrosis cells. The applied method is based on generation of monodisperse droplets by a vibrational nozzle. Different experimental parameters were analyzed, including frequency and amplitude of vibration, polymer pumping rate and distance between the nozzle and the gelling bath. We have found that the microencapsulation procedure does not alter the viability of the encapsulated IB3-1 cells. The encapsulated IB3-1 cells were characterized in term of secretomic profile, analyzing the culture medium by Bio-Plex strategy. The experiments demonstrated that most of the analyzed proteins, were secreted both by the free and encapsulated cells, even if in a different extent. In order to determine the biotechnological applications of this procedure, we determined whether encapsulated IB3-1 cells could be induced to pro-inflammatory responses, after treatment with TNF-α. In this experimental set-up, encapsulated and free IB3-1 cells were treated with TNF-α, thereafter the culture media from both cell populations were collected. As expected, TNF-α induced a sharp increase in the secretion of interleukins, chemokines and growth factors. Of great interest was the evidence that induction of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 occurs also by encapsulated IB3-1 cells.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hu JJ, Sun C, Lan L, Chen YW, Li DG. Therapeutic effect of transplanting beta(2)m(-)/Thy1(+) bone marrow-derived hepatocyte stem cells transduced with lentiviral-mediated HGF gene into CCl(4)-injured rats. J Gene Med 2010; 12:244-54. [PMID: 20143305 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND beta(2)m(-)/Thy1(+) bone marrow-derived hepatocyte stem cells (BDHSCs) isolated from the bone marrow of cholestatic rats by magnetic bead cell sorting consistently express characteristics of both stem and liver cells. These stem cells may be good vehicles for gene transfer. Administration of exogenous hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) may be potentially useful for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Because lentiviral vectors integrate stably into the host-cell genome of nondividing and dividing cells, it may efficiently transfect beta(2)m(-)/Thy1(+) BDHSCs in vitro and secrete high-level HGF consistently. Transplantation of beta(2)m(-)/Thy1(+) BDHSCs transduced with lentiviral vectors containing the HGF gene may reduce liver fibrosis in rats. METHODS Lentiviral vectors expressing HGF were constructed and used to transduce beta(2)m(-)/Thy1(+) BDHSCs sorted from cholestatic rats in vitro. Transduction efficiency was evaluated and then these cells were transplanted into rats through the portal vein. Liver function as well as histological and immunohistochemical examinations were carried out to assess the therapeutic efficacy on liver fibrosis. RESULTS We demonstrated that high-level exogenous HGF was detected in supernatants after beta(2)m(-)/Thy1(+) BDHSCs were transfected with lentiviral vectors expressing HGF. Transplantation of transduced beta(2)m(-)/Thy1(+) BDHSCs significantly enhanced liver function and attenuated liver fibrosis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that transplantation of beta(2)m(-)/Thy1(+) BDHSCs overexpressing the HGF gene may offer a novel approach for promoting liver function and reverse liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, College of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Artificial cell microencapsulated stem cells in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and cell therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 670:68-79. [PMID: 20384219 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5786-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells, especially isolated from bone marrow, have been extensively investigated in recent years. Studies focus on their multiple plasticity oftransdifferentiating into various cell lineages and on their potential in cellular therapy in regenerative medicine. In many cases, there is the need for tissue engineering manipulation. Among the different approaches of stem cells tissue engineering, microencapsulation can immobilize stem cells to provide a favorable microenvironment for stem cells survival and functioning. Furthermore, microencapsulated stem cells are immunoisolated after transplantation. We show that one intraperitoneal injection of microencapsulated bone marrow stem cells can prolong the survival of liver failure rat models with 90% of the liver removed surgically. In addition to transdifferentiation, bone marrow stem cells can act as feeder cells. For example, when coencapsulated with hepatocytes, stem cells can increase the viability and function of the hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
27
|
Coencapsulation of Hepatocytes With Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Hepatocyte-Specific Functions. Transplantation 2009; 88:1178-85. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181bc288b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Paul A, Ge Y, Prakash S, Shum-Tim D. Microencapsulated stem cells for tissue repairing: implications in cell-based myocardial therapy. Regen Med 2009; 4:733-45. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have the unique properties of self-renewal, pluripotency and a high proliferative capability, which contributes to a large biomass potential. Hence, these cells act as a useful source for acquiring renewable adult cell lines. This, in turn, acts as a potent therapeutic tool to treat various diseases related to the heart, liver and kidney, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. However, a major problem that must be overcome before it can be effectively implemented into the clinical setting is a suitable delivery system that can retain an optimal quantity of the cells at the targeted site for a maximal clinical benefit; a system that will give a mechanical as well as an immune protection to the foreign cells, while at the same time enhancing the yields of differentiated cells, maintaining cell microenvironments and sustaining the differentiated cell functions. To address this issue we opted for a novel delivery system, termed the ‘artificial cells’, which are semipermeable microcapsules with strong and thin multilayer membrane components with specific mass transport properties. Here, we briefly introduce the concept of artificial cells for encapsulation of stem cells and investigate the application of microencapsulation technology as an ideal tool for all stem transplantations and relate their role to the emerging field of cellular cardiomyoplasty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Paul
- Biomedical Technology & Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Yin Ge
- Divisions of Cardiac Surgery & Surgical Research, The Montreal General Hospital, MUHC, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Suite C9–169, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology & Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dominique Shum-Tim
- Divisions of Cardiac Surgery & Surgical Research, The Montreal General Hospital, MUHC, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Suite C9–169, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chang TMS. Evolution of Artificial Cells Using Nanobiotechnology of Hemoglobin Based RBC Blood Substitute as an Example. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:551-66. [PMID: 17090428 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600973808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The original artificial red blood cells have evolved into oxygen carriers in the form of polyhemoglobin and conjugated hemoglobin. Clinical conditions requiring only oxygen carriers are responding well to these types of oxygen carriers without the need for a complete artificial red blood cell. For those conditions requiring more than just oxygen carriers, new generations of polyhemoglobin containing antioxidant enzymes are being developed. Though a complete artificial red blood cell comparable to red blood cell is still a dream, development in lipid membrane artificial red blood cells and biodegradable polymeric nano artificial red blood cells are steps towards this possibility. The many years of neglect on basic research in the area of blood substitutes have resulted in the lack of important basic knowledge needed for the rapid development of blood substitutes suitable for clinical use. This is further hampered by the mistaken conception that blood substitute is a single entity. We need to look at blood substitutes as consisting of progressively more complicated entities, e.g. oxygen carriers, oxygen carriers with antioxidant activity, and complete red blood cell substitutes. Each of these entities is not applicable to all clinical conditions, but is suitable for specific applications.
Collapse
|
30
|
Tuñón MJ, Alvarez M, Culebras JM, González-Gallego J. An overview of animal models for investigating the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies in acute hepatic failure. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3086-98. [PMID: 19575487 PMCID: PMC2705730 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic failure (AHF) is a severe liver injury accompanied by hepatic encephalopathy which causes multiorgan failure with an extremely high mortality rate, even if intensive care is provided. Management of severe AHF continues to be one of the most challenging problems in clinical medicine. Liver transplantation has been shown to be the most effective therapy, but the procedure is limited by shortage of donor organs. Although a number of clinical trials testing different liver assist devices are under way, these systems alone have no significant effect on patient survival and are only regarded as a useful approach to bridge patients with AHF to liver transplantation. As a result, reproducible experimental animal models resembling the clinical conditions are still needed. The three main approaches used to create an animal model for AHF are: surgical procedures, toxic liver injury and infective procedures. Most common models are based on surgical techniques (total/partial hepatectomy, complete/transient devascularization) or the use of hepatotoxic drugs (acetaminophen, galactosamine, thioacetamide, and others), and very few satisfactory viral models are available. We have recently developed a viral model of AHF by means of the inoculation of rabbits with the virus of rabbit hemorrhagic disease. This model displays biochemical and histological characteristics, and clinical features that resemble those in human AHF. In the present article an overview is given of the most widely used animal models of AHF, and their main advantages and disadvantages are reviewed.
Collapse
|
31
|
Tumarkin E, Kumacheva E. Microfluidic generation of microgels from synthetic and natural polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2161-8. [PMID: 19623340 DOI: 10.1039/b809915b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this tutorial review we discuss recent advances in the application of microfluidics for the generation of microgels from synthetic and biological polymers. We summarize advantages and drawbacks of the current methods used in microfluidic synthesis and assembly of polymer microgels. Continuous microfluidic encapsulation of cells is discussed as an exemplary application of the microgels. The article is finalized with a perspective on future research in the field. The article will be of interest to chemists, cell biologists, pharmacologists, and medicinal chemists.
