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Wang J, Hu F, Sant S, Chu K, Riemer L, Damjanovic D, Kilbey SM, Klok HA. Pyroelectric Polyelectrolyte Brushes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307038. [PMID: 38112160 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Piezo- and pyroelectric materials are of interest, for example, for energy harvesting applications, for the development of tactile sensors, as well as neuromorphic computing. This study reports the observation of pyro- and piezoelectricity in thin surface-attached polymer brushes containing zwitterionic and electrolytic side groups that are prepared via surface-initiated polymerization. The pyro- and piezoelectric properties of the surface-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes are found to sensitively depend on and can be tuned by variation of the counterion. The observed piezo- and pyroelectric properties reflect the structural complexity of polymer brushes, and are attributed to a complex interplay of the non-uniform segment density within these films, together with a non-uniform distribution of counterions and specific ion effects. The fabrication of thin pyroelectric films by surface-initiated polymerization is an important addition to the existing strategies toward such materials. Surface-initiated polymerization, in particular, allows for facile grafting of polar thin polymer films from a wide range of substrates via a straightforward two-step protocol that obviates the need for multistep laborious synthetic procedures or thin film deposition protocols. The ability to produce polymer brushes with piezo- and pyroelectric properties opens up new avenues of application of these materials, for example, in energy harvesting or biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Fei Hu
- Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sant
- Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kanghyun Chu
- Group for Ferroelectrics and Functional Oxides, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Riemer
- Group for Ferroelectrics and Functional Oxides, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Dragan Damjanovic
- Group for Ferroelectrics and Functional Oxides, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - S Michael Kilbey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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2
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Snipes RT, Melara M, Tiiara A, Owens J, Luzinov I. Fluorine-Free Extinguishing of a Hydrocarbon Pool Fire with a Suspension of Glass Bubbles Grafted with Nanoscale Polymer Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49749-49761. [PMID: 37815891 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The current most efficient solution to extinguish liquid hydrocarbon (class B) pool fires involves fire-fighting foams containing fluorinated surfactants. However, fluorocarbon surfactants are unsafe due to their environmental persistence and negative toxicological/bioaccumulative impact. To this end, we show that fluorine-free aqueous suspensions of Glass Bubbles (GB) modified with hydrophilic polymer grafted layers can efficiently extinguish hydrocarbon pool fires. Namely, GB grafted with poly(oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA), GB-G was fabricated employing "grafting-through" and "grafting-from" methods and used to obtain the suspensions. It was found that the GB suspension, with a grafted layer of higher molecular weight and lower grafting density (GB-GL), proved superior to the more densely grafted GB-GH and nongrafted GB-0 system. The GB-GL suspensions displayed less negative spreading coefficients and viscosities lower than those of GB-GH/GB-0 compositions. When siloxane-polyoxyethylene surfactant was added to all GB suspensions, the interfacial properties were dominated by the surfactant, with all suspensions having the same positive spreading coefficient. However, the GB-GL-surfactant composition had the lowest viscosity among the suspensions studied in this work. Specifically, the viscosity of GB-GH and GB-0 suspensions at a shear rate of 77 s-1 was ∼110% and 70% higher than that of GB-GL. Due to the lower viscosity, the GB-GL suspension demonstrated the most efficient spreading over model hydrocarbon solid (polyethylene) and liquid (hexadecane) surfaces when the surfactant was added. The suspension also showed the best performance in the retardation of hexane evaporation when placed over the heated hexane pool. After 50 min, the amount of hexane that evaporated through GB-GH and GB-0 suspensions was ∼8 and 11 times higher, respectively, compared to the GB-GL suspension. We found that the GB-GL-surfactant system was the most efficient GB suspension in extinguishing the fire due to its superior spreading and sealing ability. It was within 10% of fluorine-containing foam's fire extinguishment performance. The GB suspensions are much safer in terms of burnback resistance as a torch applied directly to the suspension after extinguishment could not reignite the fire. The GB material is recyclable, since it can be collected and reused after application to a fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall T Snipes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Mauricio Melara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Andrii Tiiara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Jeffery Owens
- Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall AFB, Panama City, Florida 32403, United States
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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3
