1
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Freeman H, Srinivasan S, Das D, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. Fully synthetic macromolecular prodrug chemotherapeutics with EGFR targeting and controlled camptothecin release kinetics. Polym Chem 2018; 9:5224-5233. [PMID: 36660314 PMCID: PMC9847574 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a fully polymerizable, peptide-targeted, camptothecin polymeric prodrug system. Two prodrug monomers were synthesized via esterification of campothecin (20Cam) and 10-hydroxycamptothecin (10Cam) with mono-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl succinate (SMA) resulting in polymerizable forms of the aliphatic ester- and aromatic ester-linked drugs respectively. These monomers were then incorporated into zwitterionic polymers via RAFT copolymerization of the prodrug monomers with a tert-butyl ester protected carboxy betaine monomer. Subsequent deprotection of the tert-butyl residues with TFA yielded carboxy betaine methacrylate (CBM) scaffolds with controlled prodrug incorporation. Reverse phase HPLC was then employed to establish drug release kinetics in human serum at 37 oC for the resultant polymeric prodrugs. Copolymers containing 10Cam residues linked via aromatic esters showed faster hydrolysis rates with 59 % drug released at 7 days, while copolymers with Cam residues linked via aliphatic esters showed only 28 % drug release over the same time period. These differences in drug release kinetics were then shown to correlate with large differences in cytotoxic activity in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell cultures. At 72 hours, the IC50s of aromatic- and aliphatic- ester linked prodrugs were 56 nM and 4776 nM, respectively. An EGFR-targeting peptide sequence, GE11, was then directly incorporated into the polymeric prodrugs via RAFT copolymerization of the polymeric prodrugs with a peptide macronomer. The GE11-targeted polymeric prodrugs showed enhanced targeting and cytotoxic activity in SKOV3 cell cultures relative to untargeted polymers containing the negative control sequence HW12. Following pulse-chase treatment (15 min, 37 °C), the 72 hour IC50 of GE11 targeted prodrug was determined to be 1597 nM, in contrast to 3399 nM for the non-targeted control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Freeman
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, department of BioEngineering, Box 355061, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, department of BioEngineering, Box 355061, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Debobrato Das
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, department of BioEngineering, Box 355061, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, department of BioEngineering, Box 355061, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anthony J Convertine
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla MO, 65401, USA
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2
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Zuwala K, Riber CF, Løvschall KB, Andersen AHF, Sørensen L, Gajda P, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin: Polymer backbone defines blood safety, drug release, and efficacy of anti-inflammatory effects. J Control Release 2018; 275:53-66. [PMID: 29432822 PMCID: PMC7114659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular (pro)drugs hold much promise as broad-spectrum antiviral agents as either microbicides or carriers for intracellular delivery of antiviral drugs. Intriguing opportunity exists in combining the two modes of antiviral activity in the same polymer structure such that the same polymer acts as a microbicide and also serves to deliver the conjugated drug (ribavirin) into the cells. We explore this opportunity in detail and focus on the polymer backbone as a decisive constituent of such formulations. Fourteen polyanions (polycarboxylates, polyphosphates and polyphosphonates, and polysulfonates) were analyzed for blood pro/anti coagulation effects, albumin binding and albumin aggregation, inhibitory activity on polymerases, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity in stimulated macrophages. Ribavirin containing monomers were designed to accommodate the synthesis of macromolecular prodrugs with disulfide-exchange triggered drug release. Kinetics of drug release was fast in all cases however enhanced hydrophobicity of the polymer significantly slowed release of ribavirin. Results of this study present a comprehensive view on polyanions as backbone for macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anna H F Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | - Lise Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | - Paulina Gajda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark; iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark.
