1
|
Kapil K, Murata H, Szczepaniak G, Russell AJ, Matyjaszewski K. Tailored Branched Polymer-Protein Bioconjugates for Tunable Sieving Performance. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:461-467. [PMID: 38574342 PMCID: PMC11025119 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates combine the unique properties of both proteins and synthetic polymers, making them important materials for biomedical applications. In this work, we synthesized and characterized protein-branched polymer bioconjugates that were precisely designed to retain protein functionality while preventing unwanted interactions. Using chymotrypsin as a model protein, we employed a controlled radical branching polymerization (CRBP) technique utilizing a water-soluble inibramer, sodium 2-bromoacrylate. The green-light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) enabled the grafting of branched polymers directly from the protein surface in the open air. The resulting bioconjugates exhibited a predetermined molecular weight, well-defined architecture, and high branching density. Conformational analysis by SEC-MALS validated the controlled grafting of branched polymers. Furthermore, enzymatic assays revealed that densely grafted polymers prevented protein inhibitor penetration, and the resulting conjugates retained up to 90% of their enzymatic activity. This study demonstrates a promising strategy for designing protein-polymer bioconjugates with tunable sieving behavior, opening avenues for applications in drug delivery and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kapil
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Amgen
Research, 1 Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Q, Yang Z, Qi X. Design and Application of Hybrid Polymer-Protein Systems in Cancer Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092219. [PMID: 37177365 PMCID: PMC10181109 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-protein systems have excellent characteristics, such as non-toxic, non-irritating, good water solubility and biocompatibility, which makes them very appealing as cancer therapeutics agents. Inspiringly, they can achieve sustained release and targeted delivery of drugs, greatly improving the effect of cancer therapy and reducing side effects. However, many challenges, such as reducing the toxicity of materials, protecting the activities of proteins and controlling the release of proteins, still need to be overcome. In this review, the design of hybrid polymer-protein systems, including the selection of polymers and the bonding forms of polymer-protein systems, is presented. Meanwhile, vital considerations, including reaction conditions and the release of proteins in the design process, are addressed. Then, hybrid polymer-protein systems developed in the past decades for cancer therapy, including targeted therapy, gene therapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy and vaccine therapy, are summarized. Furthermore, challenges for the hybrid polymer-protein systems in cancer therapy are exemplified, and the perspectives of the field are covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing 100069, China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xianrong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tamura JI, Tamura T, Hoshino S, Imae R, Kato R, Yokono M, Nagase M, Ohno S, Manabe N, Yamaguchi Y, Manya H, Endo T. Chemical and Chemo-Enzymatic Syntheses of Glycans Containing Ribitol Phosphate Scaffolding of Matriglycan. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1513-1523. [PMID: 35670527 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribitol phosphate modifications to the core M3 O-mannosyl glycan are important for the functional maturation of α-dystroglycan. Three sequentially extended partial structures of the core M3 O-mannosyl glycan including a tandem ribitol phosphate were regio- and stereo-selectively synthesized: Rbo5P-3GalNAcβ, Rbo5P-1Rbo5P-3GalNAcβ, and Xylβ1-4Rbo5P-1Rbo5P-3GalNAcβ (Rbo5P, d-ribitol-5-phosphate; GalNAc, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine; Xyl, d-xylose). Rbo5P-3GalNAcβ with p-nitrophenyl at the aglycon part served as a substrate for ribitol phosphate transferase (FKRP, fukutin-related protein), and its product was glycosylated by the actions of a series of glycosyltransferases, namely, ribitol xylosyltransferase 1 (RXYLT1), β1,4-glucuronyltransferase 1 (B4GAT1), and like-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase (LARGE). Rbo5P-3GalNAcβ equipped with an alkyne-type aglycon was also active for FKRP. The molecular information obtained on FKRP suggests that Rbo5P-3GalNAcβ derivatives are the minimal units required as the acceptor glycan for Rbo5P transfer and may serve as a precursor for the elongation of the core M3 O-mannosyl glycan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Tamura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tamura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hoshino
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Rieko Imae
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Material Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yokono
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Mao Nagase
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Shiho Ohno
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Manabe
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan B, Huang T, Wang X, Ding Y, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Tang J. Oxygen-Tolerant RAFT Polymerization Catalyzed by a Recyclable Biomimetic Mineralization Enhanced Biological Cascade System. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100559. [PMID: 34713523 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme cascade system including glucose oxidase (GOx) and iron porphyrin (DhHP-6) is encapsulated in a metal-organic framework called zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) through one-step facile synthesis. The composite (GOx&DhHP-6@ZIF-8) is then used to initiate oxygen-tolerant reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization for different methacrylate monomers, such as 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (Mn = 500 g mol-1 ). The composite shows the robustness toward solvent and temperatures, all polymerizations using above monomers and catalyzing by GOx&DhHP-6@ZIF-8 exhibits high monomer conversion (>85%) and narrow molar mass dispersity (<1.3). Besides, acrylic and acrylamide monomers such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and N,N-dimethylacrylamide are also carried to demonstrate the broad applicability. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance characterization and chain extension experiments confirm the retaining end groups of the resultant polymers, which is a significant feature of living polymerization. More importantly, the process of recycling the composite through a centrifuge is simplistic, and the composite still maintains similar activity compared to the original composites after five times. This low-cost and easily separated composite catalyst represents a versatile strategy to synthesize well-defined functional polymers suitable for industrial-scale production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bolei Yuan
