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Zhu W, Qiu X, Laulainen JEM, Un HL, Ren X, Xiao M, Freychet G, Vacek P, Tjhe D, He Q, Wood W, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Qu Z, Asatryan J, Martin J, Heeney M, McNeill CR, Midgley PA, Jacobs IE, Sirringhaus H. Enhancing the Conductivity and Thermoelectric Performance of Semicrystalline Conducting Polymers Through Controlled Tie Chain Incorporation. Adv Mater 2024:e2310480. [PMID: 38669281 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are promising materials for thermoelectric applications, however, at present few effective and well understood strategies exist to further advance their thermoelectric performance. Here we report a new model system for better understanding the key factors governing their thermoelectric properties: aligned, ribbon-phase poly[2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT) doped by ion-exchange doping. Using a range of microstructural and spectroscopic methods we study the effect of controlled incorporation of tie-chains between the crystalline domains through blending of high and low molecular weight chains. The tie chains provide efficient transport pathways between crystalline domains and lead to significantly enhanced electrical conductivity of 4810.1 S/cm, that is not accompanied by a reduction in Seebeck coefficient nor a large increase in thermal conductivity. We demonstrate respectable power factors of 172.6 µW m-1 K-2 in this model system. Our approach is generally applicable to a wide range of semicrystalline conjugated polymers and could provide an effective pathway for further enhancing their thermoelectric properties and overcome traditional trade-offs in optimization of thermoelectric performance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zhu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Joonatan E M Laulainen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Hio-Leng Un
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Petr Vacek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William Wood
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zichen Wang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zhengkang Qu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, Ferrol, 15471, Spain
| | - Jaime Martin
- Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, Ferrol, 15471, Spain
- POLYMAT Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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2
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Kim M, Nian S, Rau DA, Huang B, Zhu J, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Cai LH. 3D Printable Modular Soft Elastomers from Physically Cross-linked Homogeneous Associative Polymers. ACS Polym Au 2024; 4:98-108. [PMID: 38618003 PMCID: PMC11010250 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing of elastomers enables the fabrication of many technologically important structures and devices. However, there remains a critical need for the development of reprocessable, solvent-free, soft elastomers that can be printed without the need for post-treatment. Herein, we report modular soft elastomers suitable for direct ink writing (DIW) printing by physically cross-linking associative polymers with a high fraction of reversible bonds. We designed and synthesized linear-associative-linear (LAL) triblock copolymers; the middle block is an associative polymer carrying amide groups that form double hydrogen bonding, and the end blocks aggregate to hard glassy domains that effectively act as physical cross-links. The amide groups do not aggregate to nanoscale clusters and only slow down polymer dynamics without changing the shape of the linear viscoelastic spectra; this enables molecular control over energy dissipation by varying the fraction of the associative groups. Increasing the volume fraction of the end linear blocks increases the network stiffness by more than 100 times without significantly compromising the extensibility. We created elastomers with Young's moduli ranging from 8 kPa to 8 MPa while maintaining the tensile breaking strain around 150%. Using a high-temperature DIW printing platform, we transformed our elastomers to complex, highly deformable 3D structures without involving any solvent or post-print processing. Our elastomers represent the softest melt reprocessable materials for DIW printing. The developed LAL polymers synergize emerging homogeneous associative polymers with a high fraction of reversible bonds and classical block copolymer self-assembly to form a dual-cross-linked network, providing a versatile platform for the modular design and development of soft melt reprocessable elastomeric materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoeum Kim
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Shifeng Nian
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Daniel A. Rau
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jinchang Zhu
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National
Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National
Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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3
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van Dover G, Javor J, Ewoldt JK, Zhernenkov M, Wąsik P, Freychet G, Lee J, Brown D, Chen CS, Bishop DJ. Structural maturation of myofilaments in engineered 3D cardiac microtissues characterized using small angle x-ray scattering. Phys Biol 2024; 21:036001. [PMID: 38452380 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ad310e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the structural and functional development of human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) is essential to engineering cardiac tissue that enables pharmaceutical testing, modeling diseases, and designing therapies. Here we use a method not commonly applied to biological materials, small angle x-ray scattering, to characterize the structural development of hiPSC-CMs within three-dimensional engineered tissues during their preliminary stages of maturation. An x-ray scattering experimental method enables the reliable characterization of the cardiomyocyte myofilament spacing with maturation time. The myofilament lattice spacing monotonically decreases as the tissue matures from its initial post-seeding state over the span of 10 days. Visualization of the spacing at a grid of positions in the tissue provides an approach to characterizing the maturation and organization of cardiomyocyte myofilaments and has the potential to help elucidate mechanisms of pathophysiology, and disease progression, thereby stimulating new biological hypotheses in stem cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josh Javor
- Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | | | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Patryk Wąsik
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Josh Lee
- Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Dana Brown
- Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, United States of America
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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4
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Nacke P, Manabe A, Klasen-Memmer M, Chen X, Martinez V, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Maclennan JE, Clark NA, Bremer M, Giesselmann F. New examples of ferroelectric nematic materials showing evidence for the antiferroelectric smectic-Z phase. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4473. [PMID: 38396051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a new ferroelectric nematic material, 4-((4'-((trans)-5-ethyloxan-2-yl)-2',3,5,6'-tetrafluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)difluoromethoxy)-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile (AUUQU-2-N) and its higher homologues, the molecular structures of which include fluorinated building blocks, an oxane ring, and a terminal cyano group, all contributing to a large molecular dipole moment of about 12.5 D. We observed that AUUQU-2-N has three distinct liquid crystal phases, two of which were found to be polar phases with a spontaneous electric polarization Ps of up to 6 µC cm-2. The highest temperature phase is a common enantiotropic nematic (N) exhibiting only field-induced polarization. The lowest-temperature, monotropic phase proved to be a new example of the ferroelectric nematic phase (NF), evidenced by a single-peak polarization reversal current response, a giant imaginary dielectric permittivity on the order of 103, and the absence of any smectic layer X-ray diffraction peaks. The ordinary nematic phase N and the ferroelectric nematic phase NF are separated by an antiferroelectric liquid crystal phase which has low permittivity and a polarization reversal current exhibiting a characteristic double-peak response. In the polarizing light microscope, this antiferroelectric phase shows characteristic zig-zag defects, evidence of a layered structure. These observations suggest that this is another example of the recently discovered smectic ZA (SmZA) phase, having smectic layers with the molecular director parallel to the layer planes. The diffraction peaks from the smectic layering have not been observed to date but detailed 2D X-ray studies indicate the presence of additional short-range structures including smectic C-type correlations in all three phases-N, SmZA and NF-which may shed new light on the understanding of polar and antipolar order in these phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nacke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Atsutaka Manabe
