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Kunz S, Bui TT, Emmel D, Janek J, Henkensmeier D, Schröder D. Aqueous Redox Flow Cells Utilizing Verdazyl Cations enabled by Polybenzimidazole Membranes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400550. [PMID: 38772010 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Non-aqueous organic redox flow batteries (RFB) utilizing verdazyl radicals are increasingly explored as energy storage technology. Verdazyl cations in RFBs with acidic aqueous electrolytes, however, have not been investigated yet. To advance the application in aqueous RFBs it is crucial to examine the interaction with the utilized membranes. Herein, the interactions between the 1,3,5-triphenylverdazyl cation and commercial Nafion 211 and self-casted polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes are systematically investigated to improve the performance in RFBs. The impact of polymer backbones is studied by using mPBI and OPBI as well as different pre-treatments with KOH and H3PO4. Nafion 211 shows substantial absorption of the 1,3,5-triphenylverdazylium cation resulting in loss of conductivity. In contrast, mPBI and OPBI are chemically stable against the verdazylium cation without noticeable absorption. Pre-treatment with KOH leads to a significant increase in ionic conductivity as well as low absorption and permeation of the verdazylium cation. Symmetrical RFB cell tests on lab-scale highlight the beneficial impact of PBI membranes in terms of capacity retention and I-V curves over Nafion 211. With only 2 % d-1 capacity fading 1,3,5-triphenylverdazyl cations in acidic electrolytes with low-cost PBI based membranes exhibit a higher cycling stability compared to state-of-the-art batteries using verdazyl derivatives in non-aqueous electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kunz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Hydrogen ⋅ Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Trung Tuyen Bui
- Hydrogen ⋅ Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Dominik Emmel
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19B, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Hydrogen ⋅ Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19B, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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Zhang X, Wang H, Xiao T, Chen X, Li W, Xu Y, Lin J, Wang Z, Peng H, Zhang S. Hydrogen Isotope Separation Using Graphene-Based Membranes in Liquid Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4975-4983. [PMID: 36995779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotope separation has been effectively achieved electrochemically by passage of gaseous H2/D2 through graphene/Nafion composite membranes. Nevertheless, deuteron nearly does not exist in the form of gaseous D2 in nature but as liquid water. Thus, it is a more feasible way to separate and enrich deuterium from water. Herein, we have successfully transferred monolayer graphene to a rigid and porous polymer substrate, PITEM (polyimide track-etched membrane), which could avoid the swelling problem of the Nafion substrate as well as keep the integrity of graphene. Meanwhile, defects in the large area of CVD graphene could be successfully repaired by interfacial polymerization resulting in a high separation factor. Moreover, a new model was proposed for the proton transport mechanism through monolayer graphene based on the kinetic isotope effect (KIE). In this model, graphene plays a significant role in the H/D separation process by completely breaking the O-H/O-D bond, which can maximize the KIE, leading to increased H/D separation performance. This work suggests a promising application for using monolayer graphene in the industry and proposes a pronounced understanding of proton transport in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hequn Wang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wen Li
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianlong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Khalid H, Najibah M, Park HS, Bae C, Henkensmeier D. Properties of Anion Exchange Membranes with a Focus on Water Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12100989. [PMID: 36295748 PMCID: PMC9609780 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, alkaline membrane water electrolysis, in which membranes are in direct contact with water or alkaline solutions, has gained attention. This necessitates new approaches to membrane characterization. We show how the mechanical properties of FAA3, PiperION, Nafion 212 and reinforced FAA3-PK-75 and PiperION PI-15 change when stress−strain curves are measured in temperature-controlled water. Since membranes show dimensional changes when the temperature changes and, therefore, may experience stresses in the application, we investigated seven different membrane types to determine if they follow the expected spring-like behavior or show hysteresis. By using a very simple setup which can be implemented in most laboratories, we measured the “true hydroxide conductivity” of membranes in temperature-controlled water and found that PI-15 and mTPN had higher conductivity at 60 °C than Nafion 212. The same setup was used to monitor the alkaline stability of membranes, and it was found that stability decreased in the order mTPN > PiperION > FAA3. XPS analysis showed that FAA3 was degraded by the attack of hydroxide ions on the benzylic position. Water permeability was analyzed, and mTPN had approximately two times higher permeability than PiperION and 50% higher permeability than FAA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Khalid
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Malikah Najibah
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyun S. Park
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Thin-Reinforced Anion-Exchange Membranes with High Ionic Contents for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Processes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020196. [PMID: 35207117 PMCID: PMC8876247 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are a core component that greatly affects the performance of electrochemical energy conversion processes such as reverse electrodialysis (RED) and all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The IEMs used in electrochemical energy conversion processes require low mass transfer resistance, high permselectivity, excellent durability, and also need to be inexpensive to manufacture. Therefore, in this study, thin-reinforced anion-exchange membranes with excellent physical and chemical stabilities were developed by filling a polyethylene porous substrate with functional monomers, and through in situ polymerization and post-treatments. In particular, the thin-reinforced membranes were made to have a high ion-exchange capacity and a limited degree of swelling at the same time through a double cross-linking reaction. The prepared membranes were shown to possess both strong tensile strength (>120 MPa) and low electrical resistance (<1 Ohm cm2). As a result of applying them to RED and VRFB, the performances were shown to be superior to those of the commercial membrane (AMX, Astom Corp., Japan) in the optimal composition. In addition, the prepared membranes were found to have high oxidation stability, enough for practical applications.
