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Santoro O, Izzo L. Antimicrobial Polymer Surfaces Containing Quaternary Ammonium Centers (QACs): Synthesis and Mechanism of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7587. [PMID: 39062830 PMCID: PMC11277267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polymer surfaces provide an excellent opportunity for developing materials with inherent antimicrobial and/or biocidal activity, therefore representing an answer to the increasing demand for antimicrobial active medical devices. So far, biologists and material scientists have identified a few features of bacterial cells that can be strategically exploited to make polymers inherently antimicrobial. One of these is represented by the introduction of cationic charges that act by killing or deactivating bacteria by interaction with the negatively charged parts of their cell envelope (lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, and membrane lipids). Among the possible cationic functionalities, the antimicrobial activity of polymers with quaternary ammonium centers (QACs) has been widely used for both soluble macromolecules and non-soluble materials. Unfortunately, most information is still unknown on the biological mechanism of action of QACs, a fundamental requirement for designing polymers with higher antimicrobial efficiency and possibly very low toxicity. This mini-review focuses on surfaces based on synthetic polymers with inherently antimicrobial activity due to QACs. It will discuss their synthesis, their antimicrobial activity, and studies carried out so far on their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorella Izzo
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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2
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Liu Y, Russell TP. Electroactive Ionenes: Efficient Interlayer Materials in Organic Photovoltaics. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1097-1108. [PMID: 35188380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusOrganic photovoltaics (OPVs) have the advantages of being lightweight, mechanically flexible, and solution-processable over large areas, and for decades, they have been the focus of the academic and industrial communities. Recent progress in the design of high-performance organic semiconductors and device optimization has promoted solar cell efficiencies of up to 19%, showing great promise for commercialization. Optimally designed OPVs are achieved using a bicontinuous interpenetrating network of donor and acceptor materials in between two charge-collecting electrodes. Charge extraction and transport between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are crucial to device operation. The energy-level mismatch when metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are in contact usually induces additional energy barriers and resultant inefficient charge transport and collection, leading to charge carrier recombination at the interface and inferior device performance. To align energy levels at the interface, interlayer materials and their integration into devices have emerged as a widely used strategy to promote the performance of solar cell devices. Interlayer materials have the ability to modify the work functions (WFs) of metal electrodes, holding the potential to enhance the built-in electrostatic field (Vbi) of the devices and suppress the charge recombination loss, which is beneficial to improving the open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) of the solar cells.Organic interlayer materials have recently come into focus for fundamental study and practical development because of their diverse molecular design and superior solution processability. Tremendous effort has been devoted to exploring novel organic interlayer materials to achieve all-solution-processed multilayer solar cells. Such interlayer materials usually have orthogonal solubilities relative to the photoactive layer materials, working as multifunctional interfacial layers to manipulate the mechanical and electrical contacts in solar cell devices. Ionenes are a unique class of polyelectrolytes wherein the ionic species reside within the polymer backbone rather than as pendant groups. In ionenes, the charge density is high in comparison to that of other polyelectrolytes, and the periodicity of the charges is easily controlled, providing a tunable density of dipole moments. Ionenes can be readily synthesized from 3° diamines and α,ω-dihaloalkanes to generate polymer chains of ammonium cations connected by flexible hydrocarbon linkages with mobile anions. However, the requisite building blocks of ionenes are not limited to such molecules. Recent advances in combining ionenes with conjugated molecules to generate electroactive ionenes have catalyzed a great amount of interest in such polymers for organic electronic devices.In this Account, we first introduce the molecular design and synthesis of electroactive ionenes. Following this, we will discuss the mechanism and effect of ionenes on the modification of metal electrodes. We then review the strategies for controlling the morphology of ionene interlayers. Finally, we compare the doping effect, conductivity, and charge transport of some representative ionenes and their performance as interlayers in solar cell devices. We present our current understanding based on recent progress and outstanding issues of interlayer materials in OPVs and to propose future directions and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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3
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Tuning conformational structures of imidazolium ionenes with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid solvents. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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O'Harra KE, Bara JE. Toward controlled functional sequencing and hierarchical structuring in imidazolium ionenes. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E O'Harra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
| | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
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Ionene copolymer electrolyte obtained from cyclo-addition of di-alkyne and di-azide monomers for solid-state smart glass windows. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Lee J, Lau VM, Ren Y, Evans CM, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Effect of Polymerized Ionic Liquid Structure and Morphology on Shockwave Energy Dissipation. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:535-539. [PMID: 35619357 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of nanosegregated polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) to dissipate shockwave energy is investigated for a series of imidazolium-based PILs with varying alkyl spacer length. The PILs are designed to have similar glass transition temperatures but different structures. X-ray scattering analysis reveals that each of the amorphous PILs exhibit distinct nanoscale structural heterogeneity, depending on the length of the chain spacer. We find that a higher structural heterogeneity, determined from the intensity of the intercluster scattering peak, in the PILs with longer alkyl spacers results in greater shockwave energy dissipation. In addition, we observe the crystalline phase is less effective at dissipating shockwave energy than the amorphous phase due to the close packed morphology and slow kinetics.