- Display Solutions, Merck Electronics KGaA, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
- Individual researcher (Since 01.01.22), 64625, Bensheim, Germany
| | | | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Vikina Martinez
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Joseph E Maclennan
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Noel A Clark
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Matthias Bremer
- Display Solutions, Merck Electronics KGaA, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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5
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Yu J, Del Mundo JT, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Schaible E, Gomez EW, Gomez ED, Cosgrove DJ. Dynamic Structural Change of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls under Strain. Small 2024:e2311832. [PMID: 38386283 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The molecular foundations of epidermal cell wall mechanics are critical for understanding structure-function relationships of primary cell walls in plants and facilitating the design of bioinspired materials. To uncover the molecular mechanisms regulating the high extensibility and strength of the cell wall, the onion epidermal wall is stretched uniaxially to various strains and cell wall structures from mesoscale to atomic scale are characterized. Upon longitudinal stretching to high strain, epidermal walls contract in the transverse direction, resulting in a reduced area. Atomic force microscopy shows that cellulose microfibrils exhibit orientation-dependent rearrangements at high strains: longitudinal microfibrils are straightened out and become highly ordered, while transverse microfibrils curve and kink. Small-angle X-ray scattering detects a 7.4 nm spacing aligned along the stretch direction at high strain, which is attributed to distances between individual cellulose microfibrils. Furthermore, wide-angle X-ray scattering reveals a widening of (004) lattice spacing and contraction of (200) lattice spacing in longitudinally aligned cellulose microfibrils at high strain, which implies longitudinal stretching of the cellulose crystal. These findings provide molecular insights into the ability of the wall to bear additional load after yielding: the aggregation of longitudinal microfibrils impedes sliding and enables further stretching of the cellulose to bear increased loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua T Del Mundo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Eric Schaible
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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6
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Siemianowski O, Rongpipi S, Del Mundo JT, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Gomez ED, Gomez EW, Anderson CT. Flexible Pectin Nanopatterning Drives Cell Wall Organization in Plants. JACS Au 2024; 4:177-188. [PMID: 38274264 PMCID: PMC10806874 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are abundant sources of materials and energy. Nevertheless, cell wall nanostructure, specifically how pectins interact with cellulose and hemicelluloses to construct a robust and flexible biomaterial, is poorly understood. X-ray scattering measurements are minimally invasive and can reveal ultrastructural, compositional, and physical properties of materials. Resonant X-ray scattering takes advantage of compositional differences by tuning the energy of the incident X-ray to absorption edges of specific elements in a material. Using Tender Resonant X-ray Scattering (TReXS) at the calcium K-edge to study hypocotyls of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, we detected distinctive Ca features that we hypothesize correspond to previously unreported Ca-Homogalacturonan (Ca-HG) nanostructures. When Ca-HG structures were perturbed by chemical and enzymatic treatments, cellulose microfibrils were also rearranged. Moreover, Ca-HG nanostructure was altered in mutants with abnormal cellulose, pectin, or hemicellulose content. Our results indicate direct structural interlinks between components of the plant cell wall at the nanoscale and reveal mechanisms that underpin both the structural integrity of these components and the molecular architecture of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Siemianowski
- Department
of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Faculty of
Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Street 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sintu Rongpipi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua T. Del Mundo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department
of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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7
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Rongpipi S, Barnes WJ, Siemianowski O, Del Mundo JT, Wang C, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Anderson CT, Gomez EW, Gomez ED. Measuring calcium content in plants using NEXAFS spectroscopy. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1212126. [PMID: 37662163 PMCID: PMC10468975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1212126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is important for the growth and development of plants. It serves crucial functions in cell wall and cell membrane structure and serves as a secondary messenger in signaling pathways relevant to nutrient and immunity responses. Thus, measuring calcium levels in plants is important for studies of plant biology and for technology development in food, agriculture, energy, and forest industries. Often, calcium in plants has been measured through techniques such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and electrophysiology. These techniques, however, require large sample sizes, chemical extraction of samples or have limited spatial resolution. Here, we used near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the calcium L- and K-edges to measure the calcium to carbon mass ratio with spatial resolution in plant samples without requiring chemical extraction or large sample sizes. We demonstrate that the integrated absorbance at the calcium L-edge and the edge jump in the fluorescence yield at the calcium K-edge can be used to quantify the calcium content as the calcium mass fraction, and validate this approach with onion epidermal peels and ICP-MS. We also used NEXAFS to estimate the calcium mass ratio in hypocotyls of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, which has a cell wall composition that is similar to that of onion epidermal peels. These results show that NEXAFS spectroscopy performed at the calcium edge provides an approach to quantify calcium levels within plants, which is crucial for understanding plant physiology and advancing plant-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - William J. Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Oskar Siemianowski
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Joshua T. Del Mundo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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8
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Subramanian V, Wu K, Feng X, Tsai E, Li R, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Sen A, Mcintosh A, Thomas EL. Cryo-FIB and Synchrotron SAXS/WAXS Studies of Confined Crystallization of PDMS in Tubular Network Block Copolymer Morphologies. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:523-525. [PMID: 37613248 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Subramanian
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ken Wu
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Esther Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Anindito Sen
- Microscopy and Imaging Centre (MIC), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Avery Mcintosh
- Microscopy and Imaging Centre (MIC), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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9
