1
|
Freychet G, Chantler P, Huang Y, Tan WL, Zhernenkov M, Nayak N, Kumar A, Gilhooly-Finn PA, Nielsen CB, Thomsen L, Roychoudhury S, Sirringhaus H, Prendergast D, McNeill CR. Resolving the backbone tilt of crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) with resonant tender X-ray diffraction. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1649-1657. [PMID: 35421883 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The way in which conjugated polymers pack in the solid state strongly affects the performance of polymer-based optoelectronic devices. However, even for the most crystalline conjugated polymers the precise packing of chains within the unit cell is not well established. Here we show that by performing resonant X-ray diffraction experiments at the sulfur K-edge we are able to resolve the tilting of the planar backbones of crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) within the unit cell. This approach exploits the anisotropic nature of the X-ray optical properties of conjugated polymers, enabling us to discern between different proposed crystal structures. By comparing our data with simulations based on different orientations, a tilting of the planar conjugated backbone with respect to the side chain stacking direction of 30 ± 5° is determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Chantler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Nagaraj Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Peter A Gilhooly-Finn
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Subhayan Roychoudhury
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Herkert L, Selter P, Daniliuc CG, Bäumer N, Palakkal JP, Fernández G, Hansen MR. Tuning the Molecular Packing of Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Pt II Complexes by Varying the Hydrophilic Side-Chain Length. Chemistry 2021; 27:4617-4626. [PMID: 33350532 PMCID: PMC7986126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between molecular design and packing modes constitutes one of the major challenges in self‐assembly and is essential for the preparation of functional materials. Herein, we have achieved high precision control over the supramolecular packing of amphiphilic PtII complexes by systematic variation of the hydrophilic side‐chain length. A novel approach of general applicability based on complementary X‐ray diffraction and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy has allowed us to establish a clear correlation between molecular features and supramolecular ordering. Systematically increasing the side‐chain length gradually increases the steric demand and reduces the extent of aromatic interactions, thereby inducing a gradual shift in the molecular packing from parallel to a long‐slipped organization. Notably, our findings highlight the necessity of advanced solid‐state NMR techniques to gain structural information for supramolecular systems where single‐crystal growth is not possible. Our work further demonstrates a new molecular design strategy to modulate aromatic interaction strengths and packing arrangements that could be useful for the engineering of functional materials based on PtII and aromatic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Herkert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße, 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Selter
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße, 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße, 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jasnamol P Palakkal
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße, 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang C, Nakano K, Lee HF, Chen Y, Hong YL, Nishiyama Y, Tajima K. Intermolecular Arrangement of Fullerene Acceptors Proximal to Semiconducting Polymers in Mixed Bulk Heterojunctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kyohei Nakano
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hsiao Fang Lee
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yujiao Chen
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - You-Lee Hong
- RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center; 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center; 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
- JEOL RESONANCE Inc.; Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558 Japan
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang C, Nakano K, Lee HF, Chen Y, Hong YL, Nishiyama Y, Tajima K. Intermolecular Arrangement of Fullerene Acceptors Proximal to Semiconducting Polymers in Mixed Bulk Heterojunctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7034-7039. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kyohei Nakano
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hsiao Fang Lee
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yujiao Chen
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - You-Lee Hong
- RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center; 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center; 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
- JEOL RESONANCE Inc.; Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558 Japan
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS); 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| |
Collapse
|