1
|
Liao Y, Le Roi B, Zhang H, Diesendruck CE, Grolman JM. Facile Mechanophore Integration in Heterogeneous Biologically Derived Materials via "Dip-Conjugation". J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17878-17886. [PMID: 38899486 PMCID: PMC11229001 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play critical roles in a wide variety of biological processes and diseases, yet measuring them directly at the molecular level remains one of the main challenges of mechanobiology. Here, we show a strategy to "Dip-conjugate" biologically derived materials at the chemical level to mechanophores, force-responsive molecular entities, using Click-chemistry. Contrary to classical prepolymerization mechanophore incorporation, this new protocol leads to detectable mechanochromic response with as low as 5% strain, finally making mechanophores relevant for many biological processes that have previously been inaccessible. Our results demonstrate the ubiquity of the technique with activation in synthetic polymers, carbohydrates, and proteins under mechanical force, with alpaca wool fibers as a key example. These results push the limits for mechanophore use in far more types of polymeric materials in applications ranging from molecular-level force damage detection to direct and quantitative 3D force measurements in mechanobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liao
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Baptiste Le Roi
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hang Zhang
- Shulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Shulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Joshua M Grolman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kozlenko AS, Ozhogin IV, Pugachev AD, Lukyanova MB, El-Sewify IM, Lukyanov BS. A Modern Look at Spiropyrans: From Single Molecules to Smart Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:8. [PMID: 36624333 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic compounds of the spiropyran family have two main isomers capable of inter-switching with UV or visible light. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, investigation of properties, and applications of spiropyran derivatives. Spiropyrans of the indoline series are in focus as the most promising representatives of multi-sensitive spirocyclic compounds, which can be switched by a number of external stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, presence of metal ions, and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the structural features of molecules, their influence on photochromic properties, and the reactions taking place during isomerization, as the understanding of the structure-property relationships will rationalize the synthesis of compounds with predetermined characteristics. The main prospects for applications of spiropyrans in such fields as smart material production, molecular electronics and nanomachinery, sensing of environmental and biological molecules, and photopharmacology are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Kozlenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Maria B Lukyanova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Islam M El-Sewify
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen YF, Hsieh CL, Lee LR, Liu YC, Lee MJ, Chen JT. Photoswitchable and Solvent-Controlled Directional Actuators: Supramolecular Assembly and Crosslinked Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200547. [PMID: 36208074 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Untethered small actuators have drawn tremendous interest owing to their reversibility, flexibility, and widespread applications in various fields. For polymer actuators, however, it is still challenging to achieve programmable structural changes under different stimuli caused by the intractability and single-stimulus responses of most polymer materials. Herein, multi-stimuli-responsive polymer actuators that can respond to light and solvent via structural changes are developed. The actuators are based on bilayer films of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and azobenzene chromophore (AAZO)-crosslinked poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC). Upon UV light irradiation, the AAZO undergoes trans-cis-trans photoisomerization, causing the bending of the bilayer films. When the UV light is off, a shape recovery toward an opposite direction occurs spontaneously. The reversible deformation can be repeated at least 20 cycles. Upon solvent vapor annealing, one of the bilayer films can be selectively swollen, causing the bending of the bilayer films with the directions controlled by the solvent vapors. The effects of different parameters, such as the weight ratios of AAZO and film thicknesses, on the bending angles and curvatures of the polymer films are also analyzed. The results demonstrate that multi-stimuli-responsive actuators with fast responses and high reproducibility can be fulfilled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ruei Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jie Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tough, Self-Recoverable, Spiropyran (SP3) Bearing Polymer Beads Incorporated PAM Hydrogels with Sole Mechanochromic Behavior. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040208. [PMID: 35448109 PMCID: PMC9031960 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiropyran-containing hydrogels that can respond to external stimuli such as temperature, light, and stress have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, most of them are generally dual or multiple stimuli-responsive to external stimuli, and the interplay of different stimulus responses is harmful to their sensitivity. Herein, spiropyran bearing polymer beads incorporated PAM (poly(AM–co–MA/DMSP3)) hydrogels with sole mechanochromic properties were synthesized by emulsion polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and methyl acrylate (MA) in the presence of spiropyran dimethacrylate mechanophore (DMSP3) crosslinker. Due to the hydrophobic nature of MA and DMSP3, the resultant hydrogel afforded a rosary structure with DMSP3 bearing polymer beads incorporated in the PAM network. It is found that the chemical component (e.g., AM, MA, and DMSP3 concentrations) significantly affect the mechanical and mechanoresponsive properties of the as-obtained poly(AM–co–MA/DMSP3) hydrogel. Under optimal conditions, poly(AM–co–MA/DMSP3) hydrogel displayed high mechanical properties (tensile stress of 1.91 MPa, a tensile strain of 815%, an elastic modulus of 0.67 MPa, and tearing energy of 3920 J/m2), and a good self-recovery feature. Owing to the mechanoresponsive of SP3, the hydrogels exhibited reversible color changes under force-induced deformation and relaxed recovery states. More impressive, the poly(AM–co–MA/DMSP3) hydrogel showed a linear correlation between tensile strain and chromaticity (x, y) as well as a stain and resting time-dependent color recovery rate. This kind of hydrogel is believed to have great potential in the application of outdoor strain sensors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu W, Scofield JMP, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Mechanochromophore-linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100866. [PMID: 35338794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color-changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore-linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub-class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joel M P Scofield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang W, Li M, Zhou P, Yan Z, Wang D. Design and synthesis of mechanochromic poly(ether-ester-urethane) elastomer with high toughness and resilience mediated by crystalline domains. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic elastomers play an important role in stain sensing, materials damage alarming and stress detecting, etc. Low activation strain and stress, high toughness and resilience, and self-recovery ability are essential...
