1
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Bamford JT, Jones SD, Schauser NS, Pedretti BJ, Gordon LW, Lynd NA, Clément RJ, Segalman RA. Improved Mechanical Strength without Sacrificing Li-Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Macro Lett 2024:638-643. [PMID: 38709178 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation batteries demand solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) with rapid ion transport and robust mechanical properties. However, many SPEs with liquid-like Li+ transport mechanisms suffer a fundamental trade-off between conductivity and strength. Dynamic polymer networks can improve bulk mechanics with minimal impact to segmental relaxation or ionic conductivity. This study demonstrates a system where a single polymer-bound ligand simultaneously dissociates Li+ and forms long-lived Ni2+ networks. The polymer comprises an ethylene oxide backbone and imidazole (Im) ligands, blended with Li+ and Ni2+ salts. Ni2+-Im dynamic cross-links result in the formation of a rubbery plateau resulting in, consequently, storage modulus improvement by a factor of 133× with the introduction of Ni2+ at rNi = 0.08, from 0.014 to 1.907 MPa. Even with Ni2+ loading, the high Li+ conductivity of 3.7 × 10-6 S/cm is retained at 90 °C. This work demonstrates that decoupling of ion transport and bulk mechanics can be readily achieved by the addition of multivalent metal cations to polymers with chelating ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Bamford
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Seamus D Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93106, United States
| | - Nicole S Schauser
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Benjamin J Pedretti
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Leo W Gordon
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Raphaële J Clément
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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2
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Yang KC, Rivera Mirabal DM, Garcia RV, Vlahakis NW, Nguyen PH, Mengel SD, Mecklenburg M, Rodriguez JA, Shell MS, Hawker CJ, Segalman RA. Crystallization-Induced Flower-like Superstructures via Peptoid Helix Assembly. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:423-428. [PMID: 38529829 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
We report a unique method to construct hierarchical superstructures based on molecular programming of peptidomimetics. Chiral steric hindrance in the polymer backbone stabilizes peptoid helices that crystallize into nanosheets during solvent evaporation. The stacking of nanosheets results in flower-like superstructures. The helical peptoid, nucleated from chiral monomers, is characterized as locally stiffer and more extended than the unstructured peptoid. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further suggest a constraint on the dihedral angles and a preference toward the trans configuration, resulting in an extended chain structure. The nanosheet assemblies at various length scales indicate an extent of intermolecular ordering amplified by chiral steric hindrance. Such molecular programming and processing protocols will benefit the future design and controlled assembly of hierarchical peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Daniela M Rivera Mirabal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ronnie V Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Niko W Vlahakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Phong H Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shawn D Mengel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew Mecklenburg
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - M Scott Shell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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3
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Marioni N, Nordness O, Zhang Z, Sujanani R, Freeman BD, Segalman RA, Clément RJ, Ganesan V. Ion and Water Dynamics in the Transition from Dry to Wet Conditions in Salt-Doped PEG. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:341-347. [PMID: 38428022 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The influence of the water content on ion and water transport mechanisms in polymer membranes under low to moderate hydration conditions remains poorly understood. In this study, we combine ion and water diffusivity (PFG-NMR) measurements with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to better understand transport processes in hydrated salt-doped poly(ethylene glycol). Above the water percolation threshold, the experimental and simulated diffusivities are in good agreement with the free volume transport models. At low hydration levels, unlike dry systems, ion diffusion cannot be described by polymer segmental dynamics alone. We rationalize such observations by the interplay between ion-water and ion-polymer solvation of cations and between ion-water and cation-anion interactions for anions. Further, we demonstrate that a two-state model combining ion-water solvation and free volume transport can describe water dynamics across the entire hydration range of interest. Our findings provide a more encompassing analysis of ion and water transport in hydrated polyelectrolytes, specifically in the low hydration regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Marioni
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Oscar Nordness
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rahul Sujanani
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raphaële J Clément
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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4
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Moon JD, Webber TR, Brown DR, Richardson PM, Casey TM, Segalman RA, Shell MS, Han S. Nanoscale water-polymer interactions tune macroscopic diffusivity of water in aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) solutions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2495-2508. [PMID: 38362435 PMCID: PMC10866362 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05377f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The separation and anti-fouling performance of water purification membranes is governed by both macroscopic and molecular-scale water properties near polymer surfaces. However, even for poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) - ubiquitously used in membrane materials - there is little understanding of whether or how the molecular structure of water near PEO surfaces affects macroscopic water diffusion. Here, we probe both time-averaged bulk and local water dynamics in dilute and concentrated PEO solutions using a unique combination of experimental and simulation tools. Pulsed-Field Gradient NMR and Overhauser Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (ODNP) capture water dynamics across micrometer length scales in sub-seconds to sub-nanometers in tens of picoseconds, respectively. We find that classical models, such as the Stokes-Einstein and Mackie-Meares relations, cannot capture water diffusion across a wide range of PEO concentrations, but that free volume theory can. Our study shows that PEO concentration affects macroscopic water diffusion by enhancing the water structure and altering free volume. ODNP experiments reveal that water diffusivity near PEO is slower than in the bulk in dilute solutions, previously not recognized by macroscopic transport measurements, but the two populations converge above the polymer overlap concentration. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the reduction in water diffusivity occurs with enhanced tetrahedral structuring near PEO. Broadly, we find that PEO does not simply behave like a physical obstruction but directly modifies water's structural and dynamic properties. Thus, even in simple PEO solutions, molecular scale structuring and the impact of polymer interfaces is essential to capturing water diffusion, an observation with important implications for water transport through structurally complex membrane materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Moon
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Thomas R Webber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Dennis Robinson Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Peter M Richardson
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Thomas M Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - M Scott Shell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
