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Diz F, Monteiro WF, Silveira IS, Ruano D, Zotti ER, Weimer RD, Melo MN, Schossler Lopes JG, Scheffel TB, Caldas LVE, da Costa JC, Morrone FB, Ligabue RA. Zinc-Modified Titanate Nanotubes as Radiosensitizers for Glioblastoma: Enhancing Radiotherapy Efficacy and Monte Carlo Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29499-29515. [PMID: 39005768 PMCID: PMC11238320 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is the established noninvasive treatment for glioblastoma (GBM), a highly aggressive malignancy. However, its effectiveness in improving patient survival remains limited due to the radioresistant nature of GBM. Metal-based nanostructures have emerged as promising strategies to enhance RT efficacy. Among them, titanate nanotubes (TNTs) have gained significant attention due to their biocompatibility and cost-effectiveness. This study aimed to synthesize zinc-modified TNTs (ZnTNT) from sodium TNTs (NaTNT), in addition to characterizing the formed nanostructures and evaluating their radiosensitization effects in GBM cells (U87 and U251). Hydrothermal synthesis was employed to fabricate the TNTs, which were characterized using various techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy, scanning-transmission mode, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in healthy (Vero) and GBM (U87 and U251) cells by the MTT assay, while the internalization of TNTs was observed through TEM imaging and ICP-MS. The radiosensitivity of ZnTNT and NaTNT combined with 5 Gy was evaluated using clonogenic assays. Monte Carlo simulations using the MCNP6.2 code were performed to determine the deposited dose in the culture medium for RT scenarios involving TNT clusters and cells. The results demonstrated differences in the dose deposition values between the scenarios with and without TNTs. The study revealed that ZnTNT interfered with clonogenic integrity, suggesting its potential as a powerful tool for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando
Mendonça Diz
- Preclinical
Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
- Graduate
Program in Materials Engineering and Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Wesley F. Monteiro
- Graduate
Program in Materials Engineering and Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Iury Santos Silveira
- Institute
of Energy and Nuclear Research, National
Nuclear Energy Commission—IPEN/CNEN. São Paulo, São Paulo 01151, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ruano
- ALBA
Syconhrotron Light Source, Cerdanuola
del Vallès 08290, Spain
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química, Universitat
Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científica (UPV-CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rosa Zotti
- Graduate
Program in Materials Engineering and Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Diogo Weimer
- Graduate
Program in Materials Engineering and Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Micael Nunes Melo
- Institute
of Technology and Research—ITP, Aracaju, Sergipe 49032-490 Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Schossler Lopes
- Radiotherapy
Service at Hospital São Lucas da Pontifical Catholic University
of Rio Grande do Sul/Oncoclinic Group, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Becker Scheffel
- Preclinical
Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Linda V. E. Caldas
- Institute
of Energy and Nuclear Research, National
Nuclear Energy Commission—IPEN/CNEN. São Paulo, São Paulo 01151, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Preclinical
Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bueno Morrone
- Preclinical
Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
- School
of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifical
Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane Angélica Ligabue
- Graduate
Program in Materials Engineering and Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul—PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
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2
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Ito S, Nagasaka K, Komatsu H, Mamiya H, Takeguchi M, Nishiguchi A, Taguchi T. Sprayable tissue adhesive microparticle-magnetic nanoparticle composites for local cancer hyperthermia. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 156:213707. [PMID: 38043335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete removal of early-stage gastrointestinal cancers by endoscopic treatments often leads to recurrence induced by residual cancer cells. To completely remove or kill cancer tissues and cells and prevent recurrence, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hyperthermia using biomaterials with drugs or nanomaterials are usually administered following endoscopic treatments. However, there are few biomaterials that can be applied using endoscopic devices to locally kill cancer tissues and cells. We previously reported that decyl group-modified Alaska pollock gelatin-based microparticles (denoted C10MPs) can adhere to gastrointestinal tissues under wet conditions through the formation of a colloidal gel driven by hydrophobic interactions. In this study, we combined C10MPs with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to develop a sprayable heat-generating nanomaterial (denoted SP/C10MP) for local hyperthermia of gastrointestinal cancers. The rheological property, tissue adhesion strength, burst strength, and underwater stability of SP/C10MP were improved through decyl group modification and SPION addition. Moreover, SP/C10MP that adhered to gastrointestinal tissues formed a colloidal gel, which locally generated heat in response to an alternating magnetic field. SP/C10MP successfully killed cancer tissues and cells in colon cancer-bearing mouse models in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, SP/C10MP has the potential to locally kill residual cancer tissues and cells after endoscopic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Ito
