1
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Abdelrahman D, Iseli R, Musya M, Jinnai B, Fukami S, Yuasa T, Sai H, Wiesner UB, Saba M, Wilts BD, Steiner U, Llandro J, Gunkel I. Directed Self-Assembly of Diamond Networks in Triblock Terpolymer Films on Patterned Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:57981-57991. [PMID: 37989271 PMCID: PMC10739600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) are particularly effective in creating soft nanostructured templates for transferring complex 3D network structures into inorganic materials that are difficult to fabricate by other methods. However, achieving control of the local ordering within these 3D networks over large areas remains a significant obstacle to advancing material properties. Here, we address this challenge by directing the self-assembly of a 3D alternating diamond morphology by solvent vapor annealing of a triblock terpolymer film on a chemically patterned substrate. The hexagonal substrate patterns were designed to match a (111) plane of the diamond lattice. Commensurability between the sparse substrate pattern and the BCP lattice produced a uniformly ordered diamond network within the polymer film, as confirmed by a combination of atomic force microscopy and cross-sectional imaging using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. The successful replication of the complex and well-ordered 3D network structure in gold promises to advance optical metamaterials and has potential applications in nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha Abdelrahman
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - René Iseli
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michimasa Musya
- Laboratory
for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research
Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Butsurin Jinnai
- WPI
Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fukami
- Laboratory
for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research
Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- WPI
Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center
for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center
for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
- Inamori
Research Institute for Science, Kyoto 600-8411, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yuasa
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Ulrich B. Wiesner
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Matthias Saba
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss
National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-Inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D. Wilts
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, Salzburg 5020, Austria
- Swiss
National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-Inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss
National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-Inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Justin Llandro
- Laboratory
for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research
Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center
for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss
National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-Inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Wang Y, Mou X, Ji Y, Pan F, Li S. Interaction of Macromolecular Chain with Phospholipid Membranes in Solutions: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation Study. Molecules 2023; 28:5790. [PMID: 37570760 PMCID: PMC10420874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between macromolecular chains and phospholipid membranes in aqueous solution was investigated using dissipative particle dynamics simulations. Two cases were considered, one in which the macromolecular chains were pulled along parallel to the membrane surfaces and another in which they were pulled vertical to the membrane surfaces. Several parameters, including the radius of gyration, shape factor, particle number, and order parameter, were used to investigate the interaction mechanisms during the dynamics processes by adjusting the pulling force strength of the chains. In both cases, the results showed that the macromolecular chains undergo conformational transitions from a coiled to a rod-like structure. Furthermore, the simulations revealed that the membranes can be damaged and repaired during the dynamic processes. The role of the pulling forces and the adsorption interactions between the chains and membranes differed in the parallel and perpendicular pulling cases. These findings contribute to our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between macromolecules and membranes, and they may have potential applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuane Wang
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.W.); (X.M.); (Y.J.)
| | - Xuankang Mou
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.W.); (X.M.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yongyun Ji
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.W.); (X.M.); (Y.J.)
| | - Fan Pan
- School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shiben Li
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.W.); (X.M.); (Y.J.)