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Advincula AA, Atassi A, Gregory SA, Thorley KJ, Ponder JF, Freychet G, Jones AL, Su GM, Yee SK, Reynolds JR. Elucidating Design Rules toward Enhanced Solid-State Charge Transport in Oligoether-Functionalized Dioxythiophene-Based Alternating Copolymers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37449957 PMCID: PMC10375480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the solid-state charge transport properties of the oxidized forms of dioxythiophene-based alternating copolymers consisting of an oligoether-functionalized 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) copolymerized with different aryl groups, dimethyl ProDOT (DMP), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), and 3,4-phenylenedioxythiophene (PheDOT), respectively, to yield copolymers P(OE3)-D, P(OE3)-E, and P(OE3)-Ph. At a dopant concentration of 5 mM FeTos3, the electrical conductivities of these copolymers vary significantly (ranging between 9 and 195 S cm-1) with the EDOT copolymer, P(OE3)-E, achieving the highest electrical conductivity. UV-vis-NIR and X-ray spectroscopies show differences in both susceptibility to oxidative doping and extent of oxidation for the P(OE3) series, with P(OE3)-E being the most doped. Wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements indicate that P(OE3)-E generally demonstrates the lowest paracrystallinity values in the series, as well as relatively small π-π stacking distances. The significant (i.e., order of magnitude) increase in electrical conductivity of doped P(OE3)-E films versus doped P(OE3)-D or P(OE3)-Ph films can therefore be attributed to P(OE3)-E exhibiting both the highest carrier ratios in the P(OE3) series, along with good π-π overlap and local ordering (low paracrystallinity values). Furthermore, these trends in the extent of doping and paracrystallinity are consistent with the reduced Fermi energy level and transport function prefactor parameters calculated using the semilocalized transport (SLoT) model. Observed differences in carrier ratios at the transport edge (ct) and reduced Fermi energies [η(c)] suggest a broader electronic band (better overlap and more delocalization) for the EDOT-incorporating P(OE3)-E polymer relative to P(OE3)-D and P(OE3)-Ph. Ultimately, we rationalize improvements in electrical conductivity due to microstructural and doping enhancements caused by EDOT incorporation, a structure-property relationship worth considering in the future design of highly electrically conductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Advincula
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- ARCTOS Technology Solutions, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Karl J Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - James F Ponder
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Austin L Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gregory M Su
- Advanced Light Source and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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10
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Gregory S, Atassi A, Ponder JF, Freychet G, Su GM, Reynolds JR, Losego MD, Yee SK. Quantifying Charge Carrier Localization in PBTTT Using Thermoelectric and Spectroscopic Techniques. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2023; 127:12206-12217. [PMID: 37415971 PMCID: PMC10320779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemically doped poly[2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT) shows promise for many organic electronic applications, but rationalizing its charge transport properties is challenging because conjugated polymers are inhomogeneous, with convoluted optical and solid-state transport properties. Herein, we use the semilocalized transport (SLoT) model to quantify how the charge transport properties of PBTTT change as a function of iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) doping level. We use the SLoT model to calculate fundamental transport parameters, including the carrier density needed for metal-like electrical conductivities and the position of the Fermi energy level with respect to the transport edge. We then contextualize these parameters with other polymer-dopant systems and previous PBTTT reports. Additionally, we use grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and spectroscopic ellipsometry techniques to better characterize inhomogeneity in PBTTT. Our analyses indicate that PBTTT obtains high electrical conductivities due to its quickly rising reduced Fermi energy level, and this rise is afforded by its locally high carrier densities in highly ordered microdomains. Ultimately, this report sets a benchmark for comparing transport properties across polymer-dopant-processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn
A. Gregory
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - James F. Ponder
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Gregory M. Su
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mark D. Losego
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shannon K. Yee
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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11
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Barbour A, Cai YQ, Fluerasu A, Freychet G, Fukuto M, Gang O, Gann E, Laasch R, Li R, Ocko BM, Tsai EHR, Wąsik P, Wiegart L, Yager KG, Yang L, Zhang H, Zhang Y. X-ray Scattering for Soft Matter Research at NSLS-II. Synchrotron Radiat News 2023; 36:24-30. [PMID: 38046894 PMCID: PMC10688614 DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2023.2207449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andi Barbour
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Yong Q Cai
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Andrei Fluerasu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | | | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Oleg Gang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eliot Gann
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricarda Laasch
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ocko
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Esther H R Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Patryk Wąsik
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Honghu Zhang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
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12
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Greve CR, Kuhn M, Eller F, Buchhorn MA, Hexemer A, Freychet G, Wiegart L, Herzig EM. Effects of the Grazing Incidence Geometry on X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Measurements. Langmuir 2023. [PMID: 37260231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is a versatile tool to measure dynamics on the nanometer to micrometer scale in bulk samples. XPCS has also been applied in grazing incidence (GI) geometry to examine the dynamics of surface layers. However, considering GI scattering experiments more universally, the GI geometry leads to a superposition of signals due to reflection and refraction effects, also known from the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA). In this paper, the impact of these reflection and refraction effects on the correlation analysis is determined experimentally by measuring grazing incidence transmission XPCS (GT-XPCS) and grazing incidence XPCS (GI-XPCS) simultaneously for a thin film sample, showing non-equilibrium dynamics. The results of the GI and GT geometry comparisons are combined within the framework of the standardly applied, simplified DWBA. These calculations allow identifying the main contributions of the detected signal from the leading scattering terms along the out-of-plane direction qz, which dominate the measured intensity pattern on the detector. In combination with the calculation of the non-linear effect of refraction in GTSAXS and GISAXS, it is possible to identify experimental conditions that can be chosen to run experiments and data analysis as close as possible to transmission XPCS and to explain which limitations for data interpretations are observed. Consequently, the beam exposure can be significantly reduced by using GI geometry only. Calculations of experimental settings prior to experiments are detailed to determine suitable qz regions for a variety of material systems measured in bulk-sensitive GI-XPCS experiments, allowing us to determine the scaling behavior of typical decay times as a function of q that is comparable to the scaling behavior obtained in distortion-free GT-XPCS or transmission XPCS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Greve
- Dynamics and Structure Formation─Herzig Group, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth, Bavaria 95447, Germany
| | - Meike Kuhn
- Dynamics and Structure Formation─Herzig Group, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth, Bavaria 95447, Germany
| | - Fabian Eller
- Dynamics and Structure Formation─Herzig Group, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth, Bavaria 95447, Germany
| | - Michael A Buchhorn
- Dynamics and Structure Formation─Herzig Group, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth, Bavaria 95447, Germany