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xinghuo Wang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yunhe Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pushpa Yadav, Hafeez S, Jaishankar J, Srivastava P, Nebhani L. Antimicrobial and Responsive Zwitterionic Polymer Based on Cysteine Methacrylate Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Malinowski J, Jacewicz D, Sikorski A, Urbaniak M, Rybiński P, Parnicka P, Zaleska-Medynska A, Gawdzik B, Drzeżdżon J. Cat-CrNP as new material with catalytic properties for 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol and ethylene oligomerizations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15212. [PMID: 34312412 PMCID: PMC8313536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contemporary search for new catalysts for olefin oligomerization and polymerization is based on the study of coordinating compounds and/or organometallic compounds as post-metallocene catalysts. However known catalysts are suffered by many flaws, among others unsatisfactory activity, requirement of high pressure or instability at high temperatures. In this paper, we present a new catalyst i.e. the crystalline complex compound possesing high catalytic activity in the oligomerization of olefins, such as 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol and ethylene under very mild conditions (room temperature, 0.12 bar for ethylene oligomerization, atmospheric pressure for 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol oligomerization). New material—Cat-CrNP ([nitrilotriacetato-1,10-phenanthroline]chromium(III) tetrahydrate) has been obtained as crystalline form of the nitrilotriacetate complex compound of chromium(III) with 1,10-phenanthroline and characterized in terms of its crystal structure by the XRD method and by multi-analytical investigations towards its physicochemical propeties The yield of catalytic oligomerization over Cat-CrNP reached to 213.92 g · mmol−1 · h−1· bar−1 and 3232 g · mmol−1 · h−1 · bar−1 for the 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol and ethylene, respectively. Furthemore, the synthesis of Cat-CrNP is cheap, easy to perform and solvents used during preparation are environmentally friendly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Malinowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Urbaniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15 G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15 G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Patrycja Parnicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Gawdzik
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15 G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Joanna Drzeżdżon
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biswas G, Jena BC, Samanta P, Mandal M, Dhara D. Synthesis, self-assembly and drug release study of a new dual-responsive biocompatible block copolymer containing phenylalanine derivative. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1947748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Bikash Chandra Jena
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Pousali Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibakar Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stevens CA, Kaur K, Klok HA. Self-assembly of protein-polymer conjugates for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:447-460. [PMID: 33984408 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates are a class of molecules that combine the stability of polymers with the diversity, specificity, and functionality of biomolecules. These bioconjugates can result in hybrid materials that display properties not found in their individual components and can be particularly relevant for drug delivery applications. Engineering amphiphilicity into these bioconjugate materials can lead to phase separation and the assembly of high-order structures. The assembly, termed self-assembly, of these hierarchical structures entails multiple levels of organization: at each level, new properties emerge, which are, in turn, influenced by lower levels. Here, we provide a critical review of protein-polymer conjugate self-assembly and how these materials can be used for therapeutic applications and drug delivery. In addition, we discuss central bioconjugate design questions and propose future perspectives for the field of protein-polymer conjugate self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Stevens
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Verduzco L, García-Pérez AL, Guerrero-Santos R, Ledezma-Pérez A, Romero-García J, Torres-Lubián JR. Bioconjugation of papain with poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone): NMR characterization and study of its enzymatic activity. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A poly(vinylpyrrolidone) end-functionalized with a carboxylic acid group (PVP–CO2H) was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) polymerization mediated by 4-(O-ethylxanthyl)methyl benzoic acid. The molecular weight of the as-synthesized PVP–CO2H was estimated through UV–vis spectroscopy (Mn(UV–vis) = 7322 g/mol), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Mn(GPC) = 8670 g/mol), and 1H NMR, (Mn(NMR) = 8207 g/mol). The values obtained were close with the theoretical molecular weight (Mn(th) = 7925 g/mol). Subsequently, the preformed PVP–CO2H was activated to produce N-succinimidyl poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP–NHS). This precursor was covalently coupled to papain to produce bioconjugate PVP–papain. The functional group modifications in the PVP chain-end were observed by the variations in the chemical shift values by 1H and 13C NMR and FTIR analysis at each step of the synthesis. The molecular weight of the PVP–papain was obtained by SEC–HPLC and suggests that, on average, four or five chains of PVP–CO2H were attached to one papain molecule. Compared with papain, the PVP–papain exhibited significantly improved catalytic activity, pH, and thermal stability. Additionally, the storage studies showed that the catalytic activity of PVP–papain was about 79% versus the native enzyme (29%), and this activity was maintained even when it was stored for 25 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.E. Verduzco
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Quimica Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
- Departamento de Síntesis de Polímeros, Centro de Investigación en Quimica Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
| | - Ana L. García-Pérez
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Quimica Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
- Departamento de Síntesis de Polímeros, Centro de Investigación en Quimica Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
| | - Ramiro Guerrero-Santos
- Departamento de Síntesis de Polímeros, Centro de Investigación en Quimica Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
| | - Antonio Ledezma-Pérez
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Quimica Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
| | - Jorge Romero-García
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Quimica Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
| | - José R. Torres-Lubián
- Departamento de Síntesis de Polímeros, Centro de Investigación en Quimica Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pesenti T, Nicolas J. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Degradable Polymers from Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Latest Advances, New Directions, and Ongoing Challenges. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1812-1835. [PMID: 35653672 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) allows facile incorporation of labile groups (e.g., ester) into the main chain of vinyl polymers to obtain (bio)degradable materials. rROP has focused a lot of attention especially since the advent of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques and is still incredibly moving forward, as attested by the numerous achievements in terms of monomer synthesis, macromolecular engineering, and potential biomedical applications of the resulting degradable polymers. In the present Viewpoint, we will cover the latest progress made in rROP in the last ∼5 years, such as its recent directions, its remaining limitations, and the ongoing challenges. More specifically, this will be achieved through the three different classes of monomers that recently caught most of the attention: cyclic ketene acetals (CKA), thionolactones, and macrocyclic monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Pesenti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Synthesis and self-assembly of optically active random copolymers bearing L-alanine and L-glutamic acid moieties in aqueous medium. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Kumar S, Binder WH. Peptide-induced RAFT polymerization via an amyloid-β 17-20-based chain transfer agent. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6964-6968. [PMID: 32717010 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We here describe the synthesis of a novel peptide/polymer-conjugate, embedding the amyloid-β (Aβ) protein core sequence Leu-Val-Phe-Phe (LVFF, Aβ17-20) via RAFT polymerization. Based on a novel chain transfer-agent, the "grafting-from" approach effectively generates the well-defined peptide-polymer conjugates with appreciably high monomer conversion rate, resulting in mechanically stiffer peptide-functional cross-linked polymeric hydrogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany. and Department of Applied Sciences (Chemistry), Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Callmann CE, Thompson MP, Gianneschi NC. Poly(peptide): Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Peptide-Polymer Amphiphiles and Protein-like Polymers. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:400-413. [PMID: 31967781 PMCID: PMC11042489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Account, we describe the organization of functional peptides as densely arrayed side chains on polymer scaffolds which we introduce as a new class of material called poly(peptide). We describe two general classes of poly(peptide): (1) Peptide-Polymer Amphiphiles (PPAs), which consist of block copolymers with a dense grouping of peptides arrayed as the side chains of the hydrophilic block and connected to a hydrophobic block that drives micelle assembly, and (2) Protein-like Polymers (PLPs), wherein peptide-brush polymers are composed from monomers, each containing a peptide side chain. Peptides organized in this manner imbue polymers or polymeric nanoparticles with a range of functional qualities inherent to their specific sequence. Therefore, polymers or nanoparticles otherwise lacking bioactivity or responsiveness to stimuli, once linked to a peptide of choice, can now bind proteins, enter cells and tissues, have controlled and switchable biodistribution patterns, and be enzyme substrates (e.g., for kinases, phosphatases, proteases). Indeed, where peptide substrates are incorporated, kinetically or thermodynamically driven morphological transitions can be enzymatically induced in the polymeric material. Synergistically, the polymer enforces changes in peptide activity and function by virtue of packing and constraining the peptide. The scaffold can protect peptides from proteolysis, change the pharmacokinetic profile of an intravenously injected peptide, increase the cellular uptake of an otherwise cell impermeable therapeutic peptide, or change peptide substrate activity entirely. Moreover, in addition to the sequence-controlled peptides (generated by solid phase synthesis), the polymer can carry its own sequence-dependent information, especially through living polymerization strategies allowing well-defined blocks and terminal labels (e.g., dyes, contrast agents, charged moieties). Hence, the two elements, peptide and polymer, cooperate to yield materials with unique function and properties quite apart from each alone. Herein, we describe the development of synthetic strategies for accessing these classes of biomolecule polymer conjugates. We discuss the utility of poly(peptide)-based materials in a range of biomedical applications, including imaging of diseased tissues (myocardial infarction and cancer), delivering small molecule drugs to tumors with high specificity, imparting cell permeability to otherwise impermeable peptides, protecting bioactive peptides from proteolysis in harsh conditions (e.g., stomach acid and whole blood), and transporting proteins into traditionally difficult-to-transfect cell types, including stem cells. Poly(peptide) materials offer new properties to both the constituent peptides and to the polymers, which can be tuned by the design of the oligopeptide sequence, degree of polymerization, peptide arrangement on the polymer backbone, and polymer backbone chemistry. These properties establish this approach as valuable for the development of peptides as medicines and materials in a range of settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra E. Callmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu X, Feng Y, Jin L, Wang X, Zhang X, Xie Y, Zhao C, Appelhans D, Voit B. Rapid synthesis of PEGylated multiblock polymers by sequence-controlled polymerization in H 2O. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01202h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiblock polymers with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block are attractive candidates for biomedical applications because of their favorable properties regarding biocompatibility and hydrophilicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- 610065 Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Yunbo Feng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- 610065 Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Lunqiang Jin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- 610065 Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Xiang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- 610065 Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- 610065 Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- 610065 Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers
- Technische Universität Dresden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li S, Han G, Zhang W. Photoregulated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Different strategies on photoregulated RAFT polymerization are developed. This minireview summarizes recent advances in photoregulated RAFT polymerization and its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Guang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials
- Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100123
- China
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xiong Q, Zhang X, Wei W, Wei G, Su Z. Enzyme-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization for functional materials: principles, synthesis, and applications. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes provide a potential and highly efficient way to mediate the formation of various functional polymer materials with wide applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS)
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Jena 07743
- Germany
| | - Wenfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| | - Gang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- 266071 Qingdao
- China
- Faculty of Production Engineering
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wilts EM, Ma D, Bai Y, Williams CB, Long TE. Comparison of Linear and 4-Arm Star Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) for Aqueous Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Personalized Dosage Tablets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23938-23947. [PMID: 31252452 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of personalized dosage oral pharmaceuticals using additive manufacturing (AM) provides patients with customizable, locally manufactured, and cost-efficient tablets, while reducing the probability of side effects. Binder jetting AM has potential for fabrication of customized dosage tablets, but the resulting products lack in strength due to solely relying on the binder to produce structural integrity. The selection of polymeric binders is also limited due to viscosity restraints, which limits molecular weight and concentration. To investigate and ameliorate these limitations, this article reports a comprehensive study of linear and 4-arm star poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) over a range of molecular weights as polymeric binders for binder jetting AM and their effect on physical tablet properties. Formulation of varying molecular weights and concentrations of linear and 4-arm star PVP in deionized water and subsequent jetting revealed relationships between the critical overlap concentrations (C*) and jettability on binder jetting systems with thermal inkjet printheads. After printing with a commercially available ZCorp Spectrum Z510 printer with an HP11 printhead with a lactose and powdered sugar powder bed, subsequent measurement of compressive strength, compressive modulus, and porosity revealed structure-property relationships between molecular weight, polymer concentration, and linear and 4-arm star architectures with physical properties of binder jetted tablets. This study elucidated that the dominating factor to increase compressive strength of a tablet is dependent on the weight percent of the polymer in the binder, which filled interstitial voids between powder particles. Because 4-arm star polymers have lower solution viscosities compared to linear analogues at the same molecular weights, they were jettable at higher concentrations, thus producing the strongest tablets at a compressive strength of 1.2 MPa. Finally, the inclusion of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), acetaminophen, revealed maintenance of the tablet physical properties across 5-50 total wt % API in each tablet.