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3
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Angelopoulou PP, Moutsios I, Manesi GM, Ivanov DA, Sakellariou G, Avgeropoulos A. Designing high χ copolymer materials for nanotechnology applications: A systematic bulk vs. thin films approach. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Pula P, Leniart A, Majewski PW. Solvent-assisted self-assembly of block copolymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4042-4066. [PMID: 35608282 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-assisted block copolymer self-assembly is a compelling method for processing and advancing practical applications of these materials due to the exceptional level of the control of BCP morphology and significant acceleration of ordering kinetics. Despite substantial experimental and theoretical efforts devoted to understanding of solvent-assisted BCP film ordering, the development of a universal BCP patterning protocol remains elusive; possibly due to a multitude of factors which dictate the self-assembly scenario. The aim of this review is to aggregate both seminal reports and the latest progress in solvent-assisted directed self-assembly and to provide the reader with theoretical background, including the outline of BCP ordering thermodynamics and kinetics phenomena. We also indicate significant BCP research areas and emerging high-tech applications where solvent-assisted processing might play a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Pula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Leniart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Pawel W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
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5
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Nieswandt K, Georgopanos P, Abetz V. Well-defined polyvinylpyridine- block-polystyrene diblock copolymers via RAFT aqueous-alcoholic dispersion polymerization: synthesis and isoporous thin film morphology. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis of polyvinylpyridine-polystyrene (PVP-b-PS) diblock copolymers via RAFT dispersion polymerization. Spin-coated PVP-b-PS films were converted into porous surfaces by a controlled alignment and swelling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nieswandt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Membrane Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | | | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Membrane Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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6
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Leniart A, Pula P, Tsai EHR, Majewski PW. Large-Grained Cylindrical Block Copolymer Morphologies by One-Step Room-Temperature Casting. Macromolecules 2020; 53:11178-11189. [PMID: 33380751 PMCID: PMC7759006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile method of ordering block copolymer (BCP) morphologies in which the conventional two-step casting and annealing steps are replaced by a single-step process where microphase separation and grain coarsening are seamlessly integrated within the casting protocol. This is achieved by slowing down solvent evaporation during casting by introducing a nonvolatile solvent into the BCP casting solution that effectively prolongs the duration of the grain-growth phase. We demonstrate the utility of this solvent evaporation annealing (SEA) method by producing well-ordered large-molecular-weight BCP thin films in a total processing time shorter than 3 min without resorting to any extra laboratory equipment other than a basic casting device, i.e., spin- or blade-coater. By analyzing the morphologies of the quenched samples, we identify a relatively narrow range of polymer concentration in the wet film, just above the order-disorder concentration, to be critical for obtaining large-grained morphologies. This finding is corroborated by the analysis of the grain-growth kinetics of horizontally oriented cylindrical domains where relatively large growth exponents (1/2) are observed, indicative of a more rapid defect-annihilation mechanism in the concentrated BCP solution than in thermally annealed BCP melts. Furthermore, the analysis of temperature-resolved kinetics data allows us to calculate the Arrhenius activation energy of the grain coarsening in this one-step BCP ordering process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland
| | - Esther H. R. Tsai
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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7
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Leniart A, Pula P, Sitkiewicz A, Majewski PW. Macroscopic Alignment of Block Copolymers on Silicon Substrates by Laser Annealing. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4805-4815. [PMID: 32159943 PMCID: PMC7497666 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser annealing is a competitive alternative to conventional oven annealing of block copolymer (BCP) thin films enabling rapid acceleration and precise spatial control of the self-assembly process. Localized heating by a moving laser beam (zone annealing), taking advantage of steep temperature gradients, can additionally yield aligned morphologies. In its original implementation it was limited to specialized germanium-coated glass substrates, which absorb visible light and exhibit low-enough thermal conductivity to facilitate heating at relatively low irradiation power density. Here, we demonstrate a recent advance in laser zone annealing, which utilizes a powerful fiber-coupled near-IR laser source allowing rapid BCP annealing over a large area on conventional silicon wafers. The annealing coupled with photothermal shearing yields macroscopically aligned BCP films, which are used as templates for patterning metallic nanowires. We also report a facile method of transferring laser-annealed BCP films onto arbitrary surfaces. The transfer process allows patterning substrates with a highly corrugated surface and single-step rapid fabrication of multilayered nanomaterials with complex morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
| | | | - Pawel W. Majewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
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8
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Gu J, Zhang R, Zhang L, Lin J. Harnessing Zone Annealing to Program Directional Motion of Nanoparticles in Diblock Copolymers: Creating Periodically Well-Ordered Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runrong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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9
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LaFreniere JMJ, Roberge EJ, Halpern JM. Reorientation of Polymers in an Applied Electric Field for Electrochemical Sensors. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 167:037556. [PMID: 32265575 PMCID: PMC7138228 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab6cfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This mini review investigates the relationship and interactions of polymers under an applied electric field (AEF) for sensor applications. Understanding how and why polymers are reoriented and manipulated by under an AEF is essential for future growth in polymer-based electrochemical sensors. Examples of polymers that can be manipulated in an AEF for sensor applications are provided. Current methods of monitoring polymer reorientation will be described, but new techniques are needed characterize polymer response to various AEF stimuli. The unique and reproducible stimuli response of polymers elicited by an AEF has significant potential for growth in the sensing community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma J. Roberge
