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Gori T. Restenosis after Coronary Stent Implantation: Cellular Mechanisms and Potential of Endothelial Progenitor Cells (A Short Guide for the Interventional Cardiologist). Cells 2022; 11:cells11132094. [PMID: 35805178 PMCID: PMC9265311 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary stents are among the most common therapies worldwide. Despite significant improvements in the biocompatibility of these devices throughout the last decades, they are prone, in as many as 10–20% of cases, to short- or long-term failure. In-stent restenosis is a multifactorial process with a complex and incompletely understood pathophysiology in which inflammatory reactions are of central importance. This review provides a short overview for the clinician on the cellular types responsible for restenosis with a focus on the role of endothelial progenitor cells. The mechanisms of restenosis are described, along with the cell-based attempts made to prevent it. While the focus of this review is principally clinical, experimental evidence provides some insight into the potential implications for prevention and therapy of coronary stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Gori
- German Center for Cardiac and Vascular Research (DZHK) Standort Rhein-Main, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Evtugyn G, Belyakova S, Porfireva A, Hianik T. Electrochemical Aptasensors Based on Hybrid Metal-Organic Frameworks. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20236963. [PMID: 33291498 PMCID: PMC7729924 DOI: 10.3390/s20236963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a unique variety of properties and morphology of the structure that make it possible to extend the performance of existing and design new electrochemical biosensors. High porosity, variable size and morphology, compatibility with common components of electrochemical sensors, and easy combination with bioreceptors make MOFs very attractive for application in the assembly of electrochemical aptasensors. In this review, the progress in the synthesis and application of the MOFs in electrochemical aptasensors are considered with an emphasis on the role of the MOF materials in aptamer immobilization and signal generation. The literature information of the use of MOFs in electrochemical aptasensors is classified in accordance with the nature and role of MOFs and a signal mode. In conclusion, future trends in the application of MOFs in electrochemical aptasensors are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (S.B.); (A.P.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemical Technology Institute of Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (G.E.); (T.H.); Tel.: +7-843-2337491 (G.E.); +421-2-6029-5683 (T.H.)
| | - Svetlana Belyakova
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (S.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Porfireva
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (S.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (G.E.); (T.H.); Tel.: +7-843-2337491 (G.E.); +421-2-6029-5683 (T.H.)
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3
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Schulz C, Krüger-Genge A, Jung F, Lendlein A. Aptamer supported in vitro endothelialization of poly(ether imide) films. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 75:201-217. [PMID: 31985458 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of synthetic small-diameter vascular bypass grafts is often associated with an increased risk of failure, due to thrombotic events or late intimal hyperplasia. As one of the causes an insufficient hemocompatibility of the artificial surface is discussed. Endothelialization of synthetic grafts is reported to be a promising strategy for creating a self-renewing and regulative anti-thrombotic graft surface. However, the establishment of a shear resistant cell monolayer is still challenging. In our study, cyto- and immuno-compatible poly(ether imide) (PEI) films were explored as potential biomaterial for cardiovascular applications. Recently, we reported that the initial adherence of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was delayed on PEI-films and about 9 days were needed to establish a confluent and almost shear resistant HUVEC monolayer. To accelerate the initial adherence of HUVEC, the PEI-film surface was functionalized with an aptamer-cRGD peptide based endothelialization supporting system. With this functionalization the initial adherence as well as the shear resistance of HUVEC on PEI-films was considerable improved compared to the unmodified polymer surface. The in vitro results confirm the general applicability of aptamers for an efficient functionalization of substrate surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Anne Krüger-Genge
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Acquah C, Chan YW, Pan S, Yon LS, Ongkudon CM, Guo H, Danquah MK. Characterisation of aptamer-anchored poly(EDMA-co-GMA) monolith for high throughput affinity binding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14501. [PMID: 31601836 PMCID: PMC6787036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobilisation of aptameric ligands on solid stationary supports for effective binding of target molecules requires understanding of the relationship between aptamer-polymer interactions and the conditions governing the mass transfer of the binding process. Herein, key process parameters affecting the molecular anchoring of a thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) onto polymethacrylate monolith pore surface, and the binding characteristics of the resulting macroporous aptasensor were investigated. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the TBA-thrombin binding indicated enhanced Guanine 4 (G4) structural stability of TBA upon interaction with thrombin in an ionic environment. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses were used to characterise the available functional groups and thermo-molecular stability of the immobilised polymer generated with Schiff-base activation and immobilisation scheme. The initial degradation temperature of the polymethacrylate stationary support increased with each step of the Schiff-base process: poly(Ethylene glycol Dimethacrylate-co-Glycidyl methacrylate) or poly(EDMA-co-GMA) [196.0 °C (±1.8)]; poly(EDMA-co-GMA)-Ethylenediamine [235.9 °C (±6.1)]; poly(EDMA-co-GMA)-Ethylenediamine-Glutaraldehyde [255.4 °C (±2.7)]; and aptamer-modified monolith [273.7 °C (±2.5)]. These initial temperature increments reflected in the associated endothermic energies were determined with differential scanning calorimetry. The aptameric ligand density obtained after immobilisation was 480 pmol/μL. Increase in pH and ionic concentration affected the surface charge distribution and the binding characteristics of the aptamer-modified disk-monoliths, resulting in the optimum binding pH and ionic concentration of 8.0 and 5 mM Mg2+, respectively. These results are critical in understanding and setting parametric constraints indispensable to develop and enhance the performance of aptasensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Acquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia.,School of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Wei Chan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Sharadwata Pan
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Lau Sie Yon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia
| | - Clarence M Ongkudon
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Haobo Guo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, United States.,SimCenter, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, United States
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, United States.
