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Singh R, Kumawat M, Gogoi H, Madhyastha H, Lichtfouse E, Daima HK. Engineered Nanomaterials for Immunomodulation: A Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:727-751. [PMID: 38166376 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The immune system usually provides a defense against invading pathogenic microorganisms and any other particulate contaminants. Nonetheless, it has been recently reported that nanomaterials can evade the immune system and modulate immunological responses due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. Consequently, nanomaterial-based activation of immune components, i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, and other effector cells, may induce inflammation and alter the immune response. Here, it is essential to distinguish the acute and chronic modulations triggered by nanomaterials to determine the possible risks to human health. Nanomaterials size, shape, composition, surface charge, and deformability are factors controlling their uptake by immune cells and the resulting immune responses. The exterior corona of molecules adsorbed over nanomaterials surfaces also influences their immunological effects. Here, we review current nanoengineering trends for targeted immunomodulation with an emphasis on the design, safety, and potential toxicity of nanomaterials. First, we describe the characteristics of engineered nanomaterials that trigger immune responses. Then, the biocompatibility and immunotoxicity of nanoengineered particles are debated, because these factors influence applications. Finally, future nanomaterial developments in terms of surface modifications, synergistic approaches, and biomimetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mamta Kumawat
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, JECRC University, Sitapura Extension, Jaipur 303905, Rajasthan, India
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hemant Kumar Daima
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindari 305817, Ajmer, India
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2
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Collin-Faure V, Vitipon M, Torres A, Tanyeres O, Dalzon B, Rabilloud T. The internal dose makes the poison: higher internalization of polystyrene particles induce increased perturbation of macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1092743. [PMID: 37251378 PMCID: PMC10213243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics are emerging pollutants of great concern. Macroplastics released in the environment degrade into microplastics and nanoplastics. Because of their small size, these micro and nano plastic particles can enter the food chain and contaminate humans with still unknown biological effects. Plastics being particulate pollutants, they are handled in the human body by scavenger cells such as macrophages, which are important players in the innate immune system. Using polystyrene as a model of micro and nanoplastics, with size ranging from under 100 nm to 6 microns, we have showed that although non-toxic, polystyrene nano and microbeads alter the normal functioning of macrophages in a size and dose-dependent manner. Alterations in the oxidative stress, lysosomal and mitochondrial functions were detected, as well as changes in the expression of various surface markers involved in the immune response such as CD11a/b, CD18, CD86, PD-L1, or CD204. For each beads size tested, the alterations were more pronounced for the cell subpopulation that had internalized the highest number of beads. Across beads sizes, the alterations were more pronounced for beads in the supra-micron range than for beads in the sub-micron range. Overall, this means that internalization of high doses of polystyrene favors the emergence of subpopulations of macrophages with an altered phenotype, which may not only be less efficient in their functions but also alter the fine balance of the innate immune system.
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Aljabali AA, Obeid MA, Bashatwah RM, Serrano-Aroca Á, Mishra V, Mishra Y, El-Tanani M, Hromić-Jahjefendić A, Kapoor DN, Goyal R, Naikoo GA, Tambuwala MM. Nanomaterials and Their Impact on the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032008. [PMID: 36768330 PMCID: PMC9917130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been the focus of intensive development and research in the medical and industrial sectors over the past several decades. Some studies have found that these compounds can have a detrimental impact on living organisms, including their cellular components. Despite the obvious advantages of using nanomaterials in a wide range of applications, there is sometimes skepticism caused by the lack of substantial proof that evaluates potential toxicities. The interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with cells of the immune system and their biomolecule pathways are an area of interest for researchers. It is possible to modify NPs so that they are not recognized by the immune system or so that they suppress or stimulate the immune system in a targeted manner. In this review, we look at the literature on nanomaterials for immunostimulation and immunosuppression and their impact on how changing the physicochemical features of the particles could alter their interactions with immune cells for the better or for the worse (immunotoxicity). We also look into whether the NPs have a unique or unexpected (but desired) effect on the immune system, and whether the surface grafting of polymers or surface coatings makes stealth nanomaterials that the immune system cannot find and get rid of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Mohammad A. Obeid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Rasha M. Bashatwah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab., Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia, San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Yachana Mishra
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka Cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Deepak N. Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Goyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gowhar A. Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, Salalah PC 211, Oman
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (M.M.T.)