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Halpern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA
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10
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Sankhala K, Wieland DCF, Koll J, Radjabian M, Abetz C, Abetz V. Self-assembly of block copolymers during hollow fiber spinning: an in situ small-angle X-ray scattering study. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7634-7647. [PMID: 30698584 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06892e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the self-assembly of block copolymers during hollow fiber membrane (HFM) fabrication by conducting in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. SAXS enables us to follow the structural rearrangements after extrusion at different distances from the spinning nozzle. The kinetics of the spinning process is examined as a function of the composition of block copolymer solutions and the spinning parameters. We studied the influence of the extrusion rate on the block copolymer microdomains and their self-assembly in weakly segregated and ordered solutions. The addition of magnesium acetate (MgAc2) leads to the ordering of micelles in the block copolymer solution already at lower polymer concentrations and shows an increased number of micelles with larger domain spacing as compared to the pristine solution. The SAXS data show the effect of shear within the spinneret on the self-assembly of block copolymers and the kinetics of phase separation after extrusion. It is observed that the ordering of micelles in solutions is decreased as indicated by the loss of crystallinity while high extrusion rates orient the structures perpendicular to the fiber direction. The structural features obtained from in situ SAXS experiments are correlated to the structure in the block copolymer solutions in the absence of shear and the morphologies in flat sheet and HF membranes obtained by ex situ SEM. This allows a systematic and comparative study of the effects varying the microdomain ordering within different block copolymer solutions and the formed membrane structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Sankhala
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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11
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Kriisa A, Roth CB. Jumping In and Out of the Phase Diagram Using Electric Fields: Time Scale for Remixing of Polystyrene/Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Blends. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:188-192. [PMID: 35619428 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate it is possible to repeatedly jump polystyrene (PS)/poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blends from the one-phase to two-phase region by simply turning on and off an electric field at a fixed temperature near the phase boundary. This builds on our previous work that established electric fields enhance the miscibility of PS/PVME blends by shifting the phase separation temperature TS(E) of 50/50 blends up by 13.5 ± 1.4 K when field strengths of E = 1.7 × 107 V/m are applied (J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 141, 134908). Monitoring the early stages of phase separation and remixing by fluorescence, we measure the remixing time scale τ(T) with and without electric fields, finding τ(T) is unchanged by the presence of the field and well fit by a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann expression. These observations are consistent with a mobility-limited process several degrees from the phase boundary where electric fields have shifted the miscibility transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kriisa
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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12
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Gunkel I. Directing Block Copolymer Self-Assembly on Patterned Substrates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802872. [PMID: 30318828 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling block copolymer films provide access to a variety of different nanostructured patterns in one, two, and three dimensions. However, in the absence of any templating, these nanostructures suffer from defects, often limiting utility. Directed block copolymer self-assembly uses patterned substrates that effectively suppress defect formation and allow the creation of desired patterns. The two main directed self-assembly techniques, chemoepitaxy and graphoepitaxy, employ chemically and topographically patterned substrates, respectively, to direct the block copolymer assembly in thin films. Their successful application in generating defect-free patterns in films of block copolymers exhibiting particular morphologies is summarized in this concept article. The possible role of directed self-assembly in extending nanostructured patterning from two to three dimensions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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13
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McFarland FM, Liu X, Zhang S, Tang K, Kreis NK, Gu X, Guo S. Electric field induced assembly of macroscopic fibers of poly(3-hexylthiophene). POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Martin JM, Li W, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH. SCFT Study of Diblock Copolymer Melts in Electric Fields: Selective Stabilization of Orthorhombic Fddd Network Phase. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Heck M, Schneider L, Müller M, Wilhelm M. Diblock Copolymers with Similar Glass Transition Temperatures in Both Blocks for Comparing Shear Orientation Processes with DPD Computer Simulations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Heck
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute for Technology; 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ludwig Schneider
- Institute for Theoretical Physics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute for Technology; 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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16
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Helal E, Amurin L, Carastan D, de Sousa R, David E, Fréchette M, Demarquette N. Tuning the mechanical and dielectric properties of clay-containing thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Helal
- Mechanical Engineering Department; École de Technologie Supérieure; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - L.G. Amurin
- Mechanical Engineering Department; École de Technologie Supérieure; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - D.J. Carastan
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences; Federal University of ABC; Santo André Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - R.R. de Sousa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences; Federal University of ABC; Santo André Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - E. David
- Mechanical Engineering Department; École de Technologie Supérieure; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - M. Fréchette
- Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Québec; Varennes Quebec Canada
| | - N.R. Demarquette
- Mechanical Engineering Department; École de Technologie Supérieure; Montréal Quebec Canada
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17
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18