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5
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Mengel SD, Guo W, Wu G, Finlay JA, Allen P, Clare AS, Medhi R, Chen Z, Ober CK, Segalman RA. Diffusely Charged Polymeric Zwitterions as Loosely Hydrated Marine Antifouling Coatings. Langmuir 2024; 40:282-290. [PMID: 38131624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric zwitterions exhibit exceptional fouling resistance through the formation of a strongly hydrated surface of immobilized water molecules. While being extensively tested for their performance in biomedical, membrane, and, to a lesser extent, marine environments, few studies have investigated how the molecular design of the zwitterion may enhance its performance. Furthermore, while theories of zwitterion antifouling mechanisms exist for molecular-scale foulant species (e.g., proteins and small molecules), it remains unclear how molecular-scale mechanisms influence the micro- and macroscopic interactions of relevance for marine applications. The present study addresses these gaps through the use of a modular zwitterion chemistry platform, which is characterized by a combination of surface-sensitive sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and marine assays. Zwitterions with increasingly delocalized cations demonstrate improved fouling resistance against the green alga Ulva linza. SFG spectra correlate well with the assay results, suggesting that the more diffuse charges exhibit greater surface hydration with more bound water molecules. Hence, the number of bound interfacial water molecules appears to be more influential in determining the marine antifouling activities of zwitterionic polymers than the binding strength of individual water molecules at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Mengel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Wen Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Guangyao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Peter Allen
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Riddhiman Medhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14583, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14583, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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6
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Doherty MF, Segalman RA, Kane RS. Introduction. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:i. [PMID: 37289560 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ch-14-040723-100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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7
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DeStefano A, Nguyen M, Fredrickson GH, Han S, Segalman RA. Design of Soft Material Surfaces with Rationally Tuned Water Diffusivity. ACS Cent Sci 2023; 9:1019-1024. [PMID: 37252353 PMCID: PMC10214527 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Water structure and dynamics can be key modulators of adsorption, separations, and reactions at soft material interfaces, but systematically tuning water environments in an aqueous, accessible, and functionalizable material platform has been elusive. This work leverages variations in excluded volume to control and measure water diffusivity as a function of position within polymeric micelles using Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization spectroscopy. Specifically, a versatile materials platform consisting of sequence-defined polypeptoids simultaneously offers a route to controlling the functional group position and a unique opportunity to generate a water diffusivity gradient extending away from the polymer micelle core. These results demonstrate an avenue not only to rationally design the chemical and structural properties of polymer surfaces but also to design and tune the local water dynamics that, in turn, can adjust the local activity for solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra
J. DeStefano
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - My Nguyen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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8
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Shannon DP, Moon JD, Barney CW, Sinha NJ, Yang KC, Jones SD, Garcia RV, Helgeson ME, Segalman RA, Valentine MT, Hawker CJ. Modular Synthesis and Patterning of High-Stiffness Networks by Postpolymerization Functionalization with Iron–Catechol Complexes. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2268-2276. [PMID: 37013083 PMCID: PMC10064740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired iron-catechol cross-links have shown remarkable success in increasing the mechanical properties of polymer networks, in part due to clustering of Fe3+-catechol domains which act as secondary network reinforcing sites. We report a versatile synthetic procedure to prepare modular PEG-acrylate networks with independently tunable covalent bis(acrylate) and supramolecular Fe3+-catechol cross-linking. Initial control of network structure is achieved through radical polymerization and cross-linking, followed by postpolymerization incorporation of catechol units via quantitative active ester chemistry and subsequent complexation with iron salts. By tuning the ratio of each building block, dual cross-linked networks reinforced by clustered iron-catechol domains are prepared and exhibit a wide range of properties (Young's moduli up to ∼245 MPa), well beyond the values achieved through purely covalent cross-linking. This stepwise approach to mixed covalent and metal-ligand cross-linked networks also permits local patterning of PEG-based films through masking techniques forming distinct hard, soft, and gradient regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan P. Shannon
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Joshua D. Moon
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | - Christopher W. Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Nairiti J. Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Kai-Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | - Seamus D. Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | - Ronnie V. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Megan T. Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
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9
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Jones S, Bamford J, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Decoupling Ion Transport and Matrix Dynamics to Make High Performance Solid Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Polym Au 2022; 2:430-448. [PMID: 36561285 PMCID: PMC9761859 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transport of ions through solid polymeric electrolytes (SPEs) involves a complicated interplay of ion solvation, ion-ion interactions, ion-polymer interactions, and free volume. Nonetheless, prevailing viewpoints on the subject promote a significantly simplified picture, likening ion transport in a polymer to that in an unstructured fluid at low solute concentrations. Although this idealized liquid transport model has been successful in guiding the design of homogeneous electrolytes, structured electrolytes provide a promising alternate route to achieve high ionic conductivity and selectivity. In this perspective, we begin by describing the physical origins of the idealized liquid transport mechanism and then proceed to examine known cases of decoupling between the matrix dynamics and ionic transport in SPEs. Specifically we discuss conditions for "decoupled" mobility that include a highly polar electrolyte environment, a percolated path of free volume elements (either through structured or unstructured channels), high ion concentrations, and labile ion-electrolyte interactions. Finally, we proceed to reflect on the potential of these mechanisms to promote multivalent ion conductivity and the need for research into the interfacial properties of solid polymer electrolytes as well as their performance at elevated potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus
D. Jones
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - James Bamford
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,
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10
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Le ML, Grzetic DJ, Delaney KT, Yang KC, Xie S, Fredrickson GH, Chabinyc ML, Segalman RA. Electrostatic Interactions Control the Nanostructure of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte–Polymeric Ionic Liquid Blends. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- My Linh Le