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3
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Kaneko K, Ishihara T. Development of liver-specific ribavirin-loaded nanoparticles with reduced cytotoxicity. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2017.1418133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kaneko
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, 1 Nakagawara, Tokusada, Tamuramachi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ishihara
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, 1 Nakagawara, Tokusada, Tamuramachi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan
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4
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Das D, Srinivasan S, Brown FD, Su FY, Burrell AL, Kollman JM, Postma A, Ratner DM, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. Radiant star nanoparticle prodrugs for the treatment of intracellular alveolar infections. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiant star nanoparticle prodrugs were synthesized in a two-step process by first homopolymerizing RAFT transmers followed by copolymerization from the hyperbranched polymer core.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Das
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - S. Srinivasan
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - F. D. Brown
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - F. Y. Su
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - A. L. Burrell
- University of Washington
- Department of Biochemistry
- USA
| | - J. M. Kollman
- University of Washington
- Department of Biochemistry
- USA
| | - A. Postma
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - D. M. Ratner
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - P. S. Stayton
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
| | - A. J. Convertine
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle
- USA
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5
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Advanced Prodrug Strategies in Nucleoside and Non-Nucleoside Antiviral Agents: A Review of the Recent Five Years. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101736. [PMID: 29035325 PMCID: PMC6151663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Poor pharmacokinetic profiles and resistance are the main two drawbacks from which currently used antiviral agents suffer, thus make them excellent targets for research, especially in the presence of viral pandemics such as HIV and hepatitis C. Methods: The strategies employed in the studies covered in this review were sorted by the type of drug synthesized into ester prodrugs, targeted delivery prodrugs, macromolecular prodrugs, other nucleoside conjugates, and non-nucleoside drugs. Results: Utilizing the ester prodrug approach a novel isopropyl ester prodrug was found to be potent HIV integrase inhibitor. Further, employing the targeted delivery prodrug zanamivir and valine ester prodrug was made and shown a sole delivery of zanamivir. Additionally, VivaGel, a dendrimer macromolecular prodrug, was found to be very efficient and is now undergoing clinical trials. Conclusions: Of all the strategies employed (ester, targeted delivery, macromolecular, protides and nucleoside analogues, and non-nucleoside analogues prodrugs), the most promising are nucleoside analogues and macromolecular prodrugs. The macromolecular prodrug VivaGel works by two mechanisms: envelope mediated and receptor mediated disruption. Nucleotide analogues have witnessed productive era in the recent past few years. The era of non-interferon based treatment of hepatitis (through direct inhibitors of NS5A) has dawned.
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6
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Das D, Chen J, Srinivasan S, Kelly AM, Lee B, Son HN, Radella F, West TE, Ratner DM, Convertine AJ, Skerrett SJ, Stayton PS. Synthetic Macromolecular Antibiotic Platform for Inhalable Therapy against Aerosolized Intracellular Alveolar Infections. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1988-1997. [PMID: 28394614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung-based intracellular bacterial infections remain one of the most challenging infectious disease settings. For example, the current standard for treating Franciscella tularensis pneumonia (tularemia) relies on administration of oral or intravenous antibiotics that poorly achieve and sustain pulmonary drug bioavailability. Inhalable antibiotic formulations are approved and in clinical development for upper respiratory infections, but sustained drug dosing from inhaled antibiotics against alveolar intracellular infections remains a current unmet need. To provide an extended therapy against alveolar intracellular infections, we have developed a macromolecular therapeutic platform that provides sustained local delivery of ciprofloxacin with controlled dosing profiles. Synthesized using RAFT polymerization, these macromolecular prodrugs characteristically have high drug loading (16-17 wt % drug), tunable hydrolysis kinetics mediated by drug linkage chemistry (slow-releasing alkyllic vs fast-releasing phenolic esters), and, in general, represent new fully synthetic nanotherapeutics with streamlined manufacturing profiles. In aerosolized and completely lethal F.t. novicida mouse challenge models, the fast-releasing ciprofloxacin macromolecular prodrug provided high cure efficiencies (75% survival rate under therapeutic treatment), and the importance of release kinetics was demonstrated by the inactivity of the similar but slow-releasing prodrug system. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies further demonstrated that the efficacious fast-releasing prodrug retained drug dosing in the lung above the MIC over a 48 h period with corresponding Cmax/MIC and AUC0-24h/MIC ratios being greater than 10 and 125, respectively; the thresholds for optimal bactericidal efficacy. These findings identify the macromolecular prodrug platform as a potential therapeutic system to better treat alveolar intracellular infections such as F. tularensis, where positive patient outcomes require tailored antibiotic pharmacokinetic and treatment profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debobrato Das
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jasmin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Abby M Kelly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Hye-Nam Son
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frank Radella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - T Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98104, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel M Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anthony J Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shawn J Skerrett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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7