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Zhang L, Liu L, Lin J. Well-ordered self-assembled nanostructures of block copolymer films via synergistic integration of chemoepitaxy and zone annealing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:498-508. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The integrated chemical template/zone annealing method has the capability to rapidly fabricate well-aligned and well-oriented nanostructures over a macroscopic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Lingling Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
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19
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Steer D, Kang M, Leal C. Soft nanostructured films for directing the assembly of functional materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:142001. [PMID: 28145900 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5d77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are a class of biological small molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic constituents forming the structural membranes in cells. Over the past century an extensive understanding of lipid biology and biophysics has been developed illuminating lipids as an intricate, highly tunable, and hierarchical soft-matter system. In addition to serving as cell membrane models, lipids have been investigated as microphase separated structures in aqueous solutions. In terms of applications lipids have been realized as powerful structural motifs for the encapsulation and cellular delivery of genetic material. More recently, lipids have also revealed promise as thin film materials, exhibiting long-range periodic nano-scale order and tunable orientation. In this review we summarize the pertinent understanding of lipid nanostructure development in bulk aqueous systems followed by the current and potential perturbations to these results induced by introduction of a substrate. These effects are punctuated by a summary of our published results in the field of lipid thin films with added nucleic acids and key results introducing hard materials into lipid nanostructured substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Steer
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, United States of America
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20
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Wan X, Gao T, Zhang L, Lin J. Ordering kinetics of lamella-forming block copolymers under the guidance of various external fields studied by dynamic self-consistent field theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6707-6720. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08726d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically engineer a new scheme, which integrates a permanent field for pattern registration and a dynamic external field for defect annihilation, to direct the self-assembly of block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Tong Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
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21
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Rapid ordering of block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:403002. [PMID: 27537062 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Block-copolymers self-assemble into diverse morphologies, where nanoscale order can be finely tuned via block architecture and processing conditions. However, the ultimate usage of these materials in real-world applications may be hampered by the extremely long thermal annealing times-hours or days-required to achieve good order. Here, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of block-copolymer self-assembly kinetics, and review the techniques that have been demonstrated to influence, and enhance, these ordering kinetics. We discuss the inherent tradeoffs between oven annealing, solvent annealing, microwave annealing, zone annealing, and other directed self-assembly methods; including an assessment of spatial and temporal characteristics. We also review both real-space and reciprocal-space analysis techniques for quantifying order in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Menzel AM. Hydrodynamic description of elastic or viscoelastic composite materials: Relative strains as macroscopic variables. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:023003. [PMID: 27627384 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.023003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One possibility to adjust material properties to a specific need is to embed units of one substance into a matrix of another substance. Even materials that are readily tunable during operation can be generated in this way. In (visco)elastic substances, both the matrix material as well as the inclusions and/or their immediate environment can be dynamically deformed. If the typical dynamic response time of the inclusions and their surroundings approach the macroscopic response time, their deformation processes need to be included into a dynamic macroscopic characterization. Along these lines, we present a hydrodynamic description of (visco)elastic composite materials. For this purpose, additional strain variables reflect the state of the inclusions and their immediate environment. These additional strain variables in general are not set by a coarse-grained macroscopic displacement field. Apart from that, during our derivation, we also include the macroscopic variables of relative translations and relative rotations that were previously introduced in different contexts. As a central point, our approach reveals and classifies the importance of a macroscopic variable termed relative strains. We analyze two simplified minimal example geometries as an illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Menzel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Kan D, He X. Tuning phase structures of a symmetrical diblock copolymer with a patterned electric field. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4449-4456. [PMID: 27102422 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm03154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electric fields can induce the orientation of the phase interfaces of block copolymers and provide a potential method to tune polymer phase structures for nanomaterial manufacture. In this work, we applied self-consistent field theory to study the self-assembly of a diblock copolymer confined between two parallel neutral substrates on which a set of electrodes was imposed to form a patterned electric field. The results showed that an alternatively distributed electric field can induce the formation of a parallel lamellar phase structure, which exists stably only in the system with selective substrates. The phase structure was proved to be sensitive to the characteristics of the electric field distribution, such as the strength of the electric field, the size and position of the electrodes, and the corresponding phase diagram was calculated in detail. The transition pathway of the phase structure from the perpendicular layered phase to the parallel layered phase was further analysed using the minimum energy path method. It is shown that the path and the active energy barrier of the phase transition depend on the electric field strength. Compound electric field patterns that can be designed to control the formation of novel and complex microphase structures were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Kan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China.
| | - Xuehao He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China.