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5
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Effect of Microwave Treatment on Biophysical and Surface Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) for Blood Contact Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-019-01107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Krüger-Genge A, Dietze S, Yan W, Liu Y, Fang L, Kratz K, Lendlein A, Jung F. Endothelial cell migration, adhesion and proliferation on different polymeric substrates. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 70:511-529. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krüger-Genge
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dietze
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Wan Yan
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liang Fang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
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7
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Ghimici L, Dinu IA. Removal of some commercial pesticides from aqueous dispersions using as flocculant a thymine-containing chitosan derivative. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Scharnweber D, Bierbaum S, Wolf-Brandstetter C. Utilizing DNA for functionalization of biomaterial surfaces. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2181-2196. [PMID: 29683477 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA sequences are widely used for gene transfer into cells including a number of substrate surface-based supporting systems, but due to its singular structure property profile, DNA also offers multiple options for noncanonical applications. The special case of using DNA and oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) structures for surface functionalization of biomedical implants is summarized here with the major focus on (a) immobilization or anchoring of nucleic acid structures on substrate surfaces, (b) incorporation of biologically active molecules (BAM) into such systems, and (c) biological characteristics of the resulting surfaces in vitro and in vivo. Sterilizations issues, important for potential clinical applications, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Scharnweber
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Bierbaum
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,International Medical College, Münster, Germany
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9
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Aptamers as the Agent in Decontamination Assays (Apta-Decontamination Assays): From the Environment to the Potential Application In Vivo. J Nucleic Acids 2017; 2017:3712070. [PMID: 29225967 PMCID: PMC5684557 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3712070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding specificity and affinity of aptamers have long been harnessed as the key elements in the development of aptamer-based assays, particularly aptasensing application. One promising avenue that is currently explored based on the specificity and affinity of aptamers is the application of aptamers in the decontamination assays. Aptamers have been successfully harnessed as the decontamination agents to remove contaminants from the environment and to decontaminate infectious elements. The reversible denaturation property inherent in aptamers enables the repeated usage of aptamers, which can immensely save the cost of decontamination. Analogous to the point-of-care diagnostics, there is no doubt that aptamers can also be deployed in the point-of-care aptamer-based decontamination assay, whereby decontamination can be performed anywhere and anytime for instantaneous decision-making. It is also prophesied that aptamers can also serve more than as a decontaminant, probably as a tool to capture and kill hazardous elements, particularly pathogenic agents.