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van den Berg AET, Plantinga M, Vethaak D, Adriaans KJ, Bol-Schoenmakers M, Legler J, Smit JJ, Pieters RHH. Environmentally weathered polystyrene particles induce phenotypical and functional maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunotoxicol 2022; 19:125-133. [PMID: 36422989 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2143968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNP) are ubiquitously present in the environment due to their high persistence and bioaccumulative properties. Humans get exposed to MNP via various routes and consequently, they will encounter dendritic cells (DC) which are antigen-presenting cells involved in regulating immune responses. The consequences of DC exposure to MNP are an important, yet understudied, cause of concern. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the uptake and effect of MNP in vitro by exposing human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) to virgin and environmentally weathered polystyrene (PS) particles of different sizes (0.2, 1, and 10 µm), at different concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µg/ml. The effects of these particles were examined by measuring co-stimulatory surface marker (i.e. CD83 and CD86) expression. In addition, T-cell proliferation was measured via a mixed-leukocyte reaction (MLR) assay. The results showed that MoDC were capable of absorbing PS particles, and this was facilitated by pre-incubation in heat-inactivated (HI) plasma. Furthermore, depending on their size, weathered PS particles in particular caused increased expression of CD83 and CD86 on MoDC. Lastly, weathered 0.2 µm PS particles were able to functionally activate MoDC, leading to an increase in T-cell activation. These in vitro data suggest that, depending on their size, weathered PS particles might act as an immunostimulating adjuvant, possibly leading to T-cell sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maud Plantinga
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Vethaak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kas J Adriaans
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond H H Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Colombo M, Marongiu L, Mingozzi F, Marzi R, Cigni C, Facchini FA, Rotem R, Valache M, Stucchi G, Rocca G, Gornati L, Rizzuto MA, Salvioni L, Zanoni I, Gori A, Prosperi D, Granucci F. Specific immunosuppressive role of nanodrugs targeting calcineurin in innate myeloid cells. iScience 2022; 25:105042. [PMID: 36124235 PMCID: PMC9482116 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) inhibitors currently used to avoid transplant rejection block the activation of adaptive immune responses but also prevent the development of tolerance toward the graft, by directly inhibiting T cells. CN, through the transcription factors of the NFAT family, plays an important role also in the differentiation dendritic cells (DCs), the main cells responsible for the activation of T lymphocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that the inhibition of CN only in DCs and not in T cells could be sufficient to prevent T cell responses, while allowing for the development of tolerance. Here, we show that inhibition of CN/NFAT pathway in innate myeloid cells, using a new nanoconjugate capable of selectively targeting phagocytes in vivo, protects against graft rejection and induces a longer graft acceptance compared to common CN inhibitors. We propose a new generation of nanoparticles-based selective immune suppressive agents for a better control of transplant acceptance. Calcineurin/NFATc2 pathway is required to enable DC migration to draining lymph nodes Calcineurin/NFATc2 pathway in DCs is required for type I immune responses activation Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs can be used to efficiently target phagocytes in vivo Specific delivery of calcineurin inhibitor by NPs to phagocytes induce graft acceptance
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mingozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Humabs BioMed, Bellinzona, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Clara Cigni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Alessandro Facchini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Rany Rotem
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Mihai Valache
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Stucchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Rizzuto
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, National Research Council of Italy (SCITEC-CNR), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Prosperi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author