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24
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Orizaga S, Glasner K. Instability and reorientation of block copolymer microstructure by imposed electric fields. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:052504. [PMID: 27300942 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.052504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of electric fields on lamellar block copolymer microstructure is studied in the context of a density functional model and its sharp interface limit. A free boundary problem for domain interfaces of strongly segregated polymers is derived, which includes coupling of interface and electric field orientation. The linearized dynamics of lamellar configurations is computed in this context, leading to quantitative criteria for instability as a function of pattern wavelength, field magnitude, and orientation. Numerical simulations of the full model in two and three dimensions are used to study the nonlinear development of instabilities. In three dimensions, sufficiently large electric field magnitude always leads to instability. In two dimensions, the field has either stabilizing or destabilizing effects depending on the misorientation of the field and pattern. Even when linear instabilities are present, the dynamics can lead to stable corrugated domain interfaces which do not align with the electric field. Sufficiently high field strengths, on the other hand, produce topological rearrangement which may lead to alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Orizaga
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Karl Glasner
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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25
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Wu J, Wang X, Ji Y, He L, Li S. Phase diagrams of diblock copolymers in electric fields: a self-consistent field theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10309-19. [PMID: 27020849 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08030d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the phase diagrams of diblock copolymers in external electrostatic fields by using real-space self-consistent field theory. The lamella, cylinder, sphere, and ellipsoid structures were observed and analyzed by their segment distributions, which were arranged to two types of phase diagrams to examine the phase behavior in weak and strong electric fields. One type was constructed on the basis of Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and volume fraction. We identified an ellipsoid structure with a body-centered cuboid arrangement as a stable phase and discussed the shift of phase boundaries in the electric fields. The other type of phase diagrams was established on the basis of the dielectric constants of two blocks in the electric fields. We then determined the regions of ellipsoid phase in the phase diagrams to examine the influence of dielectric constants on the phase transition between ellipsoidal and hexagonally packed cylinder phases. A general agreement was obtained by comparing our results with those described in previous experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wu
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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26
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Cong Z, Zhang L, Wang L, Lin J. Understanding the ordering mechanisms of self-assembled nanostructures of block copolymers during zone annealing. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:114901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4943864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Cong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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27
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Wu ML, Wang D, Wan LJ. Directed block copolymer self-assembly implemented via surface-embedded electrets. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10752. [PMID: 26876792 PMCID: PMC4756386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) nanolithography is widely recognized as a promising complementary approach to circumvent the feature size limits of conventional photolithography. The directed self-assembly of BCP thin film to form ordered nanostructures with controlled orientation and localized pattern has been the key challenge for practical nanolithography applications. Here we show that BCP nanopatterns can be directed on localized surface electrets defined by electron-beam irradiation to realize diverse features in a simple, effective and non-destructive manner. Charged electrets can generate a built-in electric field in BCP thin film and induce the formation of perpendicularly oriented microdomain of BCP film. The electret-directed orientation control of BCP film can be either integrated with mask-based patterning technique or realized by electron-beam direct-writing method to fabricate microscale arbitrary lateral patterns down to single BCP cylinder nanopattern. The electret-directed BCP self-assembly could provide an alternative means for BCP-based nanolithography, with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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28
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Rokhlenko Y, Gopinadhan M, Osuji CO, Zhang K, O'Hern CS, Larson SR, Gopalan P, Majewski PW, Yager KG. Magnetic Alignment of Block Copolymer Microdomains by Intrinsic Chain Anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:258302. [PMID: 26722950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.258302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examine the role of intrinsic chain susceptibility anisotropy in magnetic field directed self-assembly of a block copolymer using in situ x-ray scattering. Alignment of a lamellar mesophase is observed on cooling across the disorder-order transition with the resulting orientational order inversely proportional to the cooling rate. We discuss the origin of the susceptibility anisotropy, Δχ, that drives alignment and calculate its magnitude using coarse-grained molecular dynamics to sample conformations of surface-tethered chains, finding Δχ≈2×10^{-8}. From field-dependent scattering data, we estimate that grains of ≈1.2 μm are present during alignment. These results demonstrate that intrinsic anisotropy is sufficient to support strong field-induced mesophase alignment and suggest a versatile strategy for field control of orientational order in block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Rokhlenko
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Corey S O'Hern
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Steven R Larson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Paweł W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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29