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cox A, Vinciguerra D, Re F, Magro RD, Mura S, Masserini M, Couvreur P, Nicolas J. Protein-functionalized nanoparticles derived from end-functional polymers and polymer prodrugs for crossing the blood-brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:70-82. [PMID: 31176723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles may provide a viable way for neuroprotective drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the passage of most drugs from the peripheral circulation to the brain. Heterotelechelic polymer prodrugs comprising a neuroprotective model drug (adenosine) and a maleimide functionality were synthesized by the "drug-initiated" approach and subsequent nitroxide exchange reaction. Nanoparticles were obtained by nanoprecipitation and exhibited high colloidal stability with diameters in the 162-185 nm range and narrow size distributions. Nanoparticles were then covalently surface-conjugated to different proteins (albumin, α2-macroglobulin and fetuin A) to test their capability of enhancing BBB translocation. Their performances in terms of endothelial permeability and cellular uptake in an in vitro BBB model were compared to that of similar nanoparticles with surface-adsorbed proteins, functionalized or not with the drug. It was shown that bare NPs (i.e., NPs not surface-functionalized with proteins) without the drug exhibited significant permeability and cellular uptake, which were further enhanced by NP surface functionalization with α2-macroglobulin. However, the presence of the drug at the polymer chain-end prevented efficient passage of all types of NPs through the BBB model, likely due to adecrease in the hydrophobicity of the nanoparticle surface and alteration of the protein binding/coupling, respectively. These results established a new and facile synthetic approach for the surface-functionalization of polymer nanoparticles for brain delivery purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Cox
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
| | - Daniele Vinciguerra
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Francesca Re
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy.
| | - Roberta Dal Magro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
| | - Simona Mura
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Massimo Masserini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Poly(-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV): Current advances in synthesis methodologies, antitumor applications and biocompatibility. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
20
|
Chen C, Wang CG, Guan W, Goto A. A photo-selective chain-end modification of polyacrylate-iodide and its application in patterned polymer brush synthesis. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photo-selective chain-end modification of polyacrylate-iodide (polymer-I) was developed. The method was used to generate chain-end patterned polymer brushes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Chen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Wenxun Guan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dergunov SA. Facile Synthesis of Chiral Polymers with Defined Architecture via Cooperative Assembly of Confined Templates. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1322-1327. [PMID: 35651254 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein is presented the synergistically self-assembled system as biomimetic polymerization media. This approach allows the facile synthesis of chiral amino acid-based polymers with high molecular weight and low dispersity inside of the bilayer of catanionic vesicles by using a conventional radical polymerization under moderate conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yeow J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Boyer C. Up in the air: oxygen tolerance in controlled/living radical polymerisation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4357-4387. [PMID: 29718038 PMCID: PMC9857479 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for deoxygenation in controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) places significant limitations on its widespread implementation by necessitating the use of large reaction volumes, sealed reaction vessels as well as requiring access to specialised equipment such as a glove box and/or inert gas source. As a result, in recent years there has been intense interest in developing strategies for overcoming the effects of oxygen inhibition in CLRP and therefore remove the necessity for deoxygenation. In this review, we highlight several strategies for achieving oxygen tolerant CLRP including: "polymerising through" oxygen, enzyme mediated deoxygenation and the continuous regeneration of a redox-active catalyst. In order to provide further clarity to the field, we also establish some basic parameters for evaluating the degree of "oxygen tolerance" that can be achieved using a given oxygen scrubbing strategy. Finally, we propose some applications that could most benefit from the implementation of oxygen tolerant CLRP and provide a perspective on the future direction of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Matyjaszewski K. Advanced Materials by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706441. [PMID: 29582478 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been successfully employed for the preparation of various advanced materials with controlled architecture. New catalysts with strongly enhanced activity permit more environmentally benign ATRP procedures using ppm levels of catalyst. Precise control over polymer composition, topology, and incorporation of site specific functionality enables synthesis of well-defined gradient, block, comb copolymers, polymers with (hyper)branched structures including stars, densely grafted molecular brushes or networks, as well as inorganic-organic hybrid materials and bioconjugates. Examples of specific applications of functional materials include thermoplastic elastomers, nanostructured carbons, surfactants, dispersants, functionalized surfaces, and biorelated materials.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ju Y, Zhang Y, Zhao H. Fabrication of Polymer-Protein Hybrids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700737. [PMID: 29383794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapid developments in organic chemistry and polymer chemistry promote the synthesis of polymer-protein hybrids with different structures and biofunctionalities. In this feature article, recent progress achieved in the synthesis of polymer-protein conjugates, protein-nanoparticle core-shell structures, and polymer-protein nanogels/hydrogels is briefly reviewed. The polymer-protein conjugates can be synthesized by the "grafting-to" or the "grafting-from" approach. In this article, different coupling reactions and polymerization methods used in the synthesis of bioconjugates are reviewed. Protein molecules can be immobilized on the surfaces of nanoparticles by covalent or noncovalent linkages. The specific interactions and chemical reactions employed in the synthesis of core-shell structures are discussed. Finally, a general introduction to the synthesis of environmentally responsive polymer-protein nanogels/hydrogels by chemical cross-linking reactions or molecular recognition is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ju