- Biomaterials Field, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagasaka
- Biomaterials Field, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiyori Komatsu
- Biomaterials Field, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mamiya
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeguchi
- Research Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nishiguchi
- Biomaterials Field, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Taguchi
- Biomaterials Field, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
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3
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Zhao N, Yang X, Calvelli HR, Cao Y, Francis NL, Chmielowski RA, Joseph LB, Pang ZP, Uhrich KE, Baum J, Moghe PV. Antioxidant Nanoparticles for Concerted Inhibition of α-Synuclein Fibrillization, and Attenuation of Microglial Intracellular Aggregation and Activation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:112. [PMID: 32154238 PMCID: PMC7046761 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the extracellular accumulation of toxic α-synuclein (αSYN) aggregates, and neuroinflammation. Microglia, resident macrophages of the brain, are one of the critical cell types involved in neuroinflammation. Upon sensing extracellular stimuli or experiencing oxidative stress, microglia become activated, which further exacerbates neuroinflammation. In addition, as the first line of defense in the central nervous system, microglia play a critical role in αSYN clearance and degradation. While the role of microglia in neurodegenerative pathologies is widely recognized, few therapeutic approaches have been designed to target both microglial activation and αSYN aggregation. Here, we designed nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver aggregation-inhibiting antioxidants to ameliorate αSYN aggregation and attenuate activation of a pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype. Ferulic acid diacid with an adipic acid linker (FAA) and tannic acid (TA) were used as shell and core molecules to form NPs via flash nanoprecipitation. These NPs showed a strong inhibitory effect on αSYN fibrillization, significantly diminishing αSYN fibrillization in vitro compared to untreated αSYN using a Thioflavin T assay. Treating microglia with NPs decreased overall αSYN internalization and intracellular αSYN oligomer formation. NP treatment additionally lowered the in vitro secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and also attenuated nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production induced by αSYN. NP treatment also significantly decreased Iba-1 expression in αSYN-challenged microglia and suppressed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Overall, this work lays the foundation for an antioxidant-based nanotherapeutic candidate to target pathological protein aggregation and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxia Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Hannah R Calvelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nicola L Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Rebecca A Chmielowski
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jean Baum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Prabhas V Moghe
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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Zheng Y, Tai W. Insight into the siRNA transmembrane delivery—From cholesterol conjugating to tagging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1606. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Wanyi Tai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
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Yassine SR, Hassoun SA, Karam P. Fluorescent thermal sensing using conjugated polyelectrolytes in thin polymer films. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1077:249-254. [PMID: 31307716 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thermal sensing in thin films polymers has been a significant limitation towards optimizing the heat dissipation in micro- and nano-electronic devices as well as many other thin film-based technologies. In this work, we report on poly (phenylene ethynylene) fluorescent-based conjugated polyelectrolyte capable of detecting thermal fluctuations in polymer films prepared from polyvinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate. The sensor was first optimized in solution by testing two polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) copolymers (co-vinyl acetate (VA) and co-polystyrene (PS)) before it was spun cast onto quartz slides and imaged using a DSLR camera at different temperatures. The images were analyzed and showed a change in color with the increase in temperature. When not illuminated, the polymer thin film is clear and transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Yassine
- Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sarriah A Hassoun
- Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pierre Karam
- Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon.