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Liedel C, Lewin C, Tsarkova L, Böker A. Reversible Switching of Block Copolymer Nanopatterns by Orthogonal Electric Fields. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6058-6064. [PMID: 26449286 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the orientation of striped patterns can be reversibly switched between two perpendicular in-plane orientations upon exposure to electric fields. The results on thin films of symmetric polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) polymer in the intermediate segregation regime disclose two types of reorientation mechanisms from perpendicular to parallel relative to the electric field orientation. Domains orient via grain rotation and via formation of defects such as stretched undulations and temporal phase transitions. The contribution of additional fields to the structural evolution is also addressed to elucidate the generality of the observed phenomena. In particular solvent effects are considered. This study reveals the stabilization of the meta-stable in-plane oriented lamella due to sequential swelling and quenching of the film. Further, the reorientation behavior of lamella domains blended with selective nanoparticles is addressed, which affect the interfacial tensions of the blocks and hence introduce another internal field to the studied system. Switching the orientation of aligned block copolymer patterns between two orthogonal directions may open new applications of nanomaterials as switchable electric nanowires or optical gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Liedel
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Lewin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Larisa Tsarkova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung (IAP), Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologien, Universität Potsdam, Geiselbergstrasse 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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30
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Dehghan A, Schick M, Shi AC. Effect of mobile ions on the electric field needed to orient charged diblock copolymer thin films. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:134902. [PMID: 26450329 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the behavior of lamellar phases of charged/neutral diblock copolymer thin films containing mobile ions in the presence of an external electric field. We employ self-consistent field theory and focus on the aligning effect of the electric field on the lamellae. Of particular interest are the effects of the mobile ions on the critical field, the value required to reorient the lamellae from the parallel configuration favored by the surface interaction to the perpendicular orientation favored by the field. We find that the critical field depends strongly on whether the neutral or charged species is favored by the substrates. In the case in which the neutral species is favored, the addition of charges decreases the critical electric field significantly. The effect is greater when the mobile ions are confined to the charged lamellae. In contrast, when the charged species is favored by the substrate, the addition of mobile ions stabilizes the parallel configuration and thus results in an increase in the critical electric field. The presence of ions in the system introduces a new mixed phase in addition to those reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Dehghan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - M Schick
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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31
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Glasner K. Hexagonal phase ordering in strongly segregated copolymer films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:042602. [PMID: 26565265 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.042602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Strongly segregated copolymer mixtures with uneven composition ratio can form hexagonally ordered thin films. A simplified model describing the size and position of micellelike clusters is derived, allowing for investigation of much larger domain sizes than in previous studies. Simulations of this model are performed to study the generation of large scale order and evolution of pattern defects. We find three temporal regimes exhibiting different scaling laws for orientational correlation length and defect number. In the early stage, topological defects are rapidly eliminated by pairwise annihilation. A slower intermediate stage is characterized by the migration of grain boundaries and the elimination of small grains. In the final stage, grain boundaries become pinned and the evolution halts. A scaling law for defect interaction is proposed which is consistent with the crossover between the first and second stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Glasner
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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32
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Pester CW, Schmidt K, Ruppel M, Schoberth HG, Böker A. Electric-Field-Induced Order–Order Transition from Hexagonally Perforated Lamellae to Lamellae. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Pester
- Materials Research Laboratory & Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Markus Ruppel
- Fraunhofer-Institut
für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien
und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, Geiselbergstraße
69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer-Institut
für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien
und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, Geiselbergstraße
69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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33
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Latent Alignment in Pathway-Dependent Ordering of Block Copolymer Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5221-8. [PMID: 26161969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers spontaneously form well-defined nanoscale morphologies during thermal annealing. Yet, the structures one obtains can be influenced by nonequilibrium effects, including processing history or pathway-dependent assembly. Here, we explore various pathways for ordering of block copolymer thin films, using oven-annealing, as well as newly disclosed methods for rapid photothermal annealing and photothermal shearing. We report the discovery of an efficient pathway for ordering self-assembled films: ultrarapid shearing of as-cast films induces "latent alignment" in the disordered morphology. Subsequent thermal processing can then develop this directly into a uniaxially aligned morphology with low defect density. This deeper understanding of pathway-dependence may have broad implications in self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W. Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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35