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Douglas J. Grzetic
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kris T. Delaney
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kai-Chieh Yang
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shuyi Xie
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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11
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Fredrickson GH, Xie S, Edmund J, Le ML, Sun D, Grzetic DJ, Vigil DL, Delaney KT, Chabinyc ML, Segalman RA. Ionic Compatibilization of Polymers. ACS Polym Au 2022; 2:299-312. [PMID: 36267546 PMCID: PMC9576261 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shuyi Xie
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jerrick Edmund
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - My Linh Le
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Douglas J. Grzetic
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Daniel L. Vigil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kris T. Delaney
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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12
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Xie S, Nikolaev A, Nordness OA, C. Llanes L, Jones SD, Richardson PM, Wang H, Clément RJ, Read de Alaniz J, Segalman RA. Polymer Electrolyte Based on Cyano-Functionalized Polysiloxane with Enhanced Salt Dissolution and High Ionic Conductivity. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Xie
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Oscar A. Nordness
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Luana C. Llanes
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Seamus D. Jones
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Peter M. Richardson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hengbin Wang
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raphaële J. Clément
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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13
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Doherty MF, Segalman RA. Introduction. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:i. [PMID: 35700526 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ch-13-040722-100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Brittany J. Thompson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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15
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Jiao S, Rivera Mirabal DM, DeStefano AJ, Segalman RA, Han S, Shell MS. Sequence Modulates Polypeptoid Hydration Water Structure and Dynamics. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1745-1756. [PMID: 35274944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of polypeptoid sequence on the structure and dynamics of its hydration waters. Polypeptoids provide an excellent platform to study small-molecule hydration in disordered polymers, as they can be precisely synthesized with a variety of sidechain chemistries. We examine water behavior near a set of peptoid oligomers in which the number and placement of nonpolar versus polar sidechains are systematically varied. To do this, we leverage a new computational workflow enabling accurate sampling of polypeptoid conformations. We find that the hydration waters are less dense, are more tetrahedral, and have slower dynamics compared to bulk water. The magnitude of these shifts increases with the number of nonpolar groups. We also find that shifts in the water structure and dynamics are strongly correlated, suggesting that experimental insight into the dynamics of hydration water obtained by Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) also contains information about water structural properties. We then demonstrate the ability of ODNP to probe site-specific dynamics of hydration water near these model peptoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Jiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Daniela M Rivera Mirabal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681, United States
| | - Audra J DeStefano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - M Scott Shell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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16
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Jones S, Nguyen H, Richardson PM, Chen YQ, Wyckoff KE, Hawker CJ, Clément R, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Design of Polymeric Zwitterionic Solid Electrolytes with Superionic Lithium Transport. ACS Cent Sci 2022; 8:169-175. [PMID: 35233449 PMCID: PMC8874728 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress toward durable and energy-dense lithium-ion batteries has been hindered by instabilities at electrolyte-electrode interfaces, leading to poor cycling stability, and by safety concerns associated with energy-dense lithium metal anodes. Solid polymeric electrolytes (SPEs) can help mitigate these issues; however, the SPE conductivity is limited by sluggish polymer segmental dynamics. We overcome this limitation via zwitterionic SPEs that self-assemble into superionically conductive domains, permitting decoupling of ion motion and polymer segmental rearrangement. Although crystalline domains are conventionally detrimental to ion conduction in SPEs, we demonstrate that semicrystalline polymer electrolytes with labile ion-ion interactions and tailored ion sizes exhibit excellent lithium conductivity (1.6 mS/cm) and selectivity (t + ≈ 0.6-0.8). This new design paradigm for SPEs allows for simultaneous optimization of previously orthogonal properties, including conductivity, Li selectivity, mechanics, and processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus
D. Jones
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
| | - Howie Nguyen
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
| | - Peter M. Richardson
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
| | - Yan-Qiao Chen
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
| | - Kira E. Wyckoff
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
| | - Raphaële
J. Clément
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93110-5080, United States
- Email for R.A.S.:
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17
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Wong LN, Jones SD, Wood K, de Campo L, Darwish T, Moir M, Li H, Segalman RA, Warr GG, Atkin R. Polycation radius of gyration in a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL): the PIL melt is not a theta solvent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4526-4532. [PMID: 35119064 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05354j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformation of the polycation in the prototypical polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) poly(3-methyl-1-aminopropylimidazolylacrylamide) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (poly(3MAPIm)TFSI) was probed using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) at 25 °C and 80 °C. Poly(3MAPIm)TFSI contains microvoids which lead to intense low q scattering that can be mitigated using mixtures of hydrogen- and deuterium-rich materials, allowing determination of the polycation conformation and radius of gyration (Rg). In the pure PIL, the polycation adopts a random coil conformation with Rg = 52 ± 0.5 Å. In contrast to conventional polymer melts, the pure PIL is not a theta solvent for the polycation. The TFSI- anions, which comprise 48% v/v of the PIL, are strongly attracted to the polycation and act like small solvent molecules which leads to chain swelling analogous to an entangled, semi-dilute, or concentrated polymer solution in a good solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas N Wong
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Seamus D Jones
- Chemical Engineering Department and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Kathleen Wood
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Liliana de Campo
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Tamim Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF), ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Michael Moir
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF), ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Chemical Engineering Department and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.