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Hanying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vinciguerra D, Tran J, Nicolas J. Telechelic polymers from reversible-deactivation radical polymerization for biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:228-240. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for the synthesis of telechelic polymers by reversible-activation radical polymerization for biomedical applications are covered spanning from drug delivery and targeting to theranostics and sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vinciguerra
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud
- UMR CNRS 8612
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex
| | - Johanna Tran
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud
- UMR CNRS 8612
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud
- UMR CNRS 8612
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Edwards-Gayle CJC, Greco F, Hamley IW, Rambo RP, Reza M, Ruokolainen J, Skoulas D, Iatrou H. Self-Assembly of Telechelic Tyrosine End-Capped PEO Star Polymers in Aqueous Solution. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:167-177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Greco
- School of Chemistry, Food
Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- School of Chemistry, Food
Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Robert P. Rambo
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Mehedi Reza
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Dimitrios Skoulas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Hermis Iatrou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martens S, Holloway JO, Du Prez FE. Click and Click-Inspired Chemistry for the Design of Sequence-Controlled Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28990247 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the previous decade, many popular chemical reactions used in the area of "click" chemistry and similarly efficient "click-inspired" reactions have been applied for the design of sequence-defined and, more generally, sequence-controlled structures. This combination of topics has already made quite a significant impact on scientific research to date and has enabled the synthesis of highly functionalized and complex oligomeric and polymeric structures, which offer the prospect of many exciting further developments and applications in the near future. This minireview highlights the fruitful combination of these two topics for the preparation of sequence-controlled oligomeric and macromolecular structures and showcases the vast number of publications in this field within a relatively short span of time. It is divided into three sections according to the click-(inspired) reaction that has been applied: copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, thiol-X, and related thiolactone-based reactions, and finally Diels-Alder-chemistry-based routes are outlined, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Martens
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joshua O Holloway
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Diaferia C, Sibillano T, Altamura D, Roviello V, Vitagliano L, Giannini C, Morelli G, Accardo A. Structural Characterization of PEGylated Hexaphenylalanine Nanostructures Exhibiting Green Photoluminescence Emission. Chemistry 2017; 23:14039-14048. [PMID: 28782843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peptides containing aromatic residues are known to exhibit spontaneous phenomena of supramolecular organization into ordered nanostructures (NSs). In this work we studied the structural behavior and optoelectronic properties of new biocompatible materials obtained by the self-assembly of a series of hexaphenylalanines (F6) modified at the N terminus by a PEG chain of different lengths. PEG12 -F6, PEG18 -F6, and PEG24 -F6 peptides were synthesized by coupling sequentially two, three, or four units of amino-carboxy-PEG6 blocks, each one containing six oxyethylene repetitions. Changes in the length and composition of the PEG chain were found to modulate the structural organization of the phenylalanine-based nanostructures. An increase in the self-aggregation tendency was observed with longer PEG chains, whereas, independently of the PEG length, the peptide NSs display cross-β-like secondary structures with an antiparallel β-strand arrangement. WAXS/GIWAXS diffraction patterns indicate a progressive decrease in fiber order along the series. All the PEG-F6 derivatives present blue photoluminescent (PL) emission at 460 nm, with the adduct with the longest PEG chain (PEG24 -F6) showing an additional green emission at 530 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" and DFM Scarl, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Altamura
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Roviello
- Analytical Chemistry for the Environment and Centro Servizi Metrologici Avanzati, University of Naples "Federico II", Corso Nicolangelo Protopisani, 80146, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" and DFM Scarl, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" and DFM Scarl, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Trzebicka B, Szweda R, Kosowski D, Szweda D, Otulakowski Ł, Haladjova E, Dworak A. Thermoresponsive polymer-peptide/protein conjugates. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
30
|
Byrne A, Jacobs J, Burke CS, Martin A, Heise A, Keyes TE. Rational design of polymeric core shell ratiometric oxygen-sensing nanostructures. Analyst 2017; 142:3400-3406. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00753a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for the fabrication of luminescent ratiometric sensing nanosensors is described using core–shell nanoparticles in which the probe and reference are spatially separated into the shell and core of the nanostructure respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Jaco Jacobs
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
| | - Christopher S. Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Aaron Martin
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brisson ERL, Xiao Z, Franks GV, Connal LA. Versatile Synthesis of Amino Acid Functional Polymers without Protection Group Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2016; 18:272-280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. L. Brisson
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering and Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zeyun Xiao
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering and Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - George V. Franks
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering and Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Luke A. Connal
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering and Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Meißig;ler M, Wieczorek S, ten Brummelhuis N, Börner HG. Synthetic Aspects of Peptide– and Protein–Polymer Conjugates in the Post-click Era. BIO-INSPIRED POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782626664-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomacromolecules offer complex and precise functions embedded in their monomer sequence such as enzymatic activity or specific interactions towards other molecules. Their informational content and capability to organize in higher ordered structures is superior to those of synthetic molecules. In comparison, synthetic polymers are easy to access even at large production scales and they are chemically more diverse. Solubilization, shielding against enzymatic degradation to more advanced functions like switchability or protein mimicry, etc., are accessible through the world of polymer chemistry. Bio-inspired hybrid materials consisting of peptides or proteins and synthetic polymers thereby combine the properties of both molecules to give rise to a new class of materials with unique characteristics and performance. To obtain well-defined bioconjugate materials, high yielding and site-specific as well as biorthogonal ligation techniques are mandatory. Since the first attempts of protein PEGylation in the 1970s and the concept of “click” chemistry arising in 2001, continuous progress in the field of peptide– and protein–polymer conjugate preparation has been gained. Herein, we provide an overview on ligation techniques to prepare functional bioconjugates published in the last decade, also referred to as “post-click” methods. Furthermore, chemoenzymatic approaches and biotransformation reactions used in peptide or protein modification, as well as highly site-specific and efficient reactions originated in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which could potentially be adapted for bioconjugation, are presented. Finally, future perspectives for the preparation and application of bioconjugates at the interface between biology and synthetic materials are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meißig;ler