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Sarkar B, Alexandridis P. Block copolymer–nanoparticle composites: Structure, functional properties, and processing. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Kriisa A, Roth CB. Electric fields enhance miscibility of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134908. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4897216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kriisa
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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37
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Bae J. A Pathway to Microdomain Alignment in Block Copolymer/Nanoparticle Thin Films under Electric Field. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.9.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Hu H, Gopinadhan M, Osuji CO. Directed self-assembly of block copolymers: a tutorial review of strategies for enabling nanotechnology with soft matter. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3867-89. [PMID: 24740355 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52607k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of soft materials is broadly considered an attractive means of generating nanoscale structures and patterns over large areas. However, the spontaneous formation of equilibrium nanostructures in response to temperature and concentration changes, for example, must be guided to yield the long-range order and orientation required for utility in a given scenario. In this review we examine directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) as canonical examples of nanostructured soft matter systems which are additionally compelling for creating functional materials and devices. We survey well established and newly emerging DSA methods from a tutorial perspective. Special emphasis is given to exploring underlying physical phenomena, identifying prototypical BCPs that are compatible with different DSA techniques, describing experimental methods and highlighting the attractive functional properties of block copolymers overall. Finally we offer a brief perspective on some unresolved issues and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiong Hu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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39
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Houbenov N, Milani R, Poutanen M, Haataja J, Dichiarante V, Sainio J, Ruokolainen J, Resnati G, Metrangolo P, Ikkala O. Halogen-bonded mesogens direct polymer self-assemblies up to millimetre length scale. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4043. [PMID: 24893843 PMCID: PMC4059921 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aligning polymeric nanostructures up to macroscale in facile ways remains a challenge in materials science and technology. Here we show polymeric self-assemblies where nanoscale organization guides the macroscopic alignment up to millimetre scale. The concept is shown by halogen bonding mesogenic 1-iodoperfluoroalkanes to a star-shaped ethyleneglycol-based polymer, having chloride end-groups. The mesogens segregate and stack parallel into aligned domains. This leads to layers at ~10 nm periodicity. Combination of directionality of halogen bonding, mesogen parallel stacking and minimization of interfacial curvature translates into an overall alignment in bulk and films up to millimetre scale. Upon heating, novel supramolecular halogen-bonded polymeric liquid crystallinity is also shown. As many polymers present sites capable of receiving halogen bonding, we suggest generic potential of this strategy for aligning polymer self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Houbenov
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly Helsinki University of Technology), PO Box 15100, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Roberto Milani
- Process Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Mikko Poutanen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly Helsinki University of Technology), PO Box 15100, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Johannes Haataja
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly Helsinki University of Technology), PO Box 15100, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Valentina Dichiarante
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Jani Sainio
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly Helsinki University of Technology), PO Box 15100, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly Helsinki University of Technology), PO Box 15100, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Process Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly Helsinki University of Technology), PO Box 15100, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
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40
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41
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Liedel C, Schindler KA, Pavan MJ, Lewin C, Pester CW, Ruppel M, Urban VS, Shenhar R, Böker A. Electric-field-induced alignment of block copolymer/nanoparticle blends. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3276-3281. [PMID: 23495246 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
External electric fields readily align birefringent block-copolymer mesophases. In this study the effect of gold nanoparticles on the electric-field-induced alignment of a lamellae-forming polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) copolymer is assessed. Nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the styrenic phase and promote the quantitative alignment of lamellar domains by substantially lowering the critical field strength above which alignment proceeds. The results suggest that the electric-field-assisted alignment of nanostructured block copolymer/nanoparticle composites may offer a simple way to greatly mitigate structural and orientational defects of such films under benign experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Liedel
- Macromolecular Materials and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH, Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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42
