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Wang Z, Song X, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Yu X, Deng Y, Han Y, Hu W, Geng Y. A Simple Structure Conjugated Polymer for High Mobility Organic Thin Film Transistors Processed from Nonchlorinated Solvent. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1902412. [PMID: 31871875 PMCID: PMC6918096 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a simple structure, nonchlorinated solvent processable high mobility donor-acceptor conjugated polymer, poly(2,5-bis(4-hexyldodecyl)-2,5-dihydro-3,6-di-2-thienyl-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-thiophene) (PDPPT3-HDO), is reported. The enhanced solubility in nonchlorinated solvent is realized based on a denser alkyl side chains strategy by incorporating small size comonomer thiophene. An associated benefit of thiophene comonomer is the remarkable structural simplicity of the resulting polymer, which is advantageous for industrial scaling up. The alkyl side chain density and structure of PDPPT3-HDO can efficiently control the self-assembly properties in solution and film. By bar coating from o-xylene solution, PDPPT3-HDO forms aligned films and exhibits high hole mobility of up to 9.24 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Notably, the bar-coated OTFT based on PDPPT3-HDO shows a close to ideal transistor model and a high mobility reliability factor of 87%. The multiple benefits of increased side chain density strategy may encourage the design of high mobility polymers that meet the requirements of mass production of OTFT materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Xianneng Song
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Xi Yu
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207P. R. China
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Yang Y, Liu Z, Zhang G, Zhang X, Zhang D. The Effects of Side Chains on the Charge Mobilities and Functionalities of Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers beyond Solubilities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903104. [PMID: 31483542 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed the rapid development of semiconducting polymers in terms of high charge mobilities and applications in transistors. Significant efforts have been made to develop various conjugated frameworks and linkers. However, studies are increasingly demonstrating that the side chains of semiconducting polymers can significantly affect interchain packing, thin film crystallinity, and thus semiconducting performance. Ways to modify the side alkyl chains to improve the interchain packing order and charge mobilities for conjugated polymers are first discussed. It is shown that modifying the branching chains by moving the branching points away from the backbones can boost the charge mobilities, which can also be improved through partially replacing branching chains with linear ones. Second, the effects of side chains with heteroatoms and functional groups are discussed. The siloxane-terminated side chains are utilized to enhance the semiconducting properties. The fluorinated alkyl chains are beneficial for improving both charge mobility and air stability. Incorporating H bonding group side chains can improve thin film crystallinities and boost charge mobilities. Notably, incorporating functional groups (e.g., glycol, tetrathiafulvalene, and thymine) into side chains can improve the selectivity of field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors, while photochromic group containing side chains in conjugated polymers result in photoresponsive semiconductors and optically tunable FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Ren L, Yuan D, Zhu X. Design of a Quinoidal Thieno[3,4‐
b
]thiophene‐Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Small Molecule as n‐Type Semiconductor. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1717-1722. [PMID: 30600925 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longbin Ren
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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Li M, An C, Pisula W, Müllen K. Cyclopentadithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Donor-Acceptor Polymers as Prototypical Semiconductors for High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1196-1205. [PMID: 29664608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are of great interest as organic semiconductors, because they offer a rational tailoring of the electronic properties by modification of the donor and acceptor units. Nowadays, D-A polymers exhibit field-effect mobilities on the order of 10-2-100 cm2 V-1 s-1, while several examples showed a mobility over 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. The development of cyclopentadithiophene-benzothiadiazole (CDT-BTZ) copolymers one decade ago represents an important step toward high-performance organic semiconductors for field-effect transistors. The significant rise in field-effect mobility of CDT-BTZ in comparison to the existing D-A polymers at that time opened the door to a new research field with a large number of novel D-A systems. From this point, the device performance of CDT-BTZ was gradually improved by a systematic optimization of the synthesis and polymer structure as well as by an efficient solution processing into long-range ordered thin films. The key aspect was a comprehensive understanding of the relation between polymer structure and solid-state organization. Due to their fundamental role for the field of D-A polymers in general, this Account will for the first time explicitly focus on prototypical CDT-BTZ polymers, while other reviews provide an excellent general overview on D-A polymers. The first part of this Account discusses strategies for improving the charge carrier transport, focusing on chemical aspects. Improved synthesis as an essential stage toward high purity, and high molecular weight is a prerequisite for molecular order. The modification of substituents is a further crucial feature to tune the CDT-BTZ packing and self-assembly. Linear alkyl