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Wieczorek
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Niels ten Brummelhuis
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Hans G. Börner
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pelegri-O’Day EM, Maynard HD. Controlled Radical Polymerization as an Enabling Approach for the Next Generation of Protein-Polymer Conjugates. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1777-85. [PMID: 27588677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates are unique constructs that combine the chemical properties of a synthetic polymer chain with the biological properties of a biomacromolecule. This often leads to improved stabilities, solubilities, and in vivo half-lives of the resulting conjugates, and expands the range of applications for the proteins. However, early chemical methods for protein-polymer conjugation often required multiple polymer modifications, which were tedious and low yielding. To solve these issues, work in our laboratory has focused on the development of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques to improve synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates. Initial efforts focused on the one-step syntheses of protein-reactive polymers through the use of functionalized initiators and chain transfer agents. A variety of functional groups such as maleimide and pyridyl disulfide could be installed with high end-group retention, which could then react with protein functional groups through mild and biocompatible chemistries. While this grafting to method represented a significant advance in conjugation technique, purification and steric hindrance between large biomacromolecules and polymer chains often led to low conjugation yields. Therefore, a grafting from approach was developed, wherein a polymer chain is grown from an initiating site on a functionalized protein. These conjugates have demonstrated improved homogeneity, characterization, and easier purification, while maintaining protein activity. Much of this early work utilizing CRP techniques focused on polymers made up of biocompatible but nonfunctional monomer units, often containing oligoethylene glycol meth(acrylate) or N-isopropylacrylamide. These branched polymers have significant advantages compared to the historically used linear poly(ethylene glycols) including decreased viscosities and thermally responsive behavior, respectively. Recently, we were motivated to use CRP techniques to develop polymers with rationally designed and functional biological properties for conjugate preparation. Specifically, two families of saccharide-inspired polymers were developed for stabilization and activation of therapeutic biomolecules. A series of polymers with trehalose side-chains and vinyl backbones were prepared and used to stabilize proteins against heat and lyophilization stress as both conjugates and additives. These materials, which combine properties of osmolytes with nonionic surfactants, have significant potential for in vivo therapeutic use. Additionally, polymers that mimic the structure of the naturally occurring polysaccharide heparin were prepared. These polymers contained negatively charged sulfonate groups and imparted stabilization to a heparin-binding growth factor after conjugation. A screen of other sulfonated polymers led to the development of a polymer with improved heparin mimesis, enhancing both stability and activity of the protein to which it was attached. Chemical improvements over the past decade have enabled the preparation of a diverse set of protein-polymer conjugates by controlled polymerization techniques. Now, the field should thoroughly explore and expand both the range of polymer structures and also the applications available to protein-polymer conjugates. As we move beyond medicine toward broader applications, increased collaboration and interdisciplinary work will result in the further development of this exciting field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Pelegri-O’Day
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Charan H, Kinzel J, Glebe U, Anand D, Garakani TM, Zhu L, Bocola M, Schwaneberg U, Böker A. Grafting PNIPAAm from β-barrel shaped transmembrane nanopores. Biomaterials 2016; 107:115-23. [PMID: 27614163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The research on protein-polymer conjugates by grafting from the surface of proteins has gained significant interest in the last decade. While there are many studies with globular proteins, membrane proteins have remained untouched to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we established the conjugate formation with a class of transmembrane proteins and grow polymer chains from the ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA; a β-barrel transmembrane protein of Escherichia coli). As the lysine residues of naturally occurring FhuA are distributed over the whole protein, FhuA was reengineered to have up to 11 lysines, distributed symmetrically in a rim on the membrane exposed side (outside) of the protein channel and exclusively above the hydrophobic region. Reengineering of FhuA ensures a polymer growth only on the outside of the β-barrel and prevents blockage of the channel as a result of the polymerization. A water-soluble initiator for controlled radical polymerization (CRP) was consecutively linked to the lysine residues of FhuA and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) polymerized under copper-mediated CRP conditions. The conjugate formation was analyzed by using MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Such conjugates combine the specific functions of the transmembrane proteins, like maintaining membrane potential gradients or translocation of substrates with the unique properties of synthetic polymers such as temperature and pH stimuli handles. FhuA-PNIPAAm conjugates will serve as functional nanosized building blocks for applications in targeted drug delivery, self-assembly systems, functional membranes and transmembrane protein gated nanoreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Charan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julia Kinzel
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Deepak Anand
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tayebeh Mirzaei Garakani