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Zartner L, Garni M, Craciun I, Einfalt T, Palivan CG. How Can Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles Serve as a Cellular Model for Controlled Transfer of Nanoparticles? Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:106-115. [PMID: 32648740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellular model systems are essential platforms used across multiple research fields for exploring the fundaments of biology and biochemistry. Here, we present giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) as a platform of cell-like compartments that will facilitate the study of particles within a biorelevant environment and promote their further development. We studied how cellularly taken up nanoparticles (NPs) can be transferred into formed GPMVs and which are the molecular factors that play a role in successful transfer (size, concentration, and surface charge along with 3 different cell lines: HepG2, HeLa, and Caco-2). We observed that polystyrene (PS) carboxylated NPs with a size of 40 and 100 nm were successfully and efficiently transferred to GPMVs derived from all cell lines. We then investigated the distribution of NPs inside formed GPMVs and established the average number of NPs/GPMVs and the percentage of all GPMVs with NPs in their cavity. We pave the way for GPMV usage as superior cell-like mimics in medically relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zartner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, P.O. Box 3350, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Garni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, P.O. Box 3350, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Craciun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, P.O. Box 3350, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomaž Einfalt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, P.O. Box 3350, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Erythrocyte-driven immunization via biomimicry of their natural antigen-presenting function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17727-17736. [PMID: 32665441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002880117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes naturally capture certain bacterial pathogens in circulation, kill them through oxidative stress, and present them to the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the spleen. By leveraging this innate immune function of erythrocytes, we developed erythrocyte-driven immune targeting (EDIT), which presents nanoparticles from the surface of erythrocytes to the APCs in the spleen. Antigenic nanoparticles were adsorbed on the erythrocyte surface. By engineering the number density of adsorbed nanoparticles, (i.e., the number of nanoparticles loaded per erythrocyte), they were predominantly delivered to the spleen rather than lungs, which is conventionally the target of erythrocyte-mediated delivery systems. Presentation of erythrocyte-delivered nanoparticles to the spleen led to improved antibody response against the antigen, higher central memory T cell response, and lower regulatory T cell response, compared with controls. Enhanced immune response slowed down tumor progression in a prophylaxis model. These findings suggest that EDIT is an effective strategy to enhance systemic immunity.
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Kim S, Traore YL, Ho EA, Shafiq M, Kim SH, Liu S. Design and development of pH-responsive polyurethane membranes for intravaginal release of nanomedicines. Acta Biomater 2018; 82:12-23. [PMID: 30296620 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a novel intravaginal membrane platform for pH-triggered release of nanoparticles (NPs), which is essential for efficient intravaginal delivery of certain effective but acid-labile therapeutic agents for sexually transmitted infections, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA). A pH-responsive polyurethane (PU) was electrospun into a porous nanofibrous membrane. The diameters of the fibers, as well as the thickness and pore sizes of the membrane under dry and wet conditions (pH 4.5 and 7.0), were determined from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. pH-dependent zeta-potential (ζ) of the membrane was evaluated using a SurPASS electrokinetic analyzer. Visiblex™ color-dyed polystyrene NPs (PSNs, 200 nm, COOH) and CCR5 siRNA-encapsulated solid lipid NPs (SLNs) were used for in vitro NP release studies in a vaginal fluid simulant (VFS) at pH 4.5 (normal physiological vaginal pH) and 7.0 (vaginal pH neutralization by semen). During 24 h of incubation in VFS, close-to-zero PSNs (2 ± 1%) and 28 ± 4% SLNs were released through the PU membrane at pH 4.5, whereas the release of PSNs and SLNs significantly increased to 60 ± 6% and 59 ± 8% at pH 7.0, respectively. The pH-responsive release of NPs hinged on the electrostatic interaction between the pH-responsive membrane and the anionic NPs, and the change in pH-responsive morphology of the membrane. In vitro biocompatibility studies of the membrane showed no significant cytotoxicity to VK2/E6E7 human epithelial cells and Sup-T1 human T-cells and no significant changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β). Overall, the porous pH-responsive PU membrane demonstrated its potential in serving as a "window" membrane in reservoir-type intravaginal rings (IVRs) for pH-responsive intravaginal release of NPs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Stimuli-responsive intravaginal nanoparticle release is achieved for the first time through a new electrospun pH-responsive polyurethane (PU) semi-permeable membrane, which can serve as a "window" membrane in the reservoir-type IVR for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Almost no release of nanoparticles was observed at normal pH in the female genital tract (in vaginal fluid simulant [VFS], at pH 4.5); however, a continuous release of NPs was observed at elevated pH in the female genital tract (in VFS, at pH 7.0). This pH-responsive intravaginal release can reduce side effect and drug resistance by avoiding unnecessary exposure. The PU semi-permeable membrane demonstrated potential use as biomaterials for "smart" intravaginal nanoparticle release and has great potential to protect women from HIV.
