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Deane O, Mandrelier P, Musa OM, Jamali M, Fielding LA, Armes SP. Synthesis and Characterization of All-Acrylic Tetrablock Copolymer Nanoparticles: Waterborne Thermoplastic Elastomers via One-Pot RAFT Aqueous Emulsion Polymerization. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:2061-2075. [PMID: 38435050 PMCID: PMC10902817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous emulsion polymerization is used to prepare well-defined ABCB tetrablock copolymer nanoparticles via sequential monomer addition at 30 °C. The A block comprises water-soluble poly(2-(N-acryloyloxy)ethyl pyrrolidone) (PNAEP), while the B and C blocks comprise poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) and poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA), respectively. High conversions are achieved at each stage, and the final sterically stabilized spherical nanoparticles can be obtained at 20% w/w solids at pH 3 and at up to 40% w/w solids at pH 7. A relatively long PnBA block is targeted to ensure that the final tetrablock copolymer nanoparticles form highly transparent films on drying such aqueous dispersions at ambient temperature. The kinetics of polymerization and particle growth are studied using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, while gel permeation chromatography analysis confirmed a high blocking efficiency for each stage of the polymerization. Differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray scattering studies confirm microphase separation between the hard PtBA and soft PnBA blocks, and preliminary mechanical property measurements indicate that such tetrablock copolymer films exhibit promising thermoplastic elastomeric behavior. Finally, it is emphasized that targeting an overall degree of polymerization of more than 1000 for such tetrablock copolymers mitigates the cost, color, and malodor conferred by the RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
J. Deane
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Pierre Mandrelier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Osama M. Musa
- Ashland
Specialty Ingredients, 1005 US 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Mohammed Jamali
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Lee A. Fielding
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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2
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Liao G, Derry MJ, Smith AJ, Armes SP, Mykhaylyk OO. Determination of Reaction Kinetics by Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-ray Scattering during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: Direct Evidence for Monomer-Swollen Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312119. [PMID: 37996999 PMCID: PMC10952692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of heterogeneous polymerization is determined directly using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This important advancement is exemplified for the synthesis of sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in mineral oil at 90 °C. The principle of mass balance is invoked to derive a series of equations for the analysis of the resulting time-resolved SAXS patterns. Importantly, there is a continuous change in the X-ray scattering length density for the various components within the reaction mixture. This enables the volume fraction of unreacted BzMA monomer to be calculated at any given time point, which enables the polymerization kinetics to be monitored in situ directly without relying on supplementary characterization techniques. Moreover, SAXS enables the local concentration of both monomer and solvent within the growing swollen nanoparticles to be determined during the polymerization. Data analysis reveals that the instantaneous rate of BzMA polymerization is proportional to the local monomer concentration within the nanoparticles. In principle, this powerful new time-resolved SAXS approach can be applicable to other heterogeneous polymerization formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Liao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldDainton BuildingSheffieldS3 7HFUK
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and TechnologySchool of Emergent Soft MatterGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldDainton BuildingSheffieldS3 7HFUK
- Aston Advanced Materials Research CentreAston UniversityAston TriangleBirminghamB4 7ETUK
| | - Andrew J. Smith
- Beamline I22Diamond Light Source LtdDiamond HouseDidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldDainton BuildingSheffieldS3 7HFUK
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3
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Brown LC, Hinnant KM, Daniels GC, Sudol PE, Vaughan SR, Weise NK, Giordano BC. Tailoring Amphiphilic Copolymers for Improved Aqueous Foam Stability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37315164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymers of various-molecular-weight (MW) poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The first PEG series, poly(ethylene glycol)monomethacrylate (PEGMA, average Mn 200 and 400 MW), contained an -OH terminal group, and the second series, poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether monomethacrylate (PEGMMA, average Mn 200, 400, and 1000 MW), possessed an -OCH3 terminal group. A total of five PEG-functionalized copolymers contained the same hydrophobic monomer, butyl acrylate (BA), and were successfully reproduced via a one-pot synthesis. The resulting PEG-functionalized copolymers provide a systematic trend of properties including surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), cloud point (CP), and foam lifetime based on the average MW of the PEG monomer and final polymer properties. In general, the PEGMA series produced more stable foams with PEGMA200 demonstrating the least change in foam height with time over a 10 min period. The important exception is that at elevated temperatures, the PEGMMA1000 copolymer had longer foam lifetimes. The self-assembling copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR), CMC, surface tension, dynamic light scattering (DLS), as a foam using a dynamic foam analyzer (DFA), and foam lifetime at ambient and elevated temperatures. The copolymers described highlight the importance of the PEG monomer MW and terminal end group for surface interaction and final polymer properties for foam stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren C Brown