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 98 Rochester Street, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 98 Rochester Street, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Eva M Herzig
- Dynamics and Structure Formation─Herzig Group, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth, Bavaria 95447, Germany
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13
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Ahn J, Chen L, Underhill PT, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Lee S. Continuous transition of colloidal crystals through stable random orders. Soft Matter 2023; 19:3257-3266. [PMID: 37060147 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Randomly stacked 2D hexagonal close-packed (RHCP) layer structures are frequently observed in colloids and other material systems but are considered metastable. We report a stable RHCP phase domain of poly(butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) (PB-PEO) diblock copolymer micellar colloids in water. The stable RHCP colloidal crystals emerge in the middle of a continuously transiting phase domain of close-packed PB-PEO colloids from a face-centered cubic (FCC) polytype to a HCP polytype. We attribute the stability of RHCP structures to two competing contributions, entropic preference for FCC lattices and long PEO corona chains stabilizing HCP lattices. When these two contributions become comparable in the phase space, thermal fluctuation randomizes the stacking order of the 2D-HCP layers, and RHCP orders are stabilized. The continuously transiting close-packed structures of PB-PEO colloids with stable RHCP states suggest that similar structural transitions and equivalent RHCP states may occur in other polytypic crystal systems because polytypic crystals have the common crystal construction rule, i.e., stacking 2D-HCP lattice layer groups in different orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Patrick T Underhill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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14
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Freychet G, Zhernenkov M. Flatfielding of hybrid pixel detectors in tender x-ray scattering. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:2888612. [PMID: 37144942 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the soft matter interfaces beamline at National Synchrotron Light Source II to access x-ray energy in the tender x-ray regime, i.e., from 2.1 to 5 keV, enables new resonant x-ray scattering studies at the sulfur K-edge and others. We present a new approach to correct data acquired in the tender x-ray regime with a Pilatus3 detector in order to improve the data quality and to correct the various artifacts inherent to hybrid pixel detectors, such as variations in modules' efficiency or noisy detector module junctions. This new flatfielding significantly enhances the data quality and enables detection of weak scattering signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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15
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Prévôt ME, Ustunel S, Freychet G, Webb CR, Zhernenkov M, Pindak R, Clements RJ, Hegmann E. Physical Models from Physical Templates Using Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomers as Morphologically Programmable Inks For 3D Printing. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200343. [PMID: 36415071 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced manufacturing has received considerable attention as a tool for the fabrication of cell scaffolds however, finding ideal biocompatible and biodegradable materials that fit the correct parameters for 3D printing and guide cells to align remain a challenge. Herein, a photocrosslinkable smectic-A (Sm-A) liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) designed for 3D printing is presented, that promotes cell proliferation but most importantly induces cell anisotropy. The LCE-based bio-ink allows the 3D duplication of a highly complex brain structure generated from an animal model. Vascular tissue models are generated from fluorescently stained mouse tissue spatially imaged using confocal microscopy and subsequently processed to create a digital 3D model suitable for printing. The 3D structure is reproduced using a Digital Light Processing (DLP) stereolithography (SLA) desktop 3D printer. Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Diffraction (SAXD) data reveal a strong alignment of the LCE layering within the struts of the printed 3D scaffold. The resultant anisotropy of the LCE struts is then shown to direct cell growth. This study offers a simple approach to produce model tissues built within hours that promote cellular alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Prévôt
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Senay Ustunel
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Caitlyn R Webb
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ron Pindak
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Robert J Clements
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Elda Hegmann
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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16
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Chen X, Martinez V, Korblova E, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Glaser MA, Wang C, Zhu C, Radzihovsky L, Maclennan JE, Walba DM, Clark NA. The smectic Z A phase: Antiferroelectric smectic order as a prelude to the ferroelectric nematic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217150120. [PMID: 36791101 PMCID: PMC9974471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217150120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We have structurally characterized the liquid crystal (LC) phase that can appear as an intermediate state when a dielectric nematic, having polar disorder of its molecular dipoles, transitions to the almost perfectly polar-ordered ferroelectric nematic. This intermediate phase, which fills a 100-y-old void in the taxonomy of smectic LCs and which we term the "smectic ZA," is antiferroelectric, with the nematic director and polarization oriented parallel to smectic layer planes, and the polarization alternating in sign from layer to layer with a 180 Å period. A Landau free energy, originally derived from the Ising model of ferromagnetic ordering of spins in the presence of dipole-dipole interactions, and applied to model incommensurate antiferroelectricity in crystals, describes the key features of the nematic-SmZA-ferroelectric nematic phase sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Vikina Martinez
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Eva Korblova
- Department of Chemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Upton, NY11973
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Upton, NY11973
| | - Matthew A. Glaser
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Leo Radzihovsky
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Joseph E. Maclennan
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - David M. Walba
- Department of Chemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Noel A. Clark
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
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17
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Nian S, Huang B, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Cai LH. Unexpected Folding of Bottlebrush Polymers in Melts. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Nian
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11973, United States
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
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18
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Ponder JF, Gregory SA, Atassi A, Advincula AA, Rinehart JM, Freychet G, Su GM, Yee SK, Reynolds JR. Metal-like Charge Transport in PEDOT(OH) Films by Post-processing Side Chain Removal from a Soluble Precursor Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211600. [PMID: 36269867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a route to produce highly electrically conductive doped hydroxymethyl functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films, termed PEDOT(OH) with metal-like charge transport properties using a fully solution processable precursor polymer is reported. This is achieved via an ester-functionalized PEDOT derivative [PEDOT(EHE)] that is soluble in a range of solvents with excellent film-forming ability. PEDOT(EHE) demonstrates moderate electrical conductivities of 20-60 S cm-1 and hopping-like (i.e., thermally activated) transport when doped with ferric tosylate (FeTos3 ). Upon basic hydrolysis of PEDOT(EHE) films, the electrically insulative side chains are cleaved and washed from the polymer film, leaving a densified film of PEDOT(OH). These films, when optimally doped, reach electrical conductivities of ≈1200 S cm-1 and demonstrate metal-like (i.e., thermally deactivated and band-like) transport properties and high stability at comparable doping levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Ponder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 45433, United States.,UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Abigail A Advincula