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Pectin-guar gum-zinc oxide nanocomposite enhances human lymphocytes cytotoxicity towards lung and breast carcinomas. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:494-503. [PMID: 29853118 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pectin-guar gum-zinc oxide (PEC-GG-ZnO) nanocomposite was prepared by precipitation technique. The composite was characterized by using FT-IR, XRD, HRTEM, SAED, EDS, and SEM. TEM images showed the hexagonal shape of nanocomposite with the size range of 50-70 nm. Further, PEC-GG-ZnO was used as an immunomodulator for the first time to improve the cancer cells killing capabilities of human peripheral-blood lymphocytes (PBL). The lymphocyte proliferation assay proved the immunostimulatory property of the PEC-GG-ZnO which increased with the increase in concentration (25 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml). ELISA detection confirmed a significant increase in the release of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α cytokines and flow cytometry analysis revealed enhanced expression of CD3, CD8, and CD56 after treating PBL with PEC-GG-ZnO as compared to PEC and GG treatment. Moreover, we also found that nanocomposite pretreated human PBL displayed enhanced cytotoxicity towards lung (A549) and breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells as compared to untreated PBL. The microcytotoxicity assay also demonstrated that with increase in effector: target ratios from 2.5:1 to 20:1, there was an increase in the cancer cell death. Taken together, the current data corroborates the immunostimulatory activities of PEC-GG-ZnO, a novel nanocomposite, hence it can serve as a promising cancer therapeutic agent.
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Omlor AJ, Le DD, Schlicker J, Hannig M, Ewen R, Heck S, Herr C, Kraegeloh A, Hein C, Kautenburger R, Kickelbick G, Bals R, Nguyen J, Dinh QT. Local Effects on Airway Inflammation and Systemic Uptake of 5 nm PEGylated and Citrated Gold Nanoparticles in Asthmatic Mice. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603070. [PMID: 28009478 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is showing promise in many medical applications such as drug delivery and hyperthermia. Nanoparticles administered to the respiratory tract cause local reactions and cross the blood-air barrier, thereby providing a means for easy systemic administration but also a potential source of toxicity. Little is known about how these effects are influenced by preexisting airway diseases such as asthma. Here, BALB/c mice are treated according to the ovalbumin (OVA) asthma protocol to promote allergic airway inflammation. Dispersions of polyethylene-glycol-coated (PEGylated) and citrate/tannic-acid-coated (citrated) 5 nm gold nanoparticles are applied intranasally to asthma and control groups, and (i) airway resistance and (ii) local tissue effects are measured as primary endpoints. Further, nanoparticle uptake into extrapulmonary organs is quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The asthmatic precondition increases nanoparticle uptake. Moreover, systemic uptake is higher for PEGylated gold nanoparticles compared to citrated nanoparticles. Nanoparticles inhibit both inflammatory infiltrates and airway hyperreactivity, especially citrated gold nanoparticles. Although the antiinflammatory effects of gold nanoparticles might be of therapeutic benefit, systemic uptake and consequent adverse effects must be considered when designing and testing nanoparticle-based asthma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Omlor
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Duc D Le
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janine Schlicker
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Raphael Ewen
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heck
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Pneumology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Annette Kraegeloh
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christina Hein
- Institute of Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Dudweiler, Am Markt Zeile 3-5, D-66125, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ralf Kautenburger
- Institute of Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Dudweiler, Am Markt Zeile 3-5, D-66125, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guido Kickelbick
- Institute of Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Dudweiler, Am Markt Zeile 3-5, D-66125, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Pneumology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 303 Kapoor Hall, SUNY Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Q Thai Dinh
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Pneumology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Blank F, Fytianos K, Seydoux E, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Petri-Fink A, von Garnier C, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Interaction of biomedical nanoparticles with the pulmonary immune system. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:6. [PMID: 28069025 PMCID: PMC5223535 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) offer site-specific delivery, deposition and cellular uptake due to their unique physicochemical properties and were shown to modulate immune responses. The respiratory tract with its vast surface area is an attractive target organ for innovative immunomodulatory therapeutic applications by pulmonary administration of such NPs, enabling interactions with resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages. Depending on the respiratory tract compartment, e.g. conducting airways, lung parenchyma, or lung draining lymph nodes, APCs extensively vary in their number, morphology, phenotype, and function. Unique characteristics and plasticity render APC populations ideal targets for inhaled specific immunomodulators. Modulation of immune responses may operate in different steps of the immune cell-antigen interaction, i.e. antigen uptake, trafficking, processing, and presentation to T cells. Meticulous analysis of the immunomodulatory potential, as well as pharmacologic and biocompatibility testing of inhalable NPs is required to develop novel strategies for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as allergic asthma. The safe-by-design and characterization of such NPs requires well coordinated interdisciplinary research uniting engineers, chemists biologists and respiratory physicians. In this review we will focus on in vivo data available to facilitate the design of nanocarrier-based strategies using NPs to modulate pulmonary immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Blank
- Respiratory Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Emilie Seydoux
- Respiratory Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christophe von Garnier
- Respiratory Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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In vitro toxicity assessment of oral nanocarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:381-401. [PMID: 27544694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating properties of nanomaterials opened new frontiers in medicine. Nanocarriers are useful systems in transporting drugs to site-specific targets. The unique physico-chemical characteristics making nanocarriers promising devices to treat diseases may also be responsible for potential adverse effects. In order to develop functional nano-based drug delivery systems, efficacy and safety should be carefully evaluated. To date, no common testing strategy to address nanomaterial toxicological challenges has been generated. Different cell culture models are currently used to evaluate nanocarrier safety using conventional in vitro assays, but overall they have generated a huge amount of conflicting data. In this review we describe state-of-the-art approaches for in vitro testing of orally administered nanocarriers, highlighting the importance of developing harmonized and validated standard operating procedures. These procedures should be applied in a safe-by-design context with the aim to reduce and/or eliminate the uncertainties and risks associated with nanomedicine development.
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13
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Tuettenberg A, Steinbrink K, Schuppan D. Myeloid cells as orchestrators of the tumor microenvironment: novel targets for nanoparticular cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2735-2751. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells are central players of a heterogeneous myeloid cell population, with the ability to suppress innate and adaptive immune responses and thus to promote tumor growth. Their influx and local proliferation are mainly induced by the cancers themselves, and their numbers in the tumor microenvironment and the peripheral blood correlate with decreased survival. Therapeutic targeting these innate immune cells, either aiming at their elimination or polarization toward tumor suppressive cells is an attractive novel approach to control tumor progression and block metastasis. We review the current understanding of cancer immunology including immune surveillance and immune editing in the context of these prominent innate suppressor cells, and their targetability by nanoparticular immunotherapy with small molecules or siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tuettenberg
- Department of Dermatology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Abstract
Targeting the immune system with nanomaterials is an intensely active area of research. Specifically, the capability to induce immunosuppression is a promising complement for drug delivery and regenerative medicine therapies. Many novel strategies for immunosuppression rely on nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for small-molecule immunosuppressive compounds. As a consequence, efforts in understanding the mechanisms in which nanoparticles directly interact with the immune system have been overshadowed. The immunological activity of nanoparticles is dependent on the physiochemical properties of the nanoparticles and its subsequent cellular internalization. As the underlying factors for these reactions are elucidated, more nanoparticles may be engineered and evaluated for inducing immunosuppression and complementing immunosuppressive drugs. This review will briefly summarize the state-of-the-art and developments in understanding how nanoparticles induce immunosuppressive responses, compare the inherent properties of nanomaterials which induce these immunological reactions, and comment on the potential for using nanomaterials to modulate and control the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrika A Ngobili
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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15