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Michalek L, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C. Polymer on Top: Current Limits and Future Perspectives of Quantitatively Evaluating Surface Grafting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706321. [PMID: 29512237 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined polymer strands covalently tethered onto solid substrates determine the properties of the resulting functional interface. Herein, the current approaches to determine quantitative grafting densities are assessed. Based on a brief introduction into the key theories describing polymer brush regimes, a user's guide is provided to estimating maximum chain coverage and-importantly-examine the most frequently employed approaches for determining grafting densities, i.e., dry thickness measurements, gravimetric assessment, and swelling experiments. An estimation of the reliability of these determination methods is provided via carefully evaluating their assumptions and assessing the stability of the underpinning equations. A practical access guide for comparatively and quantitatively evaluating the reliability of a given approach is thus provided, enabling the field to critically judge experimentally determined grafting densities and to avoid the reporting of grafting densities that fall outside the physically realistic parameter space. The assessment is concluded with a perspective on the development of advanced approaches for determination of grafting density, in particular, on single-chain methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Michalek
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Panzarasa G, Pifferi V. On the capacitive behavior of silicon electrodes modified with ultrathin hydrophobic polymer brushes. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Borodinov N, Soliani AP, Galabura Y, Zdyrko B, Tysinger C, Novak S, Du Q, Huang Y, Singh V, Han Z, Hu J, Kimerling L, Agarwal AM, Richardson K, Luzinov I. Gradient Polymer Nanofoams for Encrypted Recording of Chemical Events. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10716-10725. [PMID: 27754643 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated gradient-grafted nanofoam films that are able to record the presence of volatile chemical compounds in an offline regime. In essence, the nanofoam film (100-300 nm thick) is anchored to a surface cross-linked polymer network in a metastable extended configuration that can relax back to a certain degree upon exposure to a chemical vapor. The level of the chain relaxation is associated with thermodynamic affinity between the polymer chains and the volatile compounds. In our design, the chemical composition of the nanofoam film is not uniform; therefore, the film possesses a gradually changing local affinity to a vapor along the surface. Upon vapor exposure, the nonuniform changes in local film morphology provide a permanent record or "fingerprint" for the chemical event of interest. This permanent modification in the film structure can be directly detected via changes not only in the film surface profile but also in the film optical characteristics. To this end, we demonstrated that sensing/recording nanofoam films can be prepared and interrogated on the surfaces of optical waveguides, microring optical resonators. It is important that the initial surface profile and structure of the nanofoam film are encrypted by the distinctive conditions that were used to fabricate the film and practically impossible to replicate without prior knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Borodinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Anna Paola Soliani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Yuriy Galabura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Bogdan Zdyrko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Carley Tysinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Spencer Novak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Qingyang Du
- Microphotonics Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yizhong Huang
- Microphotonics Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vivek Singh
- Microphotonics Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhaohong Han
- Microphotonics Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juejun Hu
- Microphotonics Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lionel Kimerling
- Microphotonics Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anuradha Murthy Agarwal
- Microphotonics Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kathleen Richardson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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6
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Chenette HC, Welsh JM, Husson SM. Affinity membrane adsorbers for binding arginine-rich proteins. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016; 52:276-286. [PMID: 37830059 PMCID: PMC10569433 DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1206934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Delivering protein chemotherapeutics into cancer cells is a challenge. Fusing the protein to an arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide offers a possible solution. The goal of this work was to develop an affinity membrane for purification of Arg-rich fusion proteins via capture chromatography. Membranes were prepared by grafting polymers bearing diethyl-4-aminobenzyl phosphonate (D4ABP) ligands from macroporous membrane supports. Incorporation of D4ABP was studied by infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Protein binding capacities of 3 mg lysozyme/mL were measured. While further studies are required to evaluate binding kinetics and Arg-selectivity, achieving higher protein binding capacity is needed before investment in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M. Welsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Scott M. Husson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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7
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Saha S, Baker GL. Substituent Effects in the Surface-Initiated ATRP of Substituted Styrenes. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 2015; 359:911-916. [PMID: 26692601 PMCID: PMC4672389 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of substituted styrenes leads to rapid synthesis of uniform and thick substituted polystyrene brushes (>100 nm in 1 hour) from gold surface. High growth rates were observed for styrenes substituted with electron withdrawing groups in meta/para positions. The effects seen in surface and solution polymerizations are similar for styrenes with electron withdrawing groups, and for electron donors in ortho and para positions. However, electron donors at meta sites have surprisingly fast growth rates, which may be due to steric inhibition of termination. The overall surface polymerization rates for substituted styrenes was analyzed and found to follow the Hammett relation with ρ = 0.51. The ratio of kp to kt, is as an indicator of the likelihood that a reaction will reach high degrees of polymerization before termination.