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Joshua M Rinehart
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Gregory M Su
- Advanced Light Source & Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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19
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Ponder J, Gregory S, Atassi A, Advincula A, Rinehart J, Freychet G, Su G, Yee S, Reynolds J. Metal‐like Charge Transport in PEDOT(OH) Films by Post‐processing Side Chain Removal from a Soluble Precursor Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Ponder
- UES Inc Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research LaboratoryWright-Patterson AFB 45433 Dayton UNITED STATES
| | - Shawn Gregory
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Amalie Atassi
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Abigail Advincula
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Joshua Rinehart
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | | | - Gregory Su
- E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Advanced Light Source & Materials Sciences Division UNITED STATES
| | - Shannon Yee
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - John Reynolds
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering UNITED STATES
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20
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Lee WY, Chapman DV, Yu F, Tait WRT, Thedford RP, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Estroff LA, Wiesner UB. Triblock Terpolymer Thin Film Nanocomposites Enabling Two-Color Optical Super-Resolution Microscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wennie Yun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Dana V. Chapman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - William R. T. Tait
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - R. Paxton Thedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lara A. Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ulrich B. Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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21
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Freychet G, Chantler P, Huang Y, Tan WL, Zhernenkov M, Nayak N, Kumar A, Gilhooly-Finn PA, Nielsen CB, Thomsen L, Roychoudhury S, Sirringhaus H, Prendergast D, McNeill CR. Resolving the backbone tilt of crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) with resonant tender X-ray diffraction. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:1649-1657. [PMID: 35421883 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The way in which conjugated polymers pack in the solid state strongly affects the performance of polymer-based optoelectronic devices. However, even for the most crystalline conjugated polymers the precise packing of chains within the unit cell is not well established. Here we show that by performing resonant X-ray diffraction experiments at the sulfur K-edge we are able to resolve the tilting of the planar backbones of crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) within the unit cell. This approach exploits the anisotropic nature of the X-ray optical properties of conjugated polymers, enabling us to discern between different proposed crystal structures. By comparing our data with simulations based on different orientations, a tilting of the planar conjugated backbone with respect to the side chain stacking direction of 30 ± 5° is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Chantler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Nagaraj Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Peter A Gilhooly-Finn
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Subhayan Roychoudhury
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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22
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Freychet G, Lemaur V, Jevric M, Vu D, Olivier Y, Zhernenkov M, Andersson MR, McNeill CR. Multi-Edge Resonant Tender X-ray Diffraction for Probing the Crystalline Packing of Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Doan Vu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mats R. Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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23
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Wang ST, Zhang H, Xuan S, Nykypanchuk D, Zhang Y, Freychet G, Ocko BM, Zuckermann RN, Todorova N, Gang O. Compact Peptoid Molecular Brushes for Nanoparticle Stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8138-8152. [PMID: 35452210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the interfaces and interactions of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) via tethered molecular moieties is crucial for NP applications in engineered nanomaterials, optics, catalysis, and nanomedicine. Despite a broad range of molecular types explored, there is a need for a flexible approach to rationally vary the chemistry and structure of these interfacial molecules for controlling NP stability in diverse environments, while maintaining a small size of the NP molecular shell. Here, we demonstrate that low-molecular-weight, bifunctional comb-shaped, and sequence-defined peptoids can effectively stabilize gold NPs (AuNPs). The generality of this robust functionalization strategy was also demonstrated by coating of silver, platinum, and iron oxide NPs with designed peptoids. Each peptoid (PE) is designed with varied arrangements of a multivalent AuNP-binding domain and a solvation domain consisting of oligo-ethylene glycol (EG) branches. Among designs, a peptoid (PE5) with a diblock structure is demonstrated to provide a superior nanocolloidal stability in diverse aqueous solutions while forming a compact shell (∼1.5 nm) on the AuNP surface. We demonstrate by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations that PE5-coated AuNPs (PE5/AuNPs) are stable in select organic solvents owing to the strong PE5 (amine)-Au binding and solubility of the oligo-EG motifs. At the vapor-aqueous interface, we show that PE5/AuNPs remain stable and can self-assemble into ordered 2D lattices. The NP films exhibit strong near-field plasmonic coupling when transferred to solid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ting Wang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Sunting Xuan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dmytro Nykypanchuk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- Energy Sciences Directorate/Photon Science Division, NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Benjamin M Ocko
- Energy Sciences Directorate/Photon Science Division, NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nevena Todorova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Oleg Gang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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24
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Kim HJ, Wang W, Zhang H, Freychet G, Ocko BM, Travesset A, Mallapragada SK, Vaknin D. Binary Superlattices of Gold Nanoparticles in Two Dimensions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3424-3430. [PMID: 35411773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have created two-dimensional (2D) binary superlattices by cocrystallizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of two distinct sizes into √3 × √3 and 2 × 2 complex binary superlattices, derived from the hexagonal structures of the single components. The building blocks of these binary systems are AuNPs that are functionalized with different chain lengths of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The assembly of these functionalized NPs at the air-water interface is driven by the presence of salt, causing PEG-AuNPs to migrate to the aqueous surface and assemble into a crystalline lattice. We have used liquid surface X-ray reflectivity (XR) and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to examine the assembly and crystallization at the liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jin Kim
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Benjamin M Ocko
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alex Travesset
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Vaknin
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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25