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu ZC, Chang TMS. Preliminary study on intrasplenic implantation of artificial cell bioencapsulated stem cells to increase the survival of 90% hepatectomized rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 37:53-5. [PMID: 19132579 DOI: 10.1080/10731190802663975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We implanted artificial cell bioencapsulated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the spleens of 90% hepatectomized (PH) rats. The resulting 14 days survival rate was 91%. This is compared to a survival rate of 21% in 90% hepatectomized rats and 25% for those receiving free MSCs transplanted the same way. Unlike free MSCs, the bioencapsulated MSCs are retained in the spleens and their hepatotrophic factors can continue to drain directly into the liver without dilution resulting in improved hepatic regeneration. In addition, with time the transdifferentiation of MSCs into hepatocyte-like cells in the spleen renders the spleen as a ectopic liver support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zun Chang Liu
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
More than 30 years after the first hepatocyte transplant to treat the Gunn rat, the animal model for Crigler-Najjar syndrome, there are still a number of impediments to hepatocyte transplantation. Numerous animal models are still used in work aimed at improving hepatocyte engraftment and/or long-term function. Although other cell sources, particularly hepatic and extrahepatic stem cells, are being explored, adult hepatocytes remain the cells of choice for the treatment of liver diseases by cell therapy. In recent years, diverse approaches have been developed in various animal models to enhance hepatocyte transduction and amplification in vitro and cell engraftment and functionality in vivo. They have led to significant progress in hepatocyte transplantation for the treatment of patients with metabolic diseases and for bridging patients with acute injury until their own livers regenerate. This review presents and considers the results of this work with a special emphasis on procedures that might be clinically applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weber
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 804, Université Paris-Sud, Bicêtre Hospital, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li S, Sun Z, Lv G, Guo X, Zhang Y, Yu W, Wang W, Ma X. Microencapsulated UCB cells repair hepatic injure by intraperitoneal transplantation. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:1032-40. [DOI: 10.3109/14653240903121278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
35
|
Xu YQ, Liu ZC. Therapeutic potential of adult bone marrow stem cells in liver disease and delivery approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:101-12. [PMID: 18481229 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) are two main subtypes of bone marrow stem cells. Extensive studies have been carried out to investigate the therapeutic potential of BMSCs in liver disease. A number of animal and human studies demonstrated that either HSCs or MSCs could be applied to therapeutic purposes in certain liver diseases. The diseased liver may recruit migratory stem cells, particularly from the bone marrow, to generate hepatocyte-like cells either by transdifferentiation or cell fusion. Transplantation of BMSCs has therapeutic effects of restoration of liver mass and function, alleviation of fibrosis and correction of inherited liver diseases. There are still controversial results over the potential effects of BMSCs on liver diseases, and some of the discrepancies are thought to be lied in the differences of experimental protocols, differences in individual research laboratory, and the uncertainties of the techniques employed. Several potential approaches for BMSCs delivery in liver diseases have been proposed in animal studies and human trials. BMSCs can be delivered via intraportal vein, systemic infusion, intraperitoneal, intrahepatic, intrasplenic. The optimal stem cells delivery should be easy to perform, less invasive and traumatic, minimum side effects, and with high cells survival rate. In this review, we focus on the up-to-date evidence of therapeutic effects of BMSCs on liver disease, the characteristics of various delivery approaches, and the considerations for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Qing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang HL, Wu JJ, Ren HM, Wang J, Su YR, Jiang YP. Therapeutic effect of microencapsulated porcine retinal pigmented epithelial cells transplantation on rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Bull 2007; 23:137-44. [PMID: 17612591 PMCID: PMC5550627 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-007-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECT To investigate the therapeutic effect of microencapsulated porcine retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE-M) transplantation on rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Primary porcine RPE cells were harvested by enzyme digestion and expanded in culture medium. Determine the levels of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) by high performance liquid chromatography electrochemical (HPLC) assay, and the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were detected by ELISA. Alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microencapsulated cells were produced by using a high voltage electrostatic system. PD rat model was established by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). After that, the RPE-M was transplanted into the corpus striatum of PD rat, and then the rotation test scores were recorded and biochemical changes of the corpus striatum were tested. RESULTS The levels of DA, HVA, BDNF and GDNF secreted by RPE were stable in the RPE culture supernatant and were not changed by the microencapsulation. Eighty-three percent rats developed PD by unilateral lesion of 6-OHDA in the MFB. The RPE-M transplantation had therapeutic effect on 33% PD rats. CONCLUSION Porcine RPE cells grow actively in vitro and could secrete DA, HVA, BDNF, and GDNF constantly, which does not be affected by the passage culture and the APA miroencapsulation. RPE-M transplantation of may be a curative therapy for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Hui-Min Ren
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Ya-Ru Su
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yu-Ping Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| |
Collapse
|