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
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8
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Riber CF, Hinton TM, Gajda P, Zuwala K, Tolstrup M, Stewart C, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular Prodrugs of Ribavirin: Structure-Function Correlation as Inhibitors of Influenza Infectivity. Mol Pharm 2016; 14:234-241. [PMID: 28043136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for new antiviral therapeutics is an ever present need. Particularly lacking are broad spectrum antivirals that have low toxicity. We develop such agents based on macromolecular prodrugs whereby both the polymer chain and the drug released from the polymer upon cell entry have antiviral effects. Specifically, macromolecular prodrugs were designed herein based on poly(methacrylic acid) and ribavirin. Structure-function parameter space was analyzed via the synthesis of 10 polymer compositions varied by molar mass and drug content. Antiviral activity was tested in cell culture against both low and high pathogenic strains of influenza. Lead compounds were successfully used to counter infectivity of influenza in chicken embryos. The lead composition with the highest activity against influenza was also active against another respiratory pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus, providing opportunity to potentially treat infection by the two pathogens with one antiviral agent. In contrast, structure-function activity against the herpes simplex virus was drastically different, revealing limitations of the broad spectrum antiviral agents based on macromolecular prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey M Hinton
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong, Vic 3220 Australia
| | - Paulina Gajda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cameron Stewart
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong, Vic 3220 Australia
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Hinton TM, Zuwala K, Deffrasnes C, Todd S, Shi S, Marsh GA, Dearnley M, Wohl BM, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Polyanionic Macromolecular Prodrugs of Ribavirin: Antiviral Agents with a Broad Spectrum of Activity. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:534-40. [PMID: 26789641 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular prodrugs are developed as multiarmed agents against diverse viral pathogens. Lead candidates inhibit infectivity and replication of HIV, Ebola, influenza, measles, RSV, etc-thus being broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M. Hinton
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and the iNano, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Celine Deffrasnes
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Shawn Todd
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Shuning Shi
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Benjamin M. Wohl
- Department of Chemistry and the iNano, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry and the iNano, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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10
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Das D, Gerboth D, Postma A, Srinivasan S, Kern H, Chen J, Ratner DM, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. Synthesis of zwitterionic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic polymers via RAFT polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) in acetic acid. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and combinations of these monomers were directly (co)polymerized via RAFT polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) in acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debobrato Das
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Devin Gerboth
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Almar Postma
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Hanna Kern
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Jasmin Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Daniel M. Ratner
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
| | - Anthony J. Convertine
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute
- department of BioEngineering
- Seattle WA
- USA
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11
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Son HN, Srinivasan S, Yhee JY, Das D, Daugherty BK, Berguig GY, Oehle VG, Kim SH, Kim K, Kwon IC, Stayton PS, Convertine AJ. Chemotherapeutic copolymers prepared via the RAFT polymerization of prodrug monomers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00756b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was employed to prepare prodrug polymer carrier systems with the chemotherapeutic agent camptothecin (Cam) and the kinase inhibitor dasatinib (Dt).
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12
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Guo H, Sun S, Yang Z, Tang X, Wang Y. Strategies for ribavirin prodrugs and delivery systems for reducing the side-effect hemolysis and enhancing their therapeutic effect. J Control Release 2015; 209:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Ruiz-Sanchis P, Wohl BM, Smith AAA, Zuwala K, Melchjorsen J, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Highly active macromolecular prodrugs inhibit expression of the hepatitis C virus genome in the host cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:65-8. [PMID: 25132665 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious, potent, and at the same time nontoxic macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin are designed taking advantage over prodrug activation by the intracellular milieu. Activity of these prodrugs is illustrated in the cells hosting hepatitis C virus replication and also in the cells implicated in the inflammatory response to the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Ruiz-Sanchis
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Benjamin M. Wohl
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | | | - Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; Denmark
| | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; Denmark
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
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14