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang H, Wu H, Lee CJ, Lei X, Zhe J, Xu F, Cheng F, Cheng G. pH-Sensitive Poly(histidine methacrylamide). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6544-6550. [PMID: 27310924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research reports a synthetic amino acid based zwitterionic poly(histidine methacrylamide) (PHisMA), which possesses switchability among zwitterionic, anionic, and cationic states, pH-dependent antifouling properties, and chelation capability to multivalent metal ions. The PHisMA polymer brush surface shows good antifouling properties to resist protein adsorption and bacterial attachment in its zwitterionic state at pH 5. This study also demonstrates that the solution acidity significantly affects the mechanical properties of PHisMA hydrogels. PHisMA hydrogels show higher viscoelastic properties and lower swelling ratios in the zwitterionic state at pH 4 and pH 5, compared to higher or lower pH conditions. It was discovered that PHisMA can chelate multivalent metal ions, such as Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), Ni(2+) and Fe(3+). This study provides us a better understanding of structure-property relationships of switchable zwitterionic polymers. PHisMA can potentially be adapted for a broad range of applications including wound care, water treatment, bioseparation, coating, drug and gene delivery carriers, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fujian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education , Beijing 10029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116024, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Delplace V, Guégain E, Harrisson S, Gigmes D, Guillaneuf Y, Nicolas J. A ring to rule them all: a cyclic ketene acetal comonomer controls the nitroxide-mediated polymerization of methacrylates and confers tunable degradability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:12847-50. [PMID: 26169193 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
2-Methylene-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (MPDL) was successfully used as a controlling comonomer in NMP with oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (MeOEGMA) to prepare well-defined and degradable PEG-based P(MeOEGMA-co-MPDL) copolymers. The level of ester group incorporation is controlled, leading to reductions in molecular weight of up to 95% on hydrolysis. Neither the polymer nor its degradation products displayed cytoxicity. The method was also successfully applied to methyl methacrylate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Delplace
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nicolas J. Drug-Initiated Synthesis of Polymer Prodrugs: Combining Simplicity and Efficacy in Drug Delivery. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 28:1591-1606. [PMID: 27041820 PMCID: PMC4810754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the field of nanomedicine, the global trend over the past few years has been toward the design of highly sophisticated drug delivery systems with active targeting and/or imaging capabilities, as well as responsiveness to various stimuli to increase their therapeutic efficacy. However, providing sophistication generally increases complexity that could be detrimental in regards to potential pharmaceutical development. An emerging concept to design efficient yet simple drug delivery systems, termed the "drug-initiated" method, consists of growing short polymer chains from drugs in a controlled fashion to yield well-defined drug-polymer prodrugs. These materials are obtained in a reduced amount of synthetic steps and can be self-assembled into polymer prodrug nanoparticles, be incorporated into lipid nanocarriers or be used as water-soluble polymer prodrugs. This Perspective article will capture the recent achievements from the "drug-initiated" method and highlight the great biomedical potential of these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université
Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste
Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kirkham S, Castelletto V, Hamley IW, Reza M, Ruokolainen J, Hermida-Merino D, Bilalis P, Iatrou H. Self-Assembly of Telechelic Tyrosine End-Capped PEO and Poly(alanine) Polymers in Aqueous Solution. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1186-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kirkham
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Castelletto
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian William Hamley
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Mehedi Reza
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100 FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100 FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Panayiotis Bilalis
- University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Hermis Iatrou
- University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jena SS, Roy SG, Azmeera V, De P. Solvent-dependent self-assembly behaviour of block copolymers having side-chain amino acid and fatty acid block segments. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
40
|
Swift T, Lapworth J, Swindells K, Swanson L, Rimmer S. pH responsive highly branched poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with trihistidine or acid chain ends. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13139e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermally responsive highly branched poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)s (HB-PNIPAM) were prepared and end-functionalised to give polymers with acid or trihistidine end groups. The ionisation of the end groups affects the swelling of desolvated globules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Swift
- Polymer and Biomaterials Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - J. Lapworth
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - K. Swindells
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - L. Swanson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - S. Rimmer
- Polymer and Biomaterials Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Isahak N, Gody G, Malins LR, Mitchell NJ, Payne RJ, Perrier S. Single addition of an allylamine monomer enables access to end-functionalized RAFT polymers for native chemical ligation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12952-12955. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the introduction of a single protected amine-functional monomer at the chain end of RAFT polymers has been developed to enable native chemical ligation with peptide thioesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Gody
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Sébastien Perrier
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Warwick
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Günay KA, Klok HA. Synthesis of cyclic peptide disulfide–PHPMA conjugates via sequential active ester aminolysis and CuAAC coupling. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy for the preparation of cyclic peptide disulfide–polymer conjugates that does not require peptide protecting groups is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Arda Günay
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Laboratoire des Polymères
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Laboratoire des Polymères
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Moatsou D, Li J, Ranji A, Pitto-Barry A, Ntai I, Jewett MC, O’Reilly RK. Self-Assembly of Temperature-Responsive Protein-Polymer Bioconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1890-9. [PMID: 26083370 PMCID: PMC4577958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple temperature-responsive bioconjugate system comprising superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) decorated with poly[(oligo ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PEGMA) polymers. We used amber suppression to site-specifically incorporate the non-canonical azide-functional amino acid p-azidophenylalanine (pAzF) into sfGFP at different positions. The azide moiety on modified sfGFP was then coupled using copper-catalyzed "click" chemistry with the alkyne terminus of a PEGMA synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The protein in the resulting bioconjugate was found to remain functionally active (i.e., fluorescent) after conjugation. Turbidity measurements revealed that the point of attachment of the polymer onto the protein scaffold has an impact on the thermoresponsive behavior of the resultant bioconjugate. Furthermore, small-angle X-ray scattering analysis showed the wrapping of the polymer around the protein in a temperature-dependent fashion. Our work demonstrates that standard genetic manipulation combined with an expanded genetic code provides an easy way to construct functional hybrid biomaterials where the location of the conjugation site on the protein plays an important role in determining material properties. We anticipate that our approach could be generalized for the synthesis of complex functional materials with precisely defined domain orientation, connectivity, and composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafni Moatsou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arnaz Ranji