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18
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Barry ME, Aydogan Gokturk P, DeStefano AJ, Leonardi AK, Ober CK, Crumlin EJ, Segalman RA. Effects of Amphiphilic Polypeptoid Side Chains on Polymer Surface Chemistry and Hydrophilicity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:7340-7349. [PMID: 35089024 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are commonly used in applications that require long-term exposure to water and aqueous mixtures, serving as water purification membranes, marine antifouling coatings, and medical implants, among many other applications. Because polymer surfaces restructure in response to the surrounding environment, in situ characterization is crucial for providing an accurate understanding of the surface chemistry under conditions of use. To investigate the effects of surface-active side chains on polymer surface chemistry and resultant interactions with interfacial water (i.e., water sorption), we present synchrotron ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) studies performed on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)- and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based polymer surfaces modified with amphiphilic polypeptoid side chains, previously demonstrated to be efficacious in marine fouling prevention and removal. The polymer backbone and environmental conditions were found to affect polypeptoid surface presentation: due to the surface segregation of its fluorinated polypeptoid monomers under vacuum, the PEO-peptoid copolymer showed significant polypeptoid content in both vacuum and hydrated conditions, while the modified PDMS-based copolymer showed increased polypeptoid content only in hydrated conditions due to the hydrophilicity of the ether monomers and polypeptoid backbone. Polypeptoids were found to bind approximately 2.8 water molecules per monomer unit in both copolymers, and the PEO-peptoid surface showed substantial water sorption that suggests a surface with a more diffuse water/polymer interface. This work implies that side chains are ideal for tuning water affinity without altering the base polymer composition, provided that surface-driving groups are present to ensure activity at the interface. These types of systematic modifications will generate novel polymers that maximize bound interfacial water and can deliver surface-active groups to the surface to improve the effectiveness of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla E Barry
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Pinar Aydogan Gokturk
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Audra J DeStefano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Amanda K Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ethan J Crumlin
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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19
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Nikolaev A, Richardson PM, Xie S, Canzian Llanes L, Jones SD, Nordness O, Wang H, Bazan GC, Segalman RA, Clément RJ, Read de Alaniz J. Role of Electron-Deficient Imidazoles in Ion Transport and Conductivity in Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Nikolaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Peter M. Richardson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shuyi Xie
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Luana Canzian Llanes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Seamus D. Jones
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Oscar Nordness
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hengbin Wang
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raphaële J. Clément
- Materials Department, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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20
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Jain SK, Rawlings D, Antoine S, Segalman RA, Han S. Confinement Promotes Hydrogen Bond Network Formation and Grotthuss Proton Hopping in Ion-Conducting Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal K. Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dakota Rawlings
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ségolène Antoine
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Colin R. Bridges
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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22
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DeStefano A, Segalman RA, Davidson EC. Where Biology and Traditional Polymers Meet: The Potential of Associating Sequence-Defined Polymers for Materials Science. JACS Au 2021; 1:1556-1571. [PMID: 34723259 PMCID: PMC8549048 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymers with precisely defined monomeric sequences present an exquisite tool for controlling material properties by harnessing both the robustness of synthetic polymers and the ability to tailor the inter- and intramolecular interactions so crucial to many biological materials. While polymer scientists traditionally synthesized and studied the physics of long molecules best described by their statistical nature, many biological polymers derive their highly tailored functions from precisely controlled sequences. Therefore, significant effort has been applied toward developing new methods of synthesizing, characterizing, and understanding the physics of non-natural sequence-defined polymers. This perspective considers the synergistic advantages that can be achieved via tailoring both precise sequence control and attributes of traditional polymers in a single system. Here, we focus on the potential of sequence-defined polymers in highly associating systems, with a focus on the unique properties, such as enhanced proton conductivity, that can be attained by incorporating sequence. In particular, we examine these materials as key model systems for studying previously unresolvable questions in polymer physics including the role of chain shape near interfaces and how to tailor compatibilization between dissimilar polymer blocks. Finally, we discuss the critical challenges-in particular, truly scalable synthetic approaches, characterization and modeling tools, and robust control and understanding of assembly pathways-that must be overcome for sequence-defined polymers to attain their potential and achieve ubiquity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra
J. DeStefano
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Emily C. Davidson
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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23
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Le ML, Rawlings D, Danielsen SPO, Kennard RM, Chabinyc ML, Segalman RA. Aqueous Formulation of Concentrated Semiconductive Fluid Using Polyelectrolyte Coacervation. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1008-1014. [PMID: 35549124 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), which combine π-conjugated backbones with ionic side chains, are intrinsically soluble in polar solvents and have demonstrated tunability with respect to solution processability and optoelectronic performance. However, this class of polymers often suffers from limited solubility in water. Here, we demonstrate how polyelectrolyte coacervation can be utilized for aqueous processing of conjugated polymers at extremely high polymer loading. Sampling various mixing conditions, we identify compositions that enable the formation of complex coacervates of an alkoxysulfonate-substituted PEDOT (PEDOT-S) with poly(3-methyl-1-propylimidazolylacrylamide) (PA-MPI). The resulting coacervate is a viscous fluid containing 50% w/v polymer and can be readily blade-coated into films of 4 ± 0.5 μm thick. Subsequent acid doping of the film increased the electrical conductivity of the coacervate to twice that of a doped film of neat PEDOT-S. This higher conductivity of the doped coacervate film suggests an enhancement in charge carrier transport along PEDOT-S backbone, in agreement with spectroscopic data, which shows an enhancement in the conjugation length of PEDOT-S upon coacervation. This study illustrates the utilization of electrostatic interactions in aqueous processing of conjugated polymers, which will be useful in large-scale industrial processing of semiconductive materials using limited solvent and with added enhancements to optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Linh Le