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Wohl BM, Smith AAA, Jensen BEB, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular (pro)drugs with concurrent direct activity against the hepatitis C virus and inflammation. J Control Release 2014; 196:197-207. [PMID: 25451544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular prodrugs (MPs) are a powerful tool to alleviate side-effects and improve the efficacy of the broad-spectrum antiviral agent ribavirin. In this work, we sought an understanding of what makes an optimal formulation within the macromolecular parameter space--nature of the polymer carrier, average molar mass, drug loading, or a good combination thereof. A panel of MPs based on biocompatible synthetic vinylic and (meth)acrylic polymers was tested in an anti-inflammatory assay with relevance to alleviating inflammation in the liver during hepatitis C infection. Pristine polymer carriers proved to have a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity, a notion which may prove significant in developing MPs for antiviral and anticancer treatments. With conjugated ribavirin, MPs revealed enhanced activity but also higher toxicity. Therapeutic windows and therapeutic indices were determined and discussed to reveal the most potent formulation and those with optimized safety. Polymers were also tested as inhibitors of replication of the hepatitis C viral RNA using a subgenomic viral replicon system. For the first time, negatively charged polymers are revealed to have an intracellular activity against hepatitis C virus replication. Concerted activity of the polymer and ribavirin afforded MPs which significantly increased the therapeutic index of ribavirin-based treatment. Taken together, the systematic investigation of the macromolecular space identified lead candidates with high efficacy and concurrent direct activity against the hepatitis C virus and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Wohl
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Anton A A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
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15
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Smith AAA, Zuwala K, Kryger MBL, Wohl BM, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Tolstrup M, Postma A, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin: towards a treatment for co-infection with HIV and HCV. Chem Sci 2014; 6:264-269. [PMID: 28580095 PMCID: PMC5435870 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) represent tremendous healthcare burdens with a large proportion of patients hosting the two viruses at the same time. An altered hepatic function and immunity as well as cross-interference of drugs make treatment of co-infection increasingly challenging. Herein we report the first design of macromolecular prodrugs (MP) with concurrent success in fighting HIV and alleviating hepatitis (liver inflammation). To achieve this, polymer compositions were systematically screened in a broad range of molar mass and content of ribavirin - a broad spectrum antiviral agent. For the first time, we report that ribavirin is efficacious in fighting HIV and in the form of MP, the treatment is safe, both in terms of lack of association of ribavirin with red blood cells and lack of toxicity upon cellular internalization. The lead polymer compositions were also potent in anti-inflammatory assays with relevance to viral hepatitis - thus making up formulations with potential for treatment of co-infection with HIV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A A Smith
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark .
| | - Kaja Zuwala
- Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Mille B L Kryger
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark . .,iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre , Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark
| | - Benjamin M Wohl
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark . .,iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre , Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- CSIRO-Manufacturing Flagship , Clayton VIC , Australia.,Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO-Manufacturing Flagship , Clayton VIC , Australia
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark . .,iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre , Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark
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16
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Smith AAA, Kryger MBL, Wohl BM, Ruiz-Sanchis P, Zuwala K, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular (pro)drugs in antiviral research. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00624k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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17
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Wohl BM, Smith AAA, Kryger MBL, Zelikin AN. Narrow therapeutic window of ribavirin as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis is broadened by macromolecular prodrugs. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3916-26. [PMID: 24156371 DOI: 10.1021/bm401048s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV), a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, is a standard medication against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, despite the decades of clinical success, the mechanism of action of this drug against HCV remains a subject of debate. Furthermore, the appeal of this therapeutic agent is considerably lessened by unfavorable pharmacokinetics. This interdisciplinary study contributes to the understanding of intracellular effects exerted by RBV and presents a successful design of macromolecular prodrugs of RBV to achieve a safer treatment. Specifically, we demonstrate that RBV exhibits a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in cultured macrophages as is evidenced by a 2-fold decrease in the levels of produced nitric oxide achieved using a clinically relevant concentration of this drug. However, this effect was characterized by a rather narrow therapeutic window with experimental values of EC50 and IC50 being 7 and 19 μM, respectively. Macromolecular prodrugs were obtained using an acrylate derivative of RBV, RAFT polymerization technique, and N-vinyl pyrrolidone as a partner monomer. The synthesized polymers were characterized with uniform molecular weights, relatively narrow polydispersities, and gradually increasing content of RBV. The resulting polymer therapeutics were effective in delivering their payload to the cultured macrophages and afforded a significantly wider therapeutic window, as much as >1000 μM (18-fold in relative values). Taken together, this work contributes significantly to the development of safer methods for delivery of RBV, as well as understanding the mechanism of action and origins of the side effects of this broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Wohl
- Department of Chemistry and ‡iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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