side chains facilitate intermolecular π-stacking interactions, while branched ones increase solubility and alter the polymer packing. Additional control over the supramolecular organization of CDT-BTZ polymers is introduced by alkenyl substituents via their cis-trans isomerization. The last discussed chemical concept is based on heteroatom variation within the CDT unit. The relationships found experimentally for CDT-BTZ between polymer chemical structure, solid-state organization, and charge carrier transport are explained by means of theoretical simulations. Besides the effects of molecular design, the second part of this Account discusses the processing conditions from solution. The film microstructure, defined as a mesoscopic domain organization, is critically affected by solution processing. Suitable processing techniques allow the formation of a long-range order and a uniaxial orientation of the CDT-BTZ chains, thus lowering the trapping density of grain boundaries for charge carriers. For instance, alignment of the CDT-BTZ polymer by dip-coating yields films with a pronounced structural and electrical anisotropy and favors a fast migration of charge carriers along the conjugated backbones in the deposition direction. By using film compression with the assistance of an ionic liquid, one even obtains CDT-BTZ films with a band-like transport and a transistor hole mobility of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. This device performance is attributed to large domains in the compressed films being formed by CDT-BTZ with longer alkyl chains, which establish a fine balance between polymer interactions and growth kinetics during solvent evaporation. On the basis of the prototypical semiconductor CDT-BTZ, this Account provides general guidelines for achieving high-performance polymer transistors by taking into account the subtle balance of synthetic protocol, molecular design, and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cunbin An
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Zhong W, Sun S, Ying L, Liu F, Lan L, Huang F, Cao Y. High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors Fabricated Based on a Novel Ternary π-Conjugated Copolymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:7315-7321. [PMID: 28139913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a ternary conjugated polymer, IFBT-TT, consisting of centrosymmetric indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene as the electron-donating units and an asymmetric 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole as the electron-accepting unit. The target copolymer was synthesized using an acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) type of macromonomer, which gave the target copolymer a precisely defined D1-A-D2-A architecture. Theoretical simulation revealed that the IFBT-TT features C-H···N and F···S nonbonding interactions, leading to a highly rigid and planar molecular backbone. Although the spin-cast IFBT-TT films exhibited an amorphous morphology lacking in ordered structures, the fabricated field-effect transistors presented remarkable p-type transport properties with high mobility of up to 5.0 cm2 V-1 s-1 and excellent ambient stability. These observations highlight that the integration of a three-component D1-A-D2-A-type backbone framework is an effective molecular design strategy for high-mobility conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Lan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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Marszalek T, Li M, Pisula W. Design directed self-assembly of donor-acceptor polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10938-47. [PMID: 27440174 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04523e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor polymers with an alternating array of donor and acceptor moieties have gained particular attention during recent years as active components of organic electronics. By implementation of suitable subunits within the conjugated backbone, these polymers can be made either electron-deficient or -rich. Additionally, their band gap and light absorption can be precisely tuned for improved light-harvesting in solar cells. On the other hand, the polymer design can also be modified to encode the desired supramolecular self-assembly in the solid-state that is essential for an unhindered transport of charge carriers. This review focuses on three major factors playing a role in the assembly of donor-acceptor polymers on surfaces which are (1) nature, geometry and substitution position of solubilizing alkyl side chains, (2) shape of the conjugated polymer defined by the backbone curvature, and (3) molecular weight which determines the conjugation length of the polymer. These factors adjust the fine balance between attractive and repulsive forces and ensure a close polymer packing important for an efficient charge hopping between neighboring chains. On the microscopic scale, an appropriate domain formation with a low density of structural defects in the solution deposited thin film is crucial for the charge transport. The charge carrier transport through such thin films is characterized by field-effect transistors as basic electronic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Chang SW, Kettle J, Waters H, Horie M. Cyclopentadithiophene–benzothiadiazole copolymers with permutations of repeating unit length and ratios; synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties and photovoltaic characteristics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22946d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated copolymers with varying ratios and lengths of cyclopentadithiophene to benzothiadiazole repeating units have been synthesized and characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
| | - Jeff Kettle
- School of Electronics
- Bangor University
- Gwynedd
- UK
| | - Huw Waters
- School of Electronics
- Bangor University
- Gwynedd
- UK
| | - Masaki Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
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