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dakota Rawlings
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Rhiannon M. Kennard
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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24
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Antoine S, Geng Z, Zofchak ES, Chwatko M, Fredrickson GH, Ganesan V, Hawker CJ, Lynd NA, Segalman RA. Non-intuitive Trends in Flory–Huggins Interaction Parameters in Polyether-Based Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Antoine
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Everett S. Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Malgorzata Chwatko
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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25
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Leonardi A, Zhang AC, Düzen N, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Clarke JL, Clare AS, Segalman RA, Ober CK. Amphiphilic Nitroxide-Bearing Siloxane-Based Block Copolymer Coatings for Enhanced Marine Fouling Release. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:28790-28801. [PMID: 34105932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The buildup of organic matter and organisms on surfaces exposed to marine environments, known as biofouling, is a disruptive and costly process affecting maritime operations. Previous research has identified some of the surface characteristics particularly suited to the creation of antifouling and fouling-release surfaces, but there remains room for improvement against both macrofouling and microfouling organisms. Characterization of their adhesives has shown that many rely on oxidative chemistries. In this work, we explore the incorporation of the stable radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpipiderin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a component in an amphiphilic block copolymer system to act as an inhibitor for marine cements, disrupting adhesion of macrofouling organisms. Using polystyrene-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane-r-vinylmethysiloxane) block copolymers, pendent vinyl groups were functionalized with TEMPO and poly(ethylene glycol) to construct an amphiphilic material with redox active character. The antifouling and fouling-release performance of these materials was investigated through settlement and removal assays of three model fouling organisms and correlated to surface structure and chemistry. Surfaces showed significant antifouling character and fouling-release performance was increased substantially toward barnacles by the incorporation of stable radicals, indicating their potential for marine antifouling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aria C Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nilay Düzen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihang Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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27
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Jiao S, DeStefano A, Monroe JI, Barry M, Sherck N, Casey T, Segalman RA, Han S, Shell MS. Quantifying Polypeptoid Conformational Landscapes through Integrated Experiment and Simulation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Jiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Audra DeStefano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jacob I. Monroe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mikayla Barry
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nicholas Sherck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thomas Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - M. Scott Shell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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28
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Segalman RA, Doherty MF. Introduction. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:i-ii. [PMID: 34097847 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ch-12-033021-100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Oh S, Nikolaev A, Tagami K, Tran T, Lee D, Mukherjee S, Segalman RA, Han S, Read de Alaniz J, Chabinyc ML. Redox-Active Polymeric Ionic Liquids with Pendant N-Substituted Phenothiazine. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:5319-5326. [PMID: 33480673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that are elastic while supporting charge transport are desirable for flexible and soft electronics. Many polymers with bulky and conjugated redox-active pendant units have high glass transition temperatures (Tg) in their neutral form that will not lead to elasticity at room temperature. Their behavior in charged form in the solid state without an electrolyte has not been extensively studied. Here, the design strategy of polymeric ionic liquid where two weakly interacting ionic groups are used to maintain a low Tg is shown to lead to flexible redox active polymers. The use of a flexible ethylene backbone and redox-active phenothiazine (PTZ)-based pendant group resulted in polymers with relatively low Tg that are electrically conductive. PTZ that was N-substituted with 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl was found to promote solubility of the polymer and lower the Tg of the neutral polymer by ∼150 °C relative to that of the Tg of a variant without the N-substituent. Doping with trifluoromethanesulfonimide leads to an electrically conductive polymer without significantly increasing the Tg. Physical characterization by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy verified that the molecular design leads to an efficient charge hopping between the PTZ groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kan Tagami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thi Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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30
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Nie H, Schauser NS, Self JL, Tabassum T, Oh S, Geng Z, Jones SD, Zayas MS, Reynolds VG, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ, Han S, Bates CM, Segalman RA, Read de Alaniz J. Light-Switchable and Self-Healable Polymer Electrolytes Based on Dynamic Diarylethene and Metal-Ion Coordination. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1562-1569. [PMID: 33439016 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing polymer electrolytes are reported with light-switchable conductivity based on dynamic N-donor ligand-containing diarylethene (DAE) and multivalent Ni2+ metal-ion coordination. Specifically, a polystyrene polymer grafted with poly(ethylene glycol-r-DAE)acrylate copolymer side chains was effectively cross-linked with nickel(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Ni(TFSI)2) salts to form a dynamic network capable of self-healing with fast exchange kinetics under mild conditions. Furthermore, as a photoswitching compound, the DAE undergoes a reversible structural and electronic rearrangement that changes the binding strength of the DAE-Ni2+ complex under irradiation. This can be observed in the DAE-containing polymer electrolyte where irradiation with UV light triggers an increase in the resistance of solid films, which can be recovered with subsequent visible light irradiation. The increase in resistance under UV light irradiation indicates a decrease in ion mobility after photoswitching, which is consistent with the stronger binding strength of ring-closed DAE isomers with Ni2+. 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (HMBC NMR) spectroscopy, continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (cw EPR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the increase in binding strength between ring-closed DAE with metals. Rheological and in situ ion conductivity measurements show that these polymer electrolytes efficiently heal to recover their mechanical properties and ion conductivity after damage, illustrating potential applications in smart electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey L Self