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Ntai
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nagase K, Onuma T, Yamato M, Takeda N, Okano T. Enhanced Wettability Changes by Synergistic Effect of Micro/Nanoimprinted Substrates and Grafted Thermoresponsive Polymer Brushes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1965-70. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science; Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns); 8-1 Kawadacho Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
| | - Takahiro Onuma
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience Graduate; School of Advanced Science and Engineering; Waseda University (TWIns); 2-2 Wakamatsucho Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science; Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns); 8-1 Kawadacho Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
| | - Naoya Takeda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience Graduate; School of Advanced Science and Engineering; Waseda University (TWIns); 2-2 Wakamatsucho Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science; Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns); 8-1 Kawadacho Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao Y, Wu H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang B, Zhang Q, Ren X, Fu C, Wei Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Tao L. Postpolymerization Modification of Poly(dihydropyrimidin-2(1 H)-thione)s via the Thiourea-Haloalkane Reaction to Prepare Functional Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:843-847. [PMID: 35596507 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A highly reactive thiourea-contained polycondensate, poly(dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione) (poly(DHPMT)) has been facilely synthesized via the Biginelli polycondensation using thiourea and a difunctional compound containing benzaldehyde and β-keto ester groups as monomers. The thiourea moiety in the polymer structure has similar reactivity as the thiourea, thus the poly(DHPMT) is an excellent polymer precusor for preparing new functional polymers through the postpolymerization modification (PPM) strategy. After simple reaction with functional haloalkanes, the parent poly(DHPMT) could be almost completely converted (>99%) to daughter polymers containing alkene or alkyne side groups. Then, the daughter polymers have been further transferred to granddaughter polymers through another PPM via thiol-ene or Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. Besides, when 3-phenylpropargyl chloride was used as the reactant, a bright yellow fluorescent polymer could be simply achieved due to the in situ formed conjugated heterocycle in the polymer structure, further demonstrating the diversity of the functional polymers through PPM. Considering the easily available monomers, simple polycondensation, and the excellent reactivity of the thiourea moiety in the polymer structure, this thiourea-contained Biginilli polycondensate might be a versatile platform for new functional polymer preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qingdong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xu Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Changkui Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Wang
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Why synthesize protein–polymer conjugates? The stability and activity of chymotrypsin-polymer bioconjugates synthesized by RAFT. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
47
|
Narayanan A, Maiti B, De P. Exploring the post-polymerization modification of side-chain amino acid containing polymers via Michael addition reactions. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
48
|
Water soluble triblock and pentablock poly(methacryloyl nucleosides) from copper-mediated living radical polymerisation using PEG macroinitiators. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
49
|
Delplace V, Harrisson S, Ho HT, Tardy A, Guillaneuf Y, Pascual S, Fontaine L, Nicolas J. One-Step Synthesis of Azlactone-Functionalized SG1-Based Alkoxyamine for Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization and Bioconjugation. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Delplace
- Institut
Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions
Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique
UMR 5623, 118 route de
Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Hien The Ho
- L’UNAM,
Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Equipe
Méthodologie et Synthèse des Polymères, UMR CNRS
6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Antoine Tardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie
Radicalaire UMR 7273, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie
Radicalaire UMR 7273, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Sagrario Pascual
- L’UNAM,
Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Equipe
Méthodologie et Synthèse des Polymères, UMR CNRS
6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Fontaine
- L’UNAM,
Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Equipe
Méthodologie et Synthèse des Polymères, UMR CNRS
6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut
Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Podobnik B, Helk B, Smilović V, Škrajnar Š, Fidler K, Jevševar S, Godwin A, Williams P. Conjugation of PolyPEG to interferon alpha extends serum half-life while maintaining low viscosity of the conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:452-9. [PMID: 25629733 DOI: 10.1021/bc500523t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to therapeutic proteins is a commonly used approach for extending in vivo half-lives. A potential limitation of this PEGylation strategy is the adverse effect of PEG on conjugate viscosity. Interferon-alpha (IFN) was conjugated via its N-terminal amino group by reductive amination to α-aldehyde functional comb-shaped PolyPEG polymers (50 and 70 kDa) and to linear PEG (30 kDa). In vitro potencies of the purified PEGylated IFN conjugates were measured by reporter gene assay using a HEK293P/ISRE-SEAP cell line. IFN levels were measured in rats following intravenous injection. Viscosities of various linear PEG and PolyPEG polymers along with the polymer-IFN conjugates were determined using a rotational rheometer with cone-and-plate geometry. In vitro potencies and half-lives of the PEGylated IFN conjugates were compared with those of the marketed branched PEG-IFN conjugate PEGASYS. Both PolyPEG-IFN conjugates retained a similar potency as that of the marketed comparator, whereas the linear PEG-IFN conjugate potency was greater. All conjugates showed extended half-lives compared to that of naked IFN, with the PolyPEG conjugates exhibiting the longest half-lives and the linear PEG conjugate, the shortest. Viscosity analysis showed that the linear PEG-IFN conjugate was over twice as viscous as both PolyPEG conjugates. Taken together, this work demonstrates the potential of PolyPEG conjugation to therapeutic proteins as a novel tool for optimizing pharmacokinetic profiles in a way that potentially allows administration of high-dose formulations because of lower conjugate viscosity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Podobnik
- †Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - B Helk
- ‡Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - V Smilović
- †Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Š Škrajnar
- †Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - K Fidler
- †Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - S Jevševar
- †Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - A Godwin
- §PolyTherics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - P Williams
- ∥PolyTherics Ltd, Unit 4, Vanguard Centre, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, CV4 7EZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|