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8
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Borodinov N, Giammarco J, Patel N, Agarwal A, O'Donnell KR, Kucera CJ, Jacobsohn LG, Luzinov I. Stability of Grafted Polymer Nanoscale Films toward Gamma Irradiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:19455-19465. [PMID: 26259102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present article focuses on the influence of gamma irradiation on nanoscale polymer grafted films and explores avenues for improvements in their stability toward the ionizing radiation. In terms of applications, we concentrate on enrichment polymer layers (EPLs), which are polymer thin films employed in sensor devices for the detection of chemical and biological substances. Specifically, we have studied the influence of gamma irradiation on nanoscale poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) grafted EPL films. First, it was determined that a significant level of cross-linking was caused by irradiation in pure PGMA films. The cross-linking is accompanied by the formation of conjugated ester, carbon double bonds, hydroxyl groups, ketone carbonyls, and the elimination of epoxy groups as determined by FTIR. Polystyrene, 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, dimethylphenylsilanol, BaF2, and gold nanoparticles were incorporated into the films and were found to mitigate different aspects of the radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Borodinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - James Giammarco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Neil Patel
- Microphotonics Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anuradha Agarwal
- Microphotonics Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katie R O'Donnell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Courtney J Kucera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Luiz G Jacobsohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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9
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Panzarasa G, Soliveri G, Sparnacci K, Ardizzone S. Patterning of polymer brushes made easy using titanium dioxide: direct and remote photocatalytic lithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7313-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide photocatalytic lithography of initiator functionalized surfaces is proved for the realization of micropatterned polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Panzarasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”
- Viale T. Michel 11
- 15100 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - G. Soliveri
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
| | - K. Sparnacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”
- Viale T. Michel 11
- 15100 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - S. Ardizzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
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10
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Cimen D, Caykara T. Micro-patterned polymer brushes by a combination of photolithography and interface-mediated RAFT polymerization for DNA hybridization. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel micro-patterned poly(AHMA) brush was prepared by a combination of photolithography and interface mediated RAFT polymerization for DNA hybridization. By this method, highly resolved micro-patterned polymer brush structures down to ∼2.0 μm lines were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Cimen
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gazi University
- Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gazi University
- Turkey
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11
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Ahmad R, Mocaer A, Gam-Derouich S, Lamouri A, Lecoq H, Decorse P, Brunet P, Mangeney C. Grafting of polymeric platforms on gold by combining the diazonium salt chemistry and the photoiniferter method. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Tang Y, Osibanjo RO, Moore J, Towns EN, Kuhl TL, Land DP. Impact of Catalyst on the Stability of Initiators on Au Substrate in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Tang
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
- School of Science; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | | | - Jessica Moore
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Elyse N. Towns
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Tonya L. Kuhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Donald P. Land
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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13
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Galabura Y, Soliani AP, Giammarco J, Zdyrko B, Luzinov I. Temperature controlled shape change of grafted nanofoams. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2567-2573. [PMID: 24647850 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that nanoscale-level actuation can be, in principle, achieved with grafted polymer nanofoams by forces associated with conformational changes of stretched macromolecular chains. The nanofoams are fabricated via a two-step procedure. First, the "grafting to" technique is used to obtain a 20-200 nm anchored and cross-linked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) film. Second, the film is swollen in solvent and freeze dried until the solvent is sublimated. The grafted nanofoam possesses the behavior of a shape-memory material, exhibiting gradual mechanical contraction at the nanometer scale as temperature is increased. Both the thickness and shape-recovery ratio of the nanofoam have a close to linear dependency on temperature. We also demonstrated that by modification of the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) nanofoam with grafting low molecular weight polymers, one can tune an absolute nanoscale mechanical response of the porous polymer film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Galabura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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14