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Tarnuma Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Seamus D Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Manuel S Zayas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | | | - Craig J Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher M Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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31
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Schauser NS, Nikolaev A, Richardson PM, Xie S, Johnson K, Susca EM, Wang H, Seshadri R, Clément R, Read de Alaniz J, Segalman RA. Glass Transition Temperature and Ion Binding Determine Conductivity and Lithium-Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:104-109. [PMID: 35548991 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes with high Li+-ion conductivity provide a route toward improved safety and performance of Li+-ion batteries. However, most polymer electrolytes suffer from low ionic conduction and an even lower Li+-ion contribution to the conductivity (the transport number, t+), with the anion typically transporting over 80% of the charge. Here, we show that subtle and potentially undetected associations within a polymer electrolyte can entrain both the anion and the cation. When removed, the conductivity performance of the electrolyte can be improved by almost 2 orders of magnitude. Importantly, while some of this improvement can be attributed to a decreased glass transition temperature, Tg, the removal of the amide functional group reduces interactions between the polymer and the Li+ cations, doubling the Li+ t+ to 0.43, as measured using pulsed-field-gradient NMR. This work highlights the importance of strategic synthetic design and emphasizes the dual role of Tg and ion binding for the development of polymer electrolytes with increased total ionic conductivity and the Li+ ion contribution to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Schauser
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Peter M. Richardson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shuyi Xie
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Keith Johnson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ethan M. Susca
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hengbin Wang
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ram Seshadri
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raphaële J. Clément
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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32
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Moon JD, Sujanani R, Geng Z, Freeman BD, Segalman RA, Hawker CJ. Versatile Synthetic Platform for Polymer Membrane Libraries Using Functional Networks. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Moon
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rahul Sujanani
- John J. McKetta Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- John J. McKetta Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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33
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Nie H, Schauser NS, Dolinski ND, Geng Z, Oh S, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ, Segalman RA, Read de Alaniz J. The role of anions in light-driven conductivity in diarylethene-containing polymeric ionic liquids. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of anion character in the photostationary state, magnitude of conductivity, and light-responsive properties of diarylethene-containing polymeric ionic liquids was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Nicole S. Schauser
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California–Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
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34
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Jones SD, Schauser NS, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. The Role of Polymer–Ion Interaction Strength on the Viscoelasticity and Conductivity of Solvent-Free Polymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seamus D. Jones
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nicole S. Schauser
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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35
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Sherck N, Webber T, Brown DR, Keller T, Barry M, DeStefano A, Jiao S, Segalman RA, Fredrickson GH, Shell MS, Han S. End-to-End Distance Probability Distributions of Dilute Poly(ethylene oxide) in Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19631-19641. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Sherck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thomas Webber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dennis Robinson Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Timothy Keller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mikayla Barry
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Audra DeStefano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sally Jiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - M. Scott Shell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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36
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37
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Yu B, Danielsen SPO, Yang KC, Ho RM, Walker LM, Segalman RA. Insensitivity of Sterically Defined Helical Chain Conformations to Solvent Quality in Dilute Solution. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:849-854. [PMID: 35648517 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions as well as interactions that impose secondary structures determines the conformation of polymer chains in dilute solution. Polypeptoids-poly(N-substituted glycines) have been shown to form helical secondary structures primarily driven by steric interactions from chiral, bulky side chains, while polypeptoids with a racemic mixture of the same side chains lead to unstructured coil chains with a shorter Kuhn length. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) of the polypeptoids in dilute solution reveals that the helical polypeptoids are only locally stiffer than the coil chains formed from the racemic analogue, but exhibit overall flexibility. We show that chain conformations of both helical and coil polypeptoids (in terms of radius of gyration, Rg) are insensitive to solvent quality (parametrized by the second virial coefficient, A2). Potential effects from the bulky, chiral/racemic side chains dominating chain conformations are excluded by comparison with an achiral polypeptoid lacking side chain chirality. The specific interactions between polypeptoid segments are likely dominating the chain conformations in this type of polypeptoids as opposed to polymer-solvent interactions or energetic contributions from the helical secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai-Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Lynn M Walker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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38