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Schoberth HG, Pester CW, Ruppel M, Urban VS, Böker A. Orientation-Dependent Order-Disorder Transition of Block Copolymer Lamellae in Electric Fields. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:469-473. [PMID: 35581799 DOI: 10.1021/mz400013u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electric fields have been shown to stabilize the disordered phase of near-critical block copolymer solutions. Here, we use in situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering to examine how the initial orientation of lamellar domains with respect to the external field (φ) affects the shift in the order-disorder transition temperature (TODT) of lyotropic solutions of poly(styrene-b-isoprene) in toluene. We find a downward shift of the transition temperature, which scales with lamellar orientation as ΔTODT ∼ cos2 φ, in accordance with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko G. Schoberth
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Ruppel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Volker S. Urban
- Biology
and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Alexander Böker
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Materialien und Oberflächen, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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43
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McCulloch B, Portale G, Bras W, Pople JA, Hexemer A, Segalman RA. Dynamics of Magnetic Alignment in Rod–Coil Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry
and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- ESRF, DUBBLE CRG, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Wim Bras
- ESRF, DUBBLE CRG, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - John A. Pople
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, SLAC, P.O. Box 4349, Stanford,
California 94309, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemistry
and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
- Materials Science
Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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44
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Vukovic I, Brinke GT, Loos K. Block copolymer template-directed synthesis of well-ordered metallic nanostructures. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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45
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Ly DQ, Pinna M, Honda T, Kawakatsu T, Zvelindovsky AVM. Kinetic pathways of sphere-to-cylinder transition in diblock copolymer melt under electric field. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:074904. [PMID: 23445032 DOI: 10.1063/1.4791639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Q Ly
- Computational Physics Group and Institute of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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46
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Gopinadhan M, Majewski PW, Choo Y, Osuji CO. Order-disorder transition and alignment dynamics of a block copolymer under high magnetic fields by in situ x-ray scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:078301. [PMID: 25166413 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.078301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We examine the influence of magnetic fields on the order-disorder transition (ODT) in a liquid crystalline block copolymer. This is motivated by a desire to understand the dynamics of microstructure alignment during field annealing as potentially dictated by selective destabilization of nonaligned material. Temperature resolved scattering across the ODT and time-resolved measurements during isothermal field annealing at sub-ODT temperatures were performed in situ. Strongly textured mesophases resulted in each case but no measurable field-induced shift in T(ODT) was observed. This suggests that selective melting does not play a discernable role in the system's field response. Our data indicate instead that alignment occurs by slow grain rotation within the mesophase. We identify an optimum subcooling that maximizes alignment during isothermal field annealing. This is corroborated by a simple model incorporating the competing effects of an exponentially decreasing mobility and divergent, increasing magnetic anisotropy on cooling below T(ODT). The absence of measurable field effects on T(ODT) is consistent with estimates based on the relative magnitudes of the field interaction energy and the enthalpy associated with the ODT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Gopinadhan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Paweł W Majewski
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Youngwoo Choo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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47
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Liedel C, Pester CW, Ruppel M, Lewin C, Pavan MJ, Urban VS, Shenhar R, Bösecke P, Böker A. Block Copolymer Nanocomposites in Electric Fields: Kinetics of Alignment. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:53-58. [PMID: 35581825 DOI: 10.1021/mz3005132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the kinetics of block copolymer/nanoparticle composite alignment in an electric field using in situ transmission small-angle X-ray scattering. As a model system, we employ a lamellae forming polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) block copolymer with different contents of gold nanoparticles in thick films under solvent vapor annealing. While the alignment improves with increasing nanoparticle fraction, the kinetics slows down. This is explained by changes in the degree of phase separation and viscosity. Our findings provide extended insights into the basics of nanocomposite alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Liedel
- Macromolecular Materials
and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Macromolecular Materials
and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Ruppel
- Chemical Sciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Christian Lewin
- Macromolecular Materials
and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mariela J. Pavan
- Institute of Chemistry, and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Volker S. Urban
- Biology and Soft
Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Roy Shenhar
- Institute of Chemistry, and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Peter Bösecke
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38043
Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Alexander Böker
- Macromolecular Materials
and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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48
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Shi ZM, Wu CF, Zhou TY, Zhang DW, Zhao X, Li ZT. Foldamer-based chiral supramolecular alternate block copolymers tuned by ion-pair binding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2673-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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