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Bliznyuk V, Galabura Y, Burtovyy R, Karagani P, Lavrik N, Luzinov I. Electrical conductivity of insulating polymer nanoscale layers: environmental effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1977-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Borozenko O, Ou C, Skene WG, Giasson S. Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) brushes grafted from silica surfaces: pH- and salt-dependent switching studies. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Chen L, Thérien-Aubin H, Wong MCY, Hoek EMV, Ober CK. Improved antifouling properties of polymer membranes using a 'layer-by-layer' mediated method. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5651-5658. [PMID: 32261189 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20916d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric reverse osmosis membranes were modified with antifouling polymer brushes through a 'layer by layer' (LBL) mediated method. Based on pure physical electrostatic interaction, the attachment of LBL films did not alter separation performance of the membranes. In addition, the incorporation of an LBL film also helped to amplify the number of potential reaction sites on the membrane surfaces for attachment of antifouling polymer brushes, which were then attached to the surface. Attachment of the brushes included two different approaches, grafting to and grafting from. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle measurements showed successful growth of the LBL films and subsequently the polymer brushes. Using this method to modify reverse osmosis membranes, preliminary performance testing showed the antifouling properties of the as-modified membranes were much better than the virgin membrane with no significant loss in water flux and salt rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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17
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Demirci S, Kinali-Demirci S, Caykara T. A new selenium-based RAFT agent for surface-initiated RAFT polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Qu JB, Huan GS, Chen YL, Shao HH, Wang L. Exploration of the Bulk Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology; China University of Petroleum (East China); Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
- Room 811, Foundation Building A, No. 66, Changjiang West Road; Qingdao Economic & Technical Development Zone; Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Sheng Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology; China University of Petroleum (East China); Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
- Room 811, Foundation Building A, No. 66, Changjiang West Road; Qingdao Economic & Technical Development Zone; Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology; China University of Petroleum (East China); Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
- Room 811, Foundation Building A, No. 66, Changjiang West Road; Qingdao Economic & Technical Development Zone; Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology; China University of Petroleum (East China); Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
- Room 811, Foundation Building A, No. 66, Changjiang West Road; Qingdao Economic & Technical Development Zone; Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology; China University of Petroleum (East China); Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
- Room 811, Foundation Building A, No. 66, Changjiang West Road; Qingdao Economic & Technical Development Zone; Qingdao 266580 People's Republic of China
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19
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Vatansever F, Burtovyy R, Zdyrko B, Ramaratnam K, Andrukh T, Minko S, Owens JR, Kornev KG, Luzinov I. Toward fabric-based flexible microfluidic devices: pointed surface modification for pH sensitive liquid transport. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:4541-8. [PMID: 22873785 DOI: 10.1021/am3008664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic fiber channels with switchable water transport are fabricated in flexible textile PET/PP materials using a preprogrammed yarn-based fabric and a yarn-selective surface modification method. The developed robust and scalable fabrication method is based on the selective functionalization of the PET yarns with an epoxide-containing polymer that is then followed by grafting patterns of different pH-sensitive polymers PAA [poly(acrylic acid) ] and P2VP [poly(2-vinyl pyridine)]. The selective functionalization of the fabric yields an array of amphiphilic channels that are constrained by hydrophobic PP boundaries. Aqueous solutions are transported in the amphiphilic channels by capillary forces where the direction of the liquid transport is defined by pH-response of the grafted polymers. The channels are fed with liquid through hydrophilic, pH insensitive PEG [polyethylene glycol] ports. The combination of the PAA and P2VP patterns in the amphiphilic channels is used to create pH-sensitive elements that redirect aqueous liquids toward PAA channels at pH > 4 and toward both PAA and P2VP channels at pH < 4. The system of pH-selective channels in the developed textile based microfluidic chip could find analytical applications and can be used for smart cloth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fehime Vatansever
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, 161 Sirrine Hall, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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20
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Chenette HCS, Robinson JR, Hobley E, Husson SM. Development of high-productivity, strong cation-exchange adsorbers for protein capture by graft polymerization from membranes with different pore sizes. J Memb Sci 2012; 432-424:43-52. [PMID: 23175597 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the surface modification of macroporous membranes using ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) to create cation-exchange adsorbers with high protein binding capacity at high product throughput. The work is motivated by the need for a more economical and rapid capture step in downstream processing of protein therapeutics. Membranes with three reported nominal pore sizes (0.2, 0.45, 1.0 μm) were modified with poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate, potassium salt) tentacles, to create a high density of protein binding sites. A special formulation was used in which the monomer was protected by a crown ether to enable surface-initiated ATRP of this cationic polyelectrolyte. Success with modification was supported by chemical analysis using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and indirectly by measurement of pure water flux as a function of polymerization time. Uniformity of modification within the membranes was visualized with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Static and dynamic binding capacities were measured using lysozyme protein to allow comparisons with reported performance data for commercial cation-exchange materials. Dynamic binding capacities were measured for flow rates ranging from 13 to 109 column volumes (CV)/min. Results show that this unique ATRP formulation can be used to fabricate cation-exchange membrane adsorbers with dynamic binding capacities as high as 70 mg/mL at a throughput of 100 CV/min and unprecedented productivity of 300 mg/mL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C S Chenette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University and Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