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Guterman R, Smith CA. Photopolymerization of Ionic Liquids – A Mutually Beneficial Approach for Materials Fabrication. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Guterman
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Christene A. Smith
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
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Cole MD, Sheri M, Bielicki C, Emrick T. Perylene Diimide-Based Ionene and Zwitterionic Polymers: Synthesis and Solution Photophysical Properties. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D. Cole
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Madhu Sheri
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Chelsea Bielicki
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Schreiner C, Bridge AT, Hunley MT, Long TE, Green MD. Segmented imidazolium ionenes: Solution rheology, thermomechanical properties, and electrospinning. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Evans CM, Bridges CR, Sanoja GE, Bartels J, Segalman RA. Role of Tethered Ion Placement on Polymerized Ionic Liquid Structure and Conductivity: Pendant versus Backbone Charge Placement. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:925-930. [PMID: 35607206 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of ion placement was systematically investigated in imidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (ImTFSI) polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) containing pendant charges and charges in the backbone (sometimes called ionenes). The backbone PILs were synthesized via a facile step growth route, and pendant PILs were synthesized via RAFT. Both PILs were designed to have nearly identical charge density, and the conductivity was found to be substantially enhanced in the backbone PIL systems even after accounting for differences in the glass transition temperature (Tg). Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) revealed an invariance in the location of the amorphous halo between the two systems, while the anion-anion correlation peak was shifted to lower scattering wavevector (q) in the backbone PILs. This indicates an increase in the correlation length of ions and is consistent with charge transport along a more correlated pathway following the polymer backbone. Due to the linear nature of the backbone PILs, crystallization was observed and correlated with changes in conductivity. Upon crystallization, the conductivity dropped, and eventually, two populations of mobile ions were observed and attributed to ions in the amorphous and near-crystallite regions. The present work demonstrates the important role of ion placement on local structure and conductivity as well as the ability of backbone PILs to be used as controllable optical or dielectric materials based on crystallization or processing history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel E. Sanoja
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Guterman R, Ambrogi M, Yuan J. Harnessing Poly(ionic liquid)s for Sensing Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1106-15. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Guterman
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Martina Ambrogi
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm D-14476 Potsdam Germany
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12
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Vijayaraghavan P, Brown JR, Hall LM. Modeling the Effect of Polymer Composition on Ionic Aggregation in Poly(propylene glycol)‐Based Ionenes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasant Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State University 201 W. 19th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Jonathan R. Brown
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Xue Y, Xiao H, Zhang Y. Antimicrobial polymeric materials with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3626-55. [PMID: 25667977 PMCID: PMC4346917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials containing quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium salts have been extensively studied and applied to a variety of antimicrobial-relevant areas. With various architectures, polymeric quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts were prepared using different approaches, exhibiting different antimicrobial activities and potential applications. This review focuses on the state of the art of antimicrobial polymers with quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts. In particular, it discusses the structure and synthesis method, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, and the comparison of antimicrobial performance between these two kinds of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Environment Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China.
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Tamami M, Zhang K, Dixit N, Moore RB, Long TE. Association of Nucleobase-Containing Ammonium Ionenes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Tamami
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute; Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Keren Zhang
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute; Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Ninad Dixit
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute; Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Robert B. Moore
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute; Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute; Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
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15
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Wu F, Huang CL, Zeng JB, Li SL, Wang YZ. Synthesis and characterization of segmented poly(butylene succinate) urethane ionenes containing secondary amine cation. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Tamami M, Hemp ST, Zhang K, Zhang M, Moore RB, Long TE. Poly(ethylene glycol)-based ammonium ionenes containing nucleobases. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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