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Zhong W, Zhang M, Freychet G, Su GM, Ying L, Huang F, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu F. Decoupling Complex Multi-Length-Scale Morphology in Non-Fullerene Photovoltaics with Nitrogen K-Edge Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2107316. [PMID: 34750871 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Complex morphology in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and other functional soft materials commonly dictates performance. Such complexity in OPVs originates from the mesoscale kinetically trapped non-equilibrium state, which governs device charge generation and transport. Resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) has been revolutionary in the exploration of OPV morphology in the past decade due to its chemical and orientation sensitivity. However, for non-fullerene OPVs, RSoXS analysis near the carbon K-edge is challenging, due to the chemical similarity of the materials used in active layers. An innovative approach is provided by nitrogen K-edge RSoXS (NK-RSoXS), utilizing the spatial and orientational contrasts from the cyano groups in the acceptor materials, which allows for determination of phase separation. NK-RSoXS clearly visualizes the combined feature sizes in PM6:Y6 blends from crystallization and liquid-liquid demixing, while PM6:Y6:Y6-BO ternary blends with reduced phase-separation size and enhanced material crystallization can lead to current amplification in devices. Nitrogen is common in organic semiconductors and other soft materials, and the strong and directional N 1s → π* resonances make NK-RSoXS a powerful tool to uncover the mesoscale complexity and open opportunities to understand heterogeneous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhong
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Gregory M Su
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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26
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Dudenas PJ, Gann E, Freychet G, Richter LJ, DeLongchamp DM. Long-Wavelength Instabilities Impact Alignment during Blade Coating of a Stretchable Organic Transistor Blend. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:1537-1545. [PMID: 34935335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of polymer-polymer blends to tailor mechanical properties and improve electrical performance is becoming widespread in the field of printed electronics. Similarly, meniscus-guided coating can be used to tailor electrical properties through alignment of the semiconducting material. We report on a long-wavelength instability during blade coating of a semiconducting polymer/elastomer blend for organic transistor applications that results in significant variation of the semiconducting polymer nanofibril alignment across the instability period. By correlating measurements over diverse (nm to mm) length scales, we can directly relate the charge transport in top-gate transistors to the local polymer nanofibril alignment. Hole mobility is directly correlated to the local alignment and shows an ≈2 × variation across the instability for devices aligned with the coating direction. The potential for long-wavelength instabilities to create device-relevant morphology variations should be considered when optimizing coating conditions. These results reveal considerable potential for error in assuming that smooth films are necessarily structurally uniform; material structure may spatially vary for some coating methods, leading to a correlated, spatially varying device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Dudenas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Eliot Gann
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lee J Richter
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Dean M DeLongchamp
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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27
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Nian S, Fan Z, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Redemann S, Cai LH. Self-Assembly of Flexible Linear–Semiflexible Bottlebrush–Flexible Linear Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Nian
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Zhouhao Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Stefanie Redemann
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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28
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Li H, Roth SV, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Asta N, Wågberg L, Pettersson T. Structure Development of the Interphase between Drying Cellulose Materials Revealed by In Situ Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4274-4283. [PMID: 34541856 PMCID: PMC8512666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nano- to microscale structures at the interface between materials can define the macroscopic material properties. These structures are extremely difficult to investigate for complex material systems, such as cellulose-rich materials. The development of new model cellulose materials and measuring techniques has opened new possibilities to resolve this problem. We present a straightforward approach combining micro-focusing grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the structural rearrangements of cellulose/cellulose interfaces in situ during drying. Based on the results, we propose that molecular interdiffusion and structural rearrangement play a major role in the development of the properties of the cellulose/cellulose interphase; this model is representative of the development of the properties of joint/contact points between macroscopic cellulose fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nadia Asta
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
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29
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Kim KT, Jagannath MSP, Su GM, Freychet G, Zeng T, Mohanty KK, Henkelman G, Katz LE, Werth CJ. Surfactant inhibition mechanisms of carbonate mineral dissolution in shale. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Kim HJ, Wang W, Zhang H, Freychet G, Ocko BM, Travesset A, Mallapragada SK, Vaknin D. Effect of Polymer Chain Length on the Superlattice Assembly of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. Langmuir 2021; 37:10143-10149. [PMID: 34370486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on the assembly of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) superlattices at the liquid/vapor interface and in the bulk of their suspensions. Interparticle distances in the assemblies are achieved on multiple length scales by varying chain lengths of surface grafted AuNPs by polyethylene glycol (PEG) with molecular weights in the range 2000-40,000 Da. Crystal structures and lattice constants in both 2D and 3D assemblies are determined by synchrotron-based surface-sensitive and small-angle X-ray scattering. Assuming knowledge of grafting density, we show that experimentally determined interparticle distances are adequately modeled by spherical brushes close to the θ point (Flory-Huggins parameter, χ≈12) for 2D superlattices at a liquid interface and a nonsolvent (χ = ∞) for the 3D dry superlattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jin Kim
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Benjamin M Ocko
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alex Travesset
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Vaknin
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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31
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Greve CR, Kuhn M, Eller F, Buchhorn MA, Kumar D, Hexemer A, Freychet G, Wiegart L, Herzig EM. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray photoncorrelation spectroscopy: limitations and opportunities. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876732108778x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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32