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Geng Z, Schauser NS, Lee J, Schmeller RP, Barbon SM, Segalman RA, Lynd NA, Hawker CJ. Role of Side-Chain Architecture in Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhishuai Geng
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nicole S. Schauser
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jongbok Lee
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 2639, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Rayco Perez Schmeller
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Barbon
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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39
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Sahu A, Russ B, Liu M, Yang F, Zaia EW, Gordon MP, Forster JD, Zhang YQ, Scott MC, Persson KA, Coates NE, Segalman RA, Urban JJ. In-situ resonant band engineering of solution-processed semiconductors generates high performance n-type thermoelectric nano-inks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2069. [PMID: 32350274 PMCID: PMC7190739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoelectric devices possess enormous potential to reshape the global energy landscape by converting waste heat into electricity, yet their commercial implementation has been limited by their high cost to output power ratio. No single “champion” thermoelectric material exists due to a broad range of material-dependent thermal and electrical property optimization challenges. While the advent of nanostructuring provided a general design paradigm for reducing material thermal conductivities, there exists no analogous strategy for homogeneous, precise doping of materials. Here, we demonstrate a nanoscale interface-engineering approach that harnesses the large chemically accessible surface areas of nanomaterials to yield massive, finely-controlled, and stable changes in the Seebeck coefficient, switching a poor nonconventional p-type thermoelectric material, tellurium, into a robust n-type material exhibiting stable properties over months of testing. These remodeled, n-type nanowires display extremely high power factors (~500 µW m−1K−2) that are orders of magnitude higher than their bulk p-type counterparts. The design of solution-processed thermoelectric nanomaterials with efficient, stable performance remains a challenge. Here, the authors report an in-situ doping method based on nanoscale interface engineering to realize n-type thermoelectric nanowires with high performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaskanta Sahu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Boris Russ
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Miao Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.8 3rd South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, 6141 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edmond W Zaia
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Madeleine P Gordon
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason D Forster
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ya-Qian Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, 2607 Hearst Ave, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, 2607 Hearst Ave, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, 2607 Hearst Ave, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nelson E Coates
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR, 97203, USA
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, Engineering II Building, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Patterson AL, Yu B, Danielsen SPO, Davidson EC, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Monomer Sequence Effects on Interfacial Width and Mixing in Self-Assembled Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia L. Patterson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Beihang Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Emily C. Davidson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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41
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Schauser NS, Grzetic DJ, Tabassum T, Kliegle GA, Le ML, Susca EM, Antoine S, Keller TJ, Delaney KT, Han S, Seshadri R, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. The Role of Backbone Polarity on Aggregation and Conduction of Ions in Polymer Electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7055-7065. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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42
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Nie H, Schauser NS, Dolinski ND, Hu J, Hawker CJ, Segalman RA, Read de Alaniz J. Light-Controllable Ionic Conductivity in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5123-5128. [PMID: 31925869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) have attracted considerable attention as electrolytes with high stability and mechanical durability. Light-responsive materials are enabling for a variety of future technologies owing to their remote and noninvasive manipulation, spatiotemporal control, and low environmental impact. To address this potential, responsive PIL materials based on diarylethene units were designed to undergo light-mediated conductivity changes. Key to this modulation is tuning of the cationic character of the imidazolium bridging unit upon photoswitching. Irradiation of these materials with UV light triggers a circa 70 % drop in conductivity in the solid state that can be recovered upon subsequent irradiation with visible light. This light-responsive ionic conductivity enables spatiotemporal and reversible patterning of PIL films using light. This modulation of ionic conductivity allows for the development of light-controlled electrical circuits and wearable photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Nicole S Schauser
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Neil D Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jerry Hu
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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43
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Nie H, Schauser NS, Dolinski ND, Hu J, Hawker CJ, Segalman RA, Read de Alaniz J. Light‐Controllable Ionic Conductivity in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Nicole S. Schauser
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Jerry Hu
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California–Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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44