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10
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Roch T, Hahne S, Kratz K, Ma N, Lendlein A. Transparent Substrates Prepared From Different Amorphous Polymers Can Directly Modulate Primary Human B cell functions. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28857458 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of B cell functions such as antibody and cytokine secretion, is of clinical and biotechnological interest and can be achieved by soluble ligands activating cell surface receptors. Alternatively, the exposure to suitable solid substrates would offer the possibility to transiently induced cell signaling, since the signaling is interrupted when the cells are removed from the substrate. Cell/substrate interactions are mediated by physical valences such as, hydrogen bonds or hydrophobic forces on the substrate surface. Therefore, in this study B cells were cultivated on polymeric substrates, differing in their chemical composition and thus their capacity to undergo physical interactions. Activated B cells cultivated on polystyrene (PS) showed an altered cytokine response indicated by increased IL-10 and decreased IL-6 secretion. Interestingly, B cells cultivated on polyetherurethane (PEU), which has among all tested polymers the highest potential to form strong hydrogen bonds showed an impaired activation, which could be restored by re-cultivation on tissue culture polystyrene. The results indicate that B cell behavior can transiently be manipulated solely by interacting with polymeric surface, which could be explained by receptor activation mediated by physical interaction with the substrate or by altering the availability of the soluble stimulatory reagents by adsorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toralf Roch
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hahne
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Braune S, Sperling C, Maitz MF, Steinseifer U, Clauser J, Hiebl B, Krajewski S, Wendel HP, Jung F. Evaluation of platelet adhesion and activation on polymers: Round-robin study to assess inter-center variability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:416-422. [PMID: 28719863 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory agencies provide recommendations rather than protocols or standard operation procedures for the hemocompatibility evaluation of novel materials e.g. for cardiovascular applications. Thus, there is a lack of specifications with regard to test setups and procedures. As a consequence, laboratories worldwide perform in vitro assays under substantially different test conditions, so that inter-laboratory and inter-study comparisons are impossible. Here, we report about a prospective, randomized and double-blind multicenter trial which demonstrates that standardization of in vitro test protocols allows a reproducible assessment of platelet adhesion and activation from fresh human platelet rich plasma as possible indicators of the thrombogenicity of cardiovascular implants. Standardization of the reported static in vitro setup resulted in a laboratory independent scoring of the following materials: poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(tetrafluoro ethylene) (PTFE). The results of this in vitro study provide evidence that inter-laboratory and inter-study comparisons can be achieved for the evaluation of the adhesion and activation of platelets on blood-contacting biomaterials by stringent standardization of test protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Braune
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - C Sperling
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M F Maitz
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - U Steinseifer
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering Helmholtz-Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Clauser
- Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering Helmholtz-Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - B Hiebl
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Krajewski
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H P Wendel
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Jung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.
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12
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Bartneck M. Immunomodulatory Nanomedicine. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen; Pauwelsstr. 30 52074 Aachen Germany
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13
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Hsia K, Yang MJ, Chen WM, Yao CL, Lin CH, Loong CC, Huang YL, Lin YT, Lander AD, Lee H, Lu JH. Sphingosine-1-phosphate improves endothelialization with reduction of thrombosis in recellularized human umbilical vein graft by inhibiting syndecan-1 shedding in vitro. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:341-350. [PMID: 28110073 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been known to promote endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and protect Syndecan-1 (SDC1) from shedding, thereby maintaining this antithrombotic signal. In the present study, we investigated the effect of S1P in the construction of a functional tissue-engineered blood vessel by using human endothelial cells and decellularized human umbilical vein (DHUV) scaffolds. Both human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human cord blood derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) were seeded onto the scaffold with or without the S1P treatment. The efficacy of re-cellularization was determined by using the fluorescent marker CellTracker CMFDA and anti-CD31 immunostaining. The antithrombotic effect of S1P was examined by the anti-aggregation tests measuring platelet adherence and clotting time. Finally, we altered the expression of SDC1, a major glycocalyx protein on the endothelial cell surface, using MMP-7 digestion to explore its role using platelet adhesion tests in vitro. The result showed that S1P enhanced the attachment of HUVEC and EPC. Based on the anti-aggregation tests, S1P-treated HUVEC recellularized vessels when grafted showed reduced thrombus formation compared to controls. Our results also identified reduced SDC1 shedding from HUVEC responsible for inhibition of platelet adherence. However, no significant antithrombogenic effect of S1P was observed on EPC. In conclusion, S1P is an effective agent capable of decreasing thrombotic risk in engineered blood vessel grafts. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Sphingosine-1phosphate (S1P) is a low molecular-weight phospholipid mediator that regulates diverse biological activities of endothelial cell, including survival, proliferation, cell barrier integrity, and also influences the development of the vascular system. Based on these characters, we the first time to use it as an additive during the process of a small caliber blood vessel construction by decellularized human umbilical vein and endothelial cell/endothelial progenitor. We further explored the function and mechanism of S1P in promoting revascularization and protection against thrombosis in this tissue engineered vascular grafts. The results showed that S1P could not only accelerate the generation but also reduce thrombus formation of small caliber blood vessel.
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