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Yu F, Thedford RP, Hedderick KR, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Estroff LA, Nowack KC, Gruner SM, Wiesner UB. Patternable Mesoporous Thin Film Quantum Materials via Block Copolymer Self-Assembly: An Emergent Technology? ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:34732-34741. [PMID: 34279895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in quantum materials hold promise for revolutionizing energy and information technologies. The use of soft matter self-assembly, for example, by employing block copolymers (BCPs) as structure directing or templating agents, offers facile pathways toward quantum metamaterials with highly tunable mesostructures via scalable solution processing. Here, we report the preparation of patternable mesoporous niobium carbonitride-type thin film superconductors through spin-coating of a hybrid solution containing an amphiphilic BCP swollen by niobia sol precursors and subsequent thermal processing in combination with photolithography. Spin-coated as-made BCP-niobia hybrid thin films on silicon substrates after optional photolithographic definition are heated in air to produce a porous oxide, and subsequently converted in a multistep process to carbonitrides via treatment with high temperatures in reactive gases including ammonia. Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering suggests the presence of ordered mesostructures in as-made BCP-niobia films without further annealing, consistent with a distorted alternating gyroid morphology that is retained upon thermal treatments. Wide-angle X-ray scattering confirms the synthesis of phase-pure niobium carbonitride nanocrystals with rock-salt lattices within the mesoscale networks. Electrical transport measurements of unpatterned thin films show initial exponential rise in resistivity characteristic of thermal activation in granular systems down to 12.8 K, at which point resistivity drops to zero into a superconducting state. Magnetoresistance measurements determine the superconducting upper critical field to be over 16 T, demonstrating material quality on par with niobium carbonitrides obtained from traditional solid-state synthesis methods. We discuss how such cost-effective and scalable solution-based quantum materials fabrication approaches may be integrated into existing microelectronics processing, promising the emergence of a technology with tremendous academic and industrial potential by combining the capabilities of soft matter self-assembly with quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - R Paxton Thedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Konrad R Hedderick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Katja C Nowack
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sol M Gruner
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ulrich B Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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33
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Abstract
The planar, aromatic nature of the backbone of conjugated polymers endows them with anisotropic properties. Here we show that the resonant X-ray diffraction of a sulfur-containing semicrystalline conjugated polymer at the sulfur K-edge is highly anisotropic, with strong modulation of diffracted intensity depending upon the relative orientation of the polarization of the incident beam with respect to the diffracting crystal planes. Through determination of the anisotropic resonant scattering factors, we can spectroscopically reproduce the observed resonant anisotropic scattering effects based on a proposed unit cell geometry for the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Eliot Gann
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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34
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Freychet G, Gann E, Thomsen L, Jiao X, McNeill CR. Resonant Tender X-ray Diffraction for Disclosing the Molecular Packing of Paracrystalline Conjugated Polymer Films. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1409-1415. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Eliot Gann
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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35
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Javor J, Ewoldt JK, Cloonan PE, Chopra A, Luu RJ, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Ludwig K, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Chen CS, Bishop DJ. Probing the subcellular nanostructure of engineered human cardiomyocytes in 3D tissue. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 34567727 PMCID: PMC8433147 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional maturation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) is essential for pharmaceutical testing, disease modeling, and ultimately therapeutic use. Multicellular 3D-tissue platforms have improved the functional maturation of hiPSC-CMs, but probing cardiac contractile properties in a 3D environment remains challenging, especially at depth and in live tissues. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) imaging, we show that hiPSC-CMs matured and examined in a 3D environment exhibit a periodic spatial arrangement of the myofilament lattice, which has not been previously detected in hiPSC-CMs. The contractile force is found to correlate with both the scattering intensity (R 2 = 0.44) and lattice spacing (R 2 = 0.46). The scattering intensity also correlates with lattice spacing (R 2 = 0.81), suggestive of lower noise in our structural measurement than in the functional measurement. Notably, we observed decreased myofilament ordering in tissues with a myofilament mutation known to lead to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Our results highlight the progress of human cardiac tissue engineering and enable unprecedented study of structural maturation in hiPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Javor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Jourdan K. Ewoldt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Paige E. Cloonan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Anant Chopra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Rebeccah J. Luu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | | | | | - Karl Ludwig
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Division of Materials Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | | | | | - Christopher S. Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - David J. Bishop
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Division of Materials Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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36
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Freychet G, Maret M, Fernandez‐Regulez M, Tiron R, Gharbi A, Nicolet C, Gergaud P. Morphology of poly(lactide)‐
block
‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐
block
‐polylactide high‐
χ
triblock copolymer film studied by grazing incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering. Journal of Polymer Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raluca Tiron
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC CampusUniversity of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Ahmed Gharbi
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC CampusUniversity of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
| | | | - Patrice Gergaud
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC CampusUniversity of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
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37
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Sunday DF, Delachat F, Gharbi A, Freychet G, Liman CD, Tiron R, Kline RJ. X-ray characterization of contact holes for block copolymer lithography. J Appl Crystallogr 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718017272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) is a promising low-cost approach to patterning structures with critical dimensions (CDs) which are smaller than can be achieved by traditional photolithography. The CD of contact holes can be reduced by assembling a cylindrical BCP inside a patterned template and utilizing the native size of the cylinder to dictate the reduced dimensions of the hole. This is a particularly promising application of the DSA technique, but in order for this technology to be realized there is a need for three-dimensional metrology of the internal structure of the patterned BCP in order to understand how template properties and processing conditions impact BCP assembly. This is a particularly challenging problem for traditional metrologies owing to the three-dimensional nature of the structure and the buried features. By utilizing small-angle X-ray scattering and changing the angle between the incident beam and sample we can reconstruct the three-dimensional shape profile of the empty template and the residual polymer after self-assembly and removal of one of the phases. A two-dimensional square grid pattern of the holes results in scattering in both in-plane directions, which is simplified by converting to a radial geometry. The shape is then determined by simulating the scattering from a model and iterating that model until the simulated and experimental scattering profiles show a satisfactory match. Samples with two different processing conditions are characterized in order to demonstrate the ability of the technique to evaluate critical features such as residual layer thickness and sidewall height. It was found that the samples had residual layer thicknesses of 15.9 ± 3.2 nm and 4.5 ± 2.2 nm, which were clearly distinguished between the two different DSA processes and in good agreement with focused ion beam scanning transmission electron microscopy (FIBSTEM) observations. The advantage of the X-ray measurements is that FIBSTEM characterizes around ten holes, while there are of the order of 800 000 holes illuminated by the X-ray beam.