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Danielsen SPO, Davidson EC, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Absence of Electrostatic Rigidity in Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Pendant Charges. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1147-1152. [PMID: 35619444 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The delocalization of electrons in conjugated polymers impacts their chain shape, affecting their local ordering, self-assembly, and ultimately charge transport. Conjugated polyelectrolytes introduce electrostatic interactions as a molecular design parameter to potentially tune chain rigidity by combining the π-conjugated polymer backbone with pendant ionic groups. In conventional polyelectrolytes, the self-repulsion of the bound charges induce extended rod-like chain configurations. Here, we leverage small-angle neutron scattering to measure the chain shapes of model conjugated polymers in dilute solution with controlled fractions of randomly distributed pendant charges. We find these model polythiophenes are semiflexible, with a persistence length of approximately 3 nm, regardless of charge fraction, suggesting the effective absence of electrostatic rigidity in conjugated polyelectrolytes. While the overall persistence length is negligibly impacted by pendant charges, optical spectroscopy indicates that the pendant charges increase the backbone torsion between thiophene rings without significantly impacting the π-conjugation length (the length of electron delocalization along a nearly planar backbone) in dilute solution. These results indicate the effective decoupling of the pendant ionic charges from the overall chain conformation with implications for solution processing of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily C. Davidson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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45
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Zhang Y, D'Ambra CA, Katsumata R, Burns RL, Somervell MH, Segalman RA, Hawker CJ, Bates CM. Rapid and Selective Deposition of Patterned Thin Films on Heterogeneous Substrates via Spin Coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:21177-21183. [PMID: 31117458 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The selective deposition of polymer thin films can be achieved via spin coating by manipulating interfacial interactions. While this "spin dewetting" approach sometimes generates spatial localization on topographic and chemical patterns, the connection between material selection, process parameters, and resulting film characteristics remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that accurate control over these parameters allows incomplete trichlorosilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to induce spin dewetting on both homogeneous (SiO2) and heterogeneous (Cu/SiO2 or TiN/SiO2) surfaces. Glassy polymers undergo a sharp transition from uniform wetting to complete dewetting depending on spin speed, solution concentration, polymer molecular weight, and SAM chemistry. Under optimal conditions, spin dewetting on line-space patterns results in the selective deposition of polymer over regions not functionalized with SAM. The insights described herein clarify the importance of different variables involved in spin dewetting and provide access to a versatile strategy for patterning polymeric thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan L Burns
- Tokyo Electron U.S. Holdings, Inc. , Austin , Texas 78741 , United States
| | - Mark H Somervell
- Tokyo Electron U.S. Holdings, Inc. , Austin , Texas 78741 , United States
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46
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Yu B, Danielsen SPO, Patterson AL, Davidson EC, Segalman RA. Effects of Helical Chain Shape on Lamellae-Forming Block Copolymer Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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48
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Patterson AL, Danielsen SPO, Yu B, Davidson EC, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Sequence Effects on Block Copolymer Self-Assembly through Tuning Chain Conformation and Segregation Strength Utilizing Sequence-Defined Polypeptoids. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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49
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Danielsen SPO, Nguyen TQ, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Complexation of a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte and Impact on Optoelectronic Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:88-94. [PMID: 35619414 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic assembly of conjugated polyelectrolytes, which combine a π-conjugated polymer backbone with pendant ionic groups, offer an opportunity for tuning materials properties and a new route for formulating concentrated inks for printable electronics. Complex coacervation, a liquid-liquid phase separation upon complexation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in solution, is used to form dense suspensions of π-conjugated material. A model system of a cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte poly(3-[6'-{N-butylimidazolium}hexyl]thiophene) bromide and sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran-water mixtures was used to investigate this complexation behavior of conjugated polyelectrolytes in terms of electrostatic strength, solvent quality, and polymer concentration. The balance of electrostatic interaction between the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes together with their charge compensating counterions and solvent quality for the hydrophobic π-conjugated backbone leads to a rich phase diagram of soluble complexes, precipitates, and complex coacervates. The conjugated polyelectrolyte in the polyelectrolyte complexes has an increased π-conjugation length and enhanced emissivity, with ideal chain configurations due to the reduction of kink sites and torsional disorder. The advantageous photophysical properties in the dense liquid phases makes the scheme attractive for the large-scale processing of optoelectronic devices, chemical sensors, and bioelectronics components.
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50
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Thomas EM, Davidson EC, Katsumata R, Segalman RA, Chabinyc ML. Branched Side Chains Govern Counterion Position and Doping Mechanism in Conjugated Polythiophenes. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1492-1497. [PMID: 35651223 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the interactions between a semiconducting polymer and dopant is not straightforward due to the intrinsic structural and energetic disorder in polymeric systems. Although the driving force for efficient charge transfer depends on a favorable offset between the electron donor and acceptor, we demonstrate that the efficacy of doping also relies on structural constraints of incorporating a dopant molecule into the semiconducting polymer film. Here, we report the evolution in spectroscopic and electrical properties of a model conjugated polymer upon exposure to two dopant types: one that directly oxidizes the polymeric backbone and one that protonates the polymer backbone. Through vapor phase infiltration, the common charge transfer dopant, F4-TCNQ, forms a charge transfer complex (CTC) with the polymer poly(3-(2'-ethyl)hexylthiophene) (P3EHT), a conjugated polymer with the same backbone as the well-characterized polymer P3HT, resulting in a maximum electrical conductivity of 3 × 10-5 S cm-1. We postulate that the branched side chains of P3EHT force F4-TCNQ to reside between the π-faces of the crystallites, resulting in partial charge transfer between the donor and the acceptor. Conversely, protonation of the polymeric backbone using the strong acid, HTFSI, increases the electrical conductivity of P3EHT to a maximum of 4 × 10-3 S cm-1, 2 orders of magnitude higher than when a charge transfer dopant is used. The ability for the backbone of P3EHT to be protonated by an acid dopant, but not oxidized directly by F4-TCNQ, suggests that steric hindrance plays a significant role in the degree of charge transfer between dopant and polymer, even when the driving force for charge transfer is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayne M. Thomas
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Emily C. Davidson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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