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim D, Kwon MS, Lee CW. Mechanochromic polymers with a multimodal chromic transition: mechanophore design and transduction mechanism. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the recent progress in multi-chromic polymers embedded with mechanophores concentrating on transduction mechanisms and design concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daewhan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Whan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar S, Zeller F, Stauch T. A Two-Step Baromechanical Cycle for Repeated Activation and Deactivation of Mechanophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9470-9474. [PMID: 34558899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores that are embedded in a polymer backbone respond to the application of mechanical stretching forces by geometric changes such as bond rupture. Typically, these structural changes are irreversible, which limits the applicability of functional materials incorporating mechanophores. Using computational methods, we, here, present a general method of restoring a force-activated mechanophore to its deactivated form by using hydrostatic pressure. We use the spiropyran-merocyanine (SP-MC) interconversion to show that repeated activation of the SP mechanophore and deactivation of MC can be achieved by alternating mechanical stretching and hydrostatic compression, respectively. In the baromechanical cycle, MC acts as a "barophore" that responds to hydrostatic pressure by bond formation. The activation and deactivation of SP/MC are understood in terms of strain and electronic effects. Beneficially, this two-step baromechanical cycle can be observed in real time by using UV/vis spectroscopy. Our calculations pave the way for improving the applicability and reusability of force-responsive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Kumar
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße NW2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Felix Zeller
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße NW2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tim Stauch
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße NW2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Magrini T, Kiebala D, Grimm D, Nelson A, Schrettl S, Bouville F, Weder C, Studart AR. Tough Bioinspired Composites That Self-Report Damage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27481-27490. [PMID: 34076408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of lightweight composite materials in structural applications requires the development of new damage monitoring technologies to ensure their safe use and prevent accidents. Although several molecular strategies have been proposed to report damage in polymers through mechanochromic responses, these approaches have not yet been translated into lightweight bioinspired composites for load-bearing applications. Here, we report on the development of bioinspired laminates of alternating polymer and nacre-like layers that combine optical translucency, high fracture toughness, and damage-reporting capabilities. The composites signal damage via a fluorescence color change that arises from the force activation of mechanophore molecules embedded in the material's polymer phase. A quantitative correlation between the applied strain and the fluorescence intensity was successfully established. We demonstrate that optical imaging of mechanically loaded composites allows for the localized detection of damage prior to fracture. This fluorescence-based self-reporting mechanism offers a promising approach for the early detection of damage in lightweight structural composites and can serve as a useful tool for the analysis of fracture processes in bulk transparent materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Magrini
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Derek Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Grimm
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Anna Nelson
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Florian Bouville
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Traeger H, Kiebala DJ, Weder C, Schrettl S. From Molecules to Polymers-Harnessing Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions to Create Mechanochromic Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000573. [PMID: 33191595 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of mechanophores as building blocks that serve as predefined weak linkages has enabled the creation of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic polymer materials, which are interesting for a range of applications including the study of biological specimens or advanced security features. In typical mechanophores, covalent bonds are broken when polymers that contain these chemical motifs are exposed to mechanical forces, and changes of the optical properties upon bond scission can be harnessed as a signal that enables the detection of applied mechanical stresses and strains. Similar chromic effects upon mechanical deformation of polymers can also be achieved without relying on the scission of covalent bonds. The dissociation of motifs that feature directional noncovalent interactions, the disruption of aggregated molecules, and conformational changes in molecules or polymers constitute an attractive element for the design of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic materials. In this article, it is reviewed how such alterations of molecules and polymers can be exploited for the development of mechanochromic materials that signal deformation without breaking covalent bonds. Recent illustrative examples are highlighted that showcase how the use of such mechanoresponsive motifs enables the visual mapping of stresses and damage in a reversible and highly sensitive manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|