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21
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Liao WP, Kuhl TL. Steric Forces of Tethered Polymer Chains as a Function of Grafting Density: Studies with a Single Diblock Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3009146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Po Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - Tonya L. Kuhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
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22
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Wang X, Husson SM, Qian X, Wickramasinghe SR. Inverse colloidal crystal ultrafiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Modification of ultrafiltration membranes with block copolymer nanolayers for produced water treatment: The roles of polymer chain density and polymerization time on performance. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Seliman AF, Samadi A, Husson SM, Borai EH, DeVol TA. Preparation of Polymer-Coated, Scintillating Ion-Exchange Resins for Monitoring of 99Tc in Groundwater. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4759-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103311p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman F. Seliman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Control, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Emad H. Borai
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Control, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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25
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26
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Ke Z, Dai B, Li L, Yan G, Zhou D. Thermoresponsive surface prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization directly from poly(vinylidene fluoride) for control of cell adhesion and detachment. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Kaiser A, Dutz S, Schmidt AM. Kinetic studies of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization in the synthesis of magnetic fluids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Ell JR, Mulder DE, Faller R, Patten TE, Kuhl TL. Structural Determination of High Density, ATRP Grown Polystyrene Brushes by Neutron Reflectivity. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901239d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Ell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Dennis E. Mulder
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Timothy E. Patten
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Tonya L. Kuhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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29
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Li D, He Q, Li J. Smart core/shell nanocomposites: intelligent polymers modified gold nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 149:28-38. [PMID: 19201389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the polymer modified gold nanoparticles have showed much potential in advanced materials. In this paper, the smart core/shell nanocomposites of intelligent polymers and gold nanoparticles were reviewed from the preparation, properties to potential applications. The main preparative methods were detailed including the direct-synthesis method, "graft-to" strategy, "graft-from" strategy and physical adsorption method, in which the surface-initiated radical polymerization such as atom-transfer radical polymerization and reversible-addition fragmentation chain-transfer radical polymerization displayed several advantages for well-defined nanostructures. The stimuli-responsive property and potential uses of such-fabricated nanocomposites were sorted to thermosensitive, pH responsive and other responsive catalogues to describe more clarified. In application, the combination of gold nanoparticles and intelligent polymers provides a facile path for intelligent materials and might be encouraged to hold enormous chances in biotechnology and nanotechnology.
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Bhut BV, Husson SM. Dramatic performance improvement of weak anion-exchange membranes for chromatographic bioseparations. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Flores-Guerrero M, Elizalde LE, Santos-Villarreal GDL. Synthesis of Poly(glycidyl Methacrylate-r-photochromic Monomer) by ATRP. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320802637045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Barringer JE, Messman JM, Banaszek AL, Meyer HM, Kilbey SM. Immobilization of biomolecules on poly(vinyldimethylazlactone)-containing surface scaffolds. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:262-268. [PMID: 19115868 DOI: 10.1021/la802925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe the successful development of a procedure for the step-by-step formation of a reactive, multilayer polymer scaffold incorporating polymers based on 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone (VDMA) on a silicon wafer and the characterization of these materials. Also discussed is the development of a procedure for the nonsite specific attachment of a biomolecule to a modified silicon wafer, including scaffolds modified via drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing. VDMA-based polymers were used because of their hydrolytic stability and ability of the pendant azlactone rings to form stable covalent bonds with primary amines without byproducts via nucleophilic addition. This reaction proceeds without a catalyst and at room temperature, yielding a stable amide linkage, which adds to the ease of construction expected when using VDMA-based polymers. DOD inkjet printing was explored as an interesting method for creating surfaces with one or more patterns of biomolecules because of the flexibility and ease of pattern design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barringer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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33