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38
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Sunday DF, Delachat F, Gharbi A, Freychet G, Liman CD, Tiron R, Kline RJ. X-ray characterization of contact holes for block copolymer lithography. J Appl Crystallogr 2019; 52:https://doi.org/10.1107/s1600576718017272. [PMID: 33033414 PMCID: PMC7539622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) is a promising low-cost approach to patterning structures with critical dimensions (CDs) which are smaller than can be achieved by traditional photolithography. The CD of contact holes can be reduced by assembling a cylindrical BCP inside a patterned template and utilizing the native size of the cylinder to dictate the reduced dimensions of the hole. This is a particularly promising application of the DSA technique, but in order for this technology to be realized there is a need for three-dimensional metrology of the internal structure of the patterned BCP in order to understand how template properties and processing conditions impact BCP assembly. This is a particularly challenging problem for traditional metrologies owing to the three-dimensional nature of the structure and the buried features. By utilizing small-angle X-ray scattering and changing the angle between the incident beam and sample we can reconstruct the three-dimensional shape profile of the empty template and the residual polymer after self-assembly and removal of one of the phases. A two-dimensional square grid pattern of the holes results in scattering in both in-plane directions, which is simplified by converting to a radial geometry. The shape is then determined by simulating the scattering from a model and iterating that model until the simulated and experimental scattering profiles show a satisfactory match. Samples with two different processing conditions are characterized in order to demonstrate the ability of the technique to evaluate critical features such as residual layer thickness and sidewall height. It was found that the samples had residual layer thicknesses of 15.9 ± 3.2 nm and 4.5 ± 2.2 nm, which were clearly distinguished between the two different DSA processes and in good agreement with focused ion beam scanning transmission electron microscopy (FIBSTEM) observations. The advantage of the X-ray measurements is that FIBSTEM characterizes around ten holes, while there are of the order of 800 000 holes illuminated by the X-ray beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Sunday
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Florian Delachat
- CEA-Leti, MINATEC, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Ahmed Gharbi
- CEA-Leti, MINATEC, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | - Raluca Tiron
- CEA-Leti, MINATEC, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - R. Joseph Kline
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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39
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Pandolfi RJ, Allan DB, Arenholz E, Barroso-Luque L, Campbell SI, Caswell TA, Blair A, De Carlo F, Fackler S, Fournier AP, Freychet G, Fukuto M, Gürsoy D, Jiang Z, Krishnan H, Kumar D, Kline RJ, Li R, Liman C, Marchesini S, Mehta A, N’Diaye AT, Parkinson DY, Parks H, Pellouchoud LA, Perciano T, Ren F, Sahoo S, Strzalka J, Sunday D, Tassone CJ, Ushizima D, Venkatakrishnan S, Yager KG, Zwart P, Sethian JA, Hexemer A. Xi-cam: a versatile interface for data visualization and analysis. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:1261-1270. [PMID: 29979189 PMCID: PMC6691515 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518005787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Xi-cam is an extensible platform for data management, analysis and visualization. Xi-cam aims to provide a flexible and extensible approach to synchrotron data treatment as a solution to rising demands for high-volume/high-throughput processing pipelines. The core of Xi-cam is an extensible plugin-based graphical user interface platform which provides users with an interactive interface to processing algorithms. Plugins are available for SAXS/WAXS/GISAXS/GIWAXS, tomography and NEXAFS data. With Xi-cam's `advanced' mode, data processing steps are designed as a graph-based workflow, which can be executed live, locally or remotely. Remote execution utilizes high-performance computing or de-localized resources, allowing for the effective reduction of high-throughput data. Xi-cam's plugin-based architecture targets cross-facility and cross-technique collaborative development, in support of multi-modal analysis. Xi-cam is open-source and cross-platform, and available for download on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Pandolfi
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel B. Allan
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Luis Barroso-Luque
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stuart I. Campbell
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Thomas A. Caswell
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Austin Blair
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Francesco De Carlo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Sean Fackler
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda P. Fournier
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Doǧa Gürsoy
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhang Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R. Joseph Kline
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Liman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stefano Marchesini
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Alpha T. N’Diaye
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Holden Parks
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Talita Perciano
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Fang Ren
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Shreya Sahoo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Sunday
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Daniela Ushizima
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Peter Zwart
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James A. Sethian
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
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40
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Freychet G, Maret M, Tiron R, Chevalier X, Gharbi A, Fernandez-Regulez M, Gergaud P. Removal of poly(methyl methacrylate) in diblock copolymers films studied by grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Freychet
- University of Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble F-38000 France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus; Grenoble F-38054 France
| | - Mireille Maret
- SIMAP; University of Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble F38000 France
- SIMAP; CNRS; Grenoble F-38000 France
| | - Raluca Tiron
- University of Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble F-38000 France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus; Grenoble F-38054 France
| | | | - Ahmed Gharbi
- University of Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble F-38000 France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus; Grenoble F-38054 France
| | - Marta Fernandez-Regulez
- University of Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble F-38000 France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus; Grenoble F-38054 France
| | - Patrice Gergaud
- University of Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble F-38000 France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus; Grenoble F-38054 France
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41
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Helgadottir I, Freychet G, Arquillière P, Maret M, Gergaud P, Haumesser PH, Santini CC. Ru-core/Cu-shell bimetallic nanoparticles with controlled size formed in one-pot synthesis. Nanoscale 2014; 6:14856-14862. [PMID: 25361034 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Suspensions of bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) of Ru and Cu have been synthesized by simultaneous decomposition of two organometallic compounds in an ionic liquid. These suspensions have been characterized by Anomalous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (ASAXS) at energies slightly below the Ru K-edge. It is found that the NPs adopt a Ru-core, a Cu-shell structure, with a constant Ru core diameter of 1.9 nm for all Ru : Cu compositions, while the Cu shell thickness increases with Cu content up to 0.9 nm. The formation of RuCuNPs thus proceeds through rapid decomposition of the Ru precursor into RuNPs of constant size followed by the reaction of the Cu precursor and agglomeration as a Cu shell. Thus, the different decomposition kinetics of precursors make possible the elaboration of core-shell NPs composed of two metals without chemical affinity.
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