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Li-Nafion Membrane Plasticised with Ethylene Carbonate/Sulfolane: Influence of Mixing Temperature on the Physicochemical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071150. [PMID: 33916722 PMCID: PMC8038352 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dipolar aprotic solvents to swell lithiated Nafion ionomer membranes simultaneously serving as electrolyte and separator is of great interest for lithium battery applications. This work attempts to gain an insight into the physicochemical nature of a Li-Nafion ionomer material whose phase-separated nanostructure has been enhanced with a binary plasticiser comprising non-volatile high-boiling ethylene carbonate (EC) and sulfolane (SL). Gravimetric studies evaluating the influence both of mixing temperature (25 to 80 °C) and plasticiser composition (EC/SL ratio) on the solvent uptake of Li-Nafion revealed a hysteresis between heating and cooling modes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) revealed that the saturation of a Nafion membrane with such a plasticiser led to a re-organisation of its amorphous structure, with crystalline regions remaining practically unchanged. Regardless of mixing temperature, the preservation of crystallites upon swelling is critical due to ionomer crosslinking provided by crystalline regions, which ensures membrane integrity even at very high solvent uptake (≈200% at a mixing temperature of 80 °C). The physicochemical properties of a swollen membrane have much in common with those of a chemically crosslinked polymer gel. The conductivity of ≈10−4 S cm−1 demonstrated by Li-Nafion membranes saturated with EC/SL at room temperature is promising for various practical applications.
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Chemically stabilised extruded and recast short side chain Aquivion® proton exchange membranes for high current density operation in water electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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So S, Cha MS, Jo SW, Kim TH, Lee JY, Hong YT. Hydrophilic Channel Alignment of Perfluoronated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19689-19696. [PMID: 29851455 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is known that uniaxially drawn perfluoronated sulfonic-acid ionomers (PFSAs) show diffusion anisotropy because of the aligned water channels along the deformation direction. We apply the uniaxially stretched membranes to vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) to suppress the permeation of active species, vanadium ions through the transverse directions. The aligned water channels render much lower vanadium permeability, resulting in higher Coulombic efficiency (>98%) and longer self-discharge time (>250 h). Similar to vanadium ions, proton conduction through the membranes also decreases as the stretching ratio increases, but the thinned membranes show the enhanced voltage and energy efficiencies over the range of current density, 50-100 mA/cm2. Hydrophilic channel alignment of PFSAs is also beneficial for long-term cycling of VRFBs in terms of capacity retention and cell performances. This simple pretreatment of membranes offers an effective and facile way to overcome high vanadium permeability of PFSAs for VRFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonyong So
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
| | - Min Suc Cha
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Jo
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , South Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
| | - Jang Yong Lee
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
| | - Young Taik Hong
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
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Zhong Y, Zhang F, Wang M, Gardner CJ, Kim G, Liu Y, Leng J, Jin S, Chen R. Reversible Humidity Sensitive Clothing for Personal Thermoregulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44208. [PMID: 28281646 PMCID: PMC5345059 DOI: 10.1038/srep44208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two kinds of humidity-induced, bendable smart clothing have been designed to reversibly adapt their thermal insulation functionality. The first design mimics the pores in human skin, in which pre-cut flaps open to produce pores in Nafion sheets when humidity increases, as might occur during human sweating thus permitting air flow and reducing both the humidity level and the apparent temperature. Like the smart human sweating pores, the flaps can close automatically after the perspiration to keep the wearer warm. The second design involves thickness adjustable clothes by inserting the bent polymer sheets between two fabrics. As the humidity increases, the sheets become thinner, thus reducing the gap between the two fabrics to reduce the thermal insulation. The insulation layer can recover its original thickness upon humidity reduction to restore its warmth-preservation function. Such humidity sensitive smart polymer materials can be utilized to adjust personal comfort, and be effective in reducing energy consumption for building heating or cooling with numerous smart design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Calvin J. Gardner
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Sungho Jin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Renkun Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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