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Pohlit H, Bellinghausen I, Schömer M, Heydenreich B, Saloga J, Frey H. Biodegradable pH-Sensitive Poly(ethylene glycol) Nanocarriers for Allergen Encapsulation and Controlled Release. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3103-11. [PMID: 26324124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of allergic patients has increased dramatically. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only available cause-oriented therapy so far. SIT reduces the allergic symptoms, but also exhibits some disadvantages; that is, it is a long-lasting procedure and severe side effects like anaphylactic shock can occur. In this work, we introduce a method to encapsulate allergens into nanoparticles to avoid severe side effects during SIT. Degradable nanocarriers combine the advantage of providing a physical barrier between the encapsulated cargo and the biological environment as well as responding to certain local stimuli (like pH) to release their cargo. This work introduces a facile strategy for the synthesis of acid-labile poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-macromonomers that degrade at pH 5 (physiological pH inside the endolysosome) and can be used for nanocarrier synthesis. The difunctional, water-soluble PEG dimethacrylate (PEG-acetal-DMA) macromonomers with cleavable acetal units were analyzed with 1H NMR, SEC, and MALDI-ToF-MS. Both the allergen and the macromonomers were entrapped inside liposomes as templates, which were produced by dual centrifugation (DAC). Radical polymerization of the methacrylate units inside the liposomes generated allergen-loaded PEG nanocarriers. In vitro studies demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) internalize the protein-loaded, nontoxic PEG-nanocarriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate by cellular antigen stimulation tests that the nanocarriers effectively shield the allergen cargo from detection by immunoglobulins on the surface of basophilic leucocytes. Uptake of nanocarriers into DCs does not lead to cell maturation; however, the internalized allergen was capable to induce T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pohlit
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Schömer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bärbel Heydenreich
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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It takes two to tango: Understanding the interactions between engineered nanomaterials and the immune system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Baio JE, Schach D, Fuchs AV, Schmüser L, Billecke N, Bubeck C, Landfester K, Bonn M, Bruns M, Weiss CK, Weidner T. Reversible activation of pH-sensitive cell penetrating peptides attached to gold surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:273-275. [PMID: 25329926 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07278b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
pH-sensitive viral fusion protein mimics are widely touted as a promising route towards site-specific delivery of therapeutic compounds across lipid membranes. Here, we demonstrate that a fusion protein mimic, designed to achieve a reversible, pH-driven helix-coil transition mechanism, retains its functionality when covalently bound to a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe E Baio
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55270 Mainz, Germany
| | - Denise Schach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55270 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrian V Fuchs
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55270 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lars Schmüser
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55270 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Billecke
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55270 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55270 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Bruns
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Materials and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Clemens K Weiss
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55270 Mainz, Germany.,University of Applies Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55270 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Fernández TD, Pearson JR, Leal MP, Torres MJ, Blanca M, Mayorga C, Le Guével X. Intracellular accumulation and immunological properties of fluorescent gold nanoclusters in human dendritic cells. Biomaterials 2015; 43:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Seydoux E, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Nita IM, Balog S, Gazdhar A, Stumbles PA, Petri-Fink A, Blank F, von Garnier C. Size-dependent accumulation of particles in lysosomes modulates dendritic cell function through impaired antigen degradation. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3885-902. [PMID: 25152619 PMCID: PMC4140235 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s64353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nanosized particles may enable therapeutic modulation of immune responses by targeting dendritic cell (DC) networks in accessible organs such as the lung. To date, however, the effects of nanoparticles on DC function and downstream immune responses remain poorly understood. Methods Bone marrow–derived DCs (BMDCs) were exposed in vitro to 20 or 1,000 nm polystyrene (PS) particles. Particle uptake kinetics, cell surface marker expression, soluble protein antigen uptake and degradation, as well as in vitro CD4+ T-cell proliferation and cytokine production were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, co-localization of particles within the lysosomal compartment, lysosomal permeability, and endoplasmic reticulum stress were analyzed. Results The frequency of PS particle–positive CD11c+/CD11b+ BMDCs reached an early plateau after 20 minutes and was significantly higher for 20 nm than for 1,000 nm PS particles at all time-points analyzed. PS particles did not alter cell viability or modify expression of the surface markers CD11b, CD11c, MHC