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Lewis GT, Cohen Y. Controlled nitroxide-mediated styrene surface graft polymerization with atmospheric plasma surface activation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13102-13112. [PMID: 18937433 DOI: 10.1021/la8014173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymer layer growth by free radical graft polymerization (FRGP) and controlled nitroxide-mediated graft polymerization (NMGP) of polystyrene was achieved by atmospheric pressure hydrogen plasma surface activation of silicon. Kinetic polystyrene layer growth by atmospheric pressure plasma-induced FRGP (APPI-FRGP) exhibited a maximum surface-grafted layer thickness (125 A after 20 h) at an initial monomer concentration of [M] 0 = 2.62 M at 85 degrees C. Increasing both the reaction temperature ( T = 100 degrees C) and initial monomer concentration ([M] 0 = 4.36 M) led to an increased initial film growth rate but a reduced polymer layer thickness, due to uncontrolled thermal initiation and polymer grafting from solution. Controlled atmospheric pressure plasma-induced NMGP (APPI-NMGP), using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO), exhibited a linear increase in grafted polystyrene layer growth with time due to controlled surface graft polymerization as well as reduced uncontrolled solution polymerization and polymer grafting, resulting in a polymer layer thickness of 285 A after 60 h at [TEMPO] = 10 mM, [M] 0 = 4.36 M, and T = 120 degrees C. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) surface analysis demonstrated that polystyrene-grafted surfaces created by APPI-NMGP exhibited a high surface density of spatially homogeneous polymer features with a low root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness ( R rms = 0.36 nm), similar to that of the native silicon surface ( R rms = 0.21 nm). In contrast, polymer films created by APPI-FRGP at [M] 0 = 2.62 M demonstrated an increase in polymer film surface roughness observed at reaction temperatures of 85 degrees C ( R rms = 0.55 nm) and 100 degrees C ( R rms = 1.70 nm). The present study concluded that the current approach to APPI controlled radical polymerization may be used to achieve a grafted polymer layer with a lower surface roughness and a higher fractional coverage of surface-grafted polymers compared to both conventional FRGP and APPI-FRGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Lewis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1592, USA
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34
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Preparation of high-capacity, weak anion-exchange membranes for protein separations using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization: A new method for preparation of polymeric membrane adsorbers. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Hussain H, Mya KY, Xiao Y, He C. Octafunctional cubic silsesquioxane (CSSQ)/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites: Synthesis by atom transfer radical polymerization at mild conditions and the influence of CSSQ on nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Singh N, Husson SM. Adsorption thermodynamics of short-chain peptides on charged and uncharged nanothin polymer films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:8443-51. [PMID: 16981761 DOI: 10.1021/la0533765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes experimental measurements of submolecular-level interaction energies involved in the process of peptide adsorption on polymer films using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Gibbs energy change on adsorption (DeltaG(ad)) for tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glycine homopeptides were measured at 25 degrees C and pH 7 on highly uniform, nanothin polymer films, and the results were used to predict DeltaG(ad) for homologous homopeptides with a larger number of residue units. Nanothin poly(2-vinylpyridine), poly(styrene), and poly(1-benzyl-2-vinylpyridinium bromide) films were used for the adsorption studies; they were prepared using a graft polymerization methodology. In-situ swelling experiments were done with ellipsometry to examine the uniformity of the surfaces and to ensure that the graft densities of the different polymer films were similar to facilitate the comparison of adsorption results on these surfaces. The swelling experiments showed that the films were uniform, and the grafting densities were found to be 0.14-0.17 chains/nm(2). For uncharged surfaces, predicted and measured DeltaG(ads) values for homopeptides deviated by < or =4.9%. To extend this approach to a mixed-residue peptide, measurements were made for glycine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine-leucine subunits found in leucine enkephalin. The predicted DeltaG(ads) values for leucine enkephalin deviated by 3.0% and -9.1% for poly(2-vinylpyridine) and poly(styrene) films, respectively. Deviations between measured and predicted adsorption energies were larger for the charged poly(1-benzyl-2-vinylpyridinium bromide) surface relative to uncharged surfaces. While the adsorption energies were found to be additive within experimental uncertainties for the charged surface, generally speaking, measured uncertainty values were also larger for the charged surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nripen Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909, USA
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38
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Bao Z, Bruening ML, Baker GL. Rapid Growth of Polymer Brushes from Immobilized Initiators. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9056-60. [PMID: 16834378 DOI: 10.1021/ja058743d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the remarkably rapid synthesis of polymer brushes under mild conditions (50 degrees C) using surface-initiated polymerization. The highly active atom transfer radical polymerization catalyst Cu(I)-1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane allows synthesis of 100 nm thick poly(tert-butyl acrylate) brushes from initiator-modified Au surfaces in just 5 min. Using the same catalyst, polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate yielded 100 nm thick films in 10 and 60 min, respectively. Such growth rates are an order of magnitude greater than those for traditional free-radical polymerizations initiated from surfaces. These polymerizations also retain some features of controlled radical polymerizations, such as the ability to form block copolymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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39
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Sankhe AY, Husson SM, Kilbey SM. Effect of Catalyst Deactivation on Polymerization of Electrolytes by Surface-Confined Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Solutions. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0519361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Y. Sankhe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909
| | - Scott M. Husson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909
| | - S. Michael Kilbey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909
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