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6
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Ma W, Gehret PM, Hoff RE, Kelly LP, Suh WH. The Investigation into the Toxic Potential of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Utilizing Rat Pheochromocytoma and Human Neural Stem Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E453. [PMID: 30889833 PMCID: PMC6474111 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide (Magnetite, Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles are widely utilized in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and drug delivery applications due to their superparamagnetism. Surface coatings are often employed to change the properties of the magnetite nanoparticles or to modulate their biological responses. In this study, magnetite nanoparticles were fabricated through hydrothermal synthesis. Hydrophobicity is often increased by surface modification with oleic acid. In this study, however, hydrophobicity was introduced through surface modification with n-octyltriethoxysilane. Both the uncoated (hydrophilic) and coated (hydrophobic) individual nanoparticle sizes measured below 20 nm in diameter, a size range in which magnetite nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetism. Both types of nanoparticles formed aggregates which were characterized by SEM, TEM, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The coating process significantly increased both individual particle diameter and aggregate sizes. We tested the neurotoxicity of newly synthesized nanoparticles with two mammalian cell lines, PC12 (rat pheochromocytoma) and ReNcell VM (human neural stem cells). Significant differences were observed in cytotoxicity profiles, which suggests that the cell type (rodent versus human) or the presence of serum matters for nanoparticle toxicology studies. Differences in nanoparticle associations/uptake between the two cell types were observed with Prussian Blue staining. Finally, safe concentrations which did not significantly affect neuronal differentiation profiles were identified for further development of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Paul M Gehret
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Richard E Hoff
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Liam P Kelly
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Won Hyuk Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Okishima A, Koide H, Hoshino Y, Egami H, Hamashima Y, Oku N, Asai T. Design of Synthetic Polymer Nanoparticles Specifically Capturing Indole, a Small Toxic Molecule. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1644-1654. [PMID: 30848887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are of interest as stable and cost-effective biomolecule-affinity reagents, since these polymers interact with target biomolecules both in vitro and in the bloodstream. However, little has been reported about orally administered polymers capable of capturing a target molecule and inhibiting its intestinal absorption. Here, we describe the design of synthetic polymer nanoparticles (NPs) specifically capturing indole, a major factor exacerbating chronic kidney disease, in the intestine. N-isopropylacrylamide-based NPs were prepared with various hydrophobic monomers. The amounts of indole captured by NPs depended on the structures and feed ratios of the hydrophobic monomers and the polymer density but not on the particle size. The combination of hydrophobic and quadrupole interaction was effective to enhance the affinity and specificity of NPs for indole. The optimized NPs specifically inhibited intestinal absorption of orally administered indole in mice. These results showed the potential of synthetic polymer NPs for inhibiting the intestinal absorption of a target molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Okishima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku , Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koide
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku , Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Hiromichi Egami
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku , Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku , Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Naoto Oku
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku , Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan.,Faculty of Pharma-Science , Teikyo University , 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku , Tokyo 173-8605 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Asai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku , Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
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Juárez-Maldonado A, Ortega-Ortíz H, Morales-Díaz AB, González-Morales S, Morelos-Moreno Á, Cabrera-De la Fuente M, Sandoval-Rangel A, Cadenas-Pliego G, Benavides-Mendoza A. Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials as Plant Biostimulants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E162. [PMID: 30621162 PMCID: PMC6337539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biostimulants are materials that when applied in small amounts are capable of promoting plant growth. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) can be considered as biostimulants since, in specific ranges of concentration, generally in small levels, they increase plant growth. Pristine NPs and NMs have a high density of surface charges capable of unspecific interactions with the surface charges of the cell walls and membranes of plant cells. In the same way, functionalized NPs and NMs, and the NPs and NMs with a corona formed after the exposition to natural fluids such as water, soil solution, or the interior of organisms, present a high density of surface charges that interact with specific charged groups in cell surfaces. The magnitude of the interaction will depend on the materials adhered to the corona, but high-density charges located in a small volume cause an intense interaction capable of disturbing the density of surface charges of cell walls and membranes. The electrostatic disturbance can have an impact on the electrical potentials of the outer and inner surfaces, as well as on the transmembrane electrical potential, modifying the activity of the integral proteins of the membranes. The extension of the cellular response can range from biostimulation to cell death and will depend on the concentration, size, and the characteristics of the corona.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hortensia Ortega-Ortíz
- Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Mexico.
| | - América Berenice Morales-Díaz
- Robótica y Manufactura Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe 25900, Mexico.
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