class II, CD40, and CD86. Although particle exposure did not modulate antigen uptake, 20 nm PS particles decreased the capacity of BMDCs to degrade soluble antigen, without affecting their ability to induce antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Co-localization studies between PS particles and lysosomes using laser scanning confocal microscopy detected a significantly higher frequency of co-localized 20 nm particles as compared with their 1,000 nm counterparts. Neither size of PS particle caused lysosomal leakage, expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress gene markers, or changes in cytokines profiles. Conclusion These data indicate that although supposedly inert PS nanoparticles did not induce DC activation or alteration in CD4+ T-cell stimulating capacity, 20 nm (but not 1,000 nm) PS particles may reduce antigen degradation through interference in the lysosomal compartment. These findings emphasize the importance of performing in-depth analysis of DC function when developing novel approaches for immune modulation with nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Seydoux
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland ; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland ; Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Izabela M Nita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia ; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland ; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christophe von Garnier
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Jiao Q, Li L, Mu Q, Zhang Q. Immunomodulation of nanoparticles in nanomedicine applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:426028. [PMID: 24949448 PMCID: PMC4052466 DOI: 10.1155/2014/426028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have promising applications in medicine. Immune system is an important protective system to defend organisms from non-self matters. NPs interact with the immune system and modulate its function, leading to immunosuppression or immunostimulation. These modulating effects may bring benefits or danger. Compositions, sizes, and surface chemistry, and so forth, affect these immunomodulations. Here we give an overview of the relationship between the physicochemical properties of NPs, which are candidates to be applied in medicine, and their immunomodulation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Liwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qingxin Mu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
| | - Qiu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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21
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Jeong J, Kwon EK, Cheong TC, Park H, Cho NH, Kim W. Synthesis of multifunctional Fe₃O₄-CdSe/ZnS nanoclusters coated with lipid A toward dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5297-5307. [PMID: 24641174 DOI: 10.1021/am500661j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel route to synthesize Fe3O4-CdSe/ZnS multifunctional nanoclusters (MNCs) with excellent optical and magnetic properties and biocompatibility. The successful fabrication of highly fluorescent and magnetic MNCs is achieved via a coupling process based on a partial ligand exchange reaction at the aqueous-organic solution interface. In addition, we show that dendritic cells (DCs), the sentinel of the immune system, can uptake the MNCs without significant change in cell viability. The MNCs uptaken by the DCs can be used for imaging, tracking, and separating the DCs. Furthermore, the MNCs can be loaded with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, lipid A, via a hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction. Ex vivo labeling of DCs with the MNC-lipid A complex enhances the DC migration to draining lymph nodes and tumor antigen-specific T cell responses in vivo. Our work may contribute to the development of synthetic routes to various multifunctional nanoclusters and DC-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhoo Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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22
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Silva JM, Videira M, Gaspar R, Préat V, Florindo HF. Immune system targeting by biodegradable nanoparticles for cancer vaccines. J Control Release 2013; 168:179-99. [PMID: 23524187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of therapeutic cancer vaccines is based on the activation of the immune system against tumor cells after the presentation of tumor antigens. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential as delivery systems for cancer vaccines as they potentiate the co-delivery of tumor-associated antigens and adjuvants to dendritic cells (DCs), insuring effective activation of the immune system against tumor cells. In this review, the immunological mechanisms behind cancer vaccines, including the role of DCs in the stimulation of T lymphocytes and the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as adjuvants will be discussed. An overview of each of the three essential components of a therapeutic cancer vaccine - antigen, adjuvant and delivery system - will be provided with special emphasis on the potential of particulate delivery systems for cancer vaccines, in particular those made of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Some of the factors that can influence NP uptake by DCs, including size, surface charge, surface functionalization and route of administration, will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Silva
- iMed.UL, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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