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- ASEE Post-Doctoral Fellow, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Katherine M Hinnant
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Grant C Daniels
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Paige E Sudol
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- NRC Post-Doctoral Fellow, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Stephanie R Vaughan
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- ASEE Post-Doctoral Fellow, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Nickolaus K Weise
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Braden C Giordano
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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4
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Mandal A, Kilbinger AFM. Catalytic living ROMP: block copolymers from macro-chain transfer agents. Polym Chem 2023; 14:2797-2802. [PMID: 37325179 PMCID: PMC10262279 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00387f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl ether based macro-chain transfer agents (m-CTAs) are used to produce different di or tri-block copolymers under catalytic living ROMP conditions. Polystyrene (PS) vinyl ether m-CTA and polycaprolactone (PCL) or polylactide vinyl ether (PLA) m-CTAs are synthesized straightforwardly via ATRP and ROP respectively. Regioselectivity as well as the high metathesis activity of these m-CTAs enabled us to synthesise a range of metathesis-based A-B diblock copolymers with controlled dispersities (Đ < 1.4). In this manner, PS-ROMP (here, ROMP refers to a poly(MNI-co-DHF) block), PCL-ROMP and PLA-ROMP were synthesized using substoichiometric amounts of ruthenium complex in a living fashion. Also, a more complex PEG-PCL-ROMP tri-block terpolymer was obtained catalytically. All block copolymers were characterized by SEC and DOSY NMR spectroscopy. We believe that this methodology of using macro-chain transfer agents to prepare degradable ROMP polymers under catalytic living ROMP conditions will find applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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5
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Rho JY, Perrier S, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Multiblock copolymer synthesis via RAFT emulsion polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3438-3469. [PMID: 37093560 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A multiblock copolymer is a polymer of a specific structure that consists of multiple covalently linked segments, each comprising a different monomer type. The control of the monomer sequence has often been described as the "holy grail" of synthetic polymer chemistry, with the ultimate goal being synthetic access to polymers of a "perfect" structure, where each monomeric building block is placed at a desired position along the polymer chain. Given that polymer properties are intimately linked to the microstructure and monomer distribution along the constituent chains, it goes without saying that there exist seemingly endless opportunities in terms of fine-tuning the properties of such materials by careful consideration of the length of each block, the number and order of blocks, and the inclusion of monomers with specific functional groups. The area of multiblock copolymer synthesis remains relatively unexplored, in particular with regard to structure-property relationships, and there are currently significant opportunities for the design and synthesis of advanced materials. The present review focuses on the synthesis of multiblock copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization implemented as aqueous emulsion polymerization. RAFT emulsion polymerization offers intriguing opportunities not only for the advanced synthesis of multiblock copolymers, but also provides access to polymeric nanoparticles of specific morphologies. Precise multiblock copolymer synthesis coupled with self-assembly offers material morphology control on length scales ranging from a few nanometers to a micrometer. It is imperative that polymer chemists interact with physicists and material scientists to maximize the impact of these materials of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- MACROARC, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Julia Y Rho
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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6
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Efraim Alexakis A, Rosella Telaretti Leggieri M, Wågberg L, Malmström E, Benselfelt T. Nanolatex architectonics: Influence of cationic charge density and size on their adsorption onto surfaces with a 2D or 3D distribution of anionic groups. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:610-620. [PMID: 36549209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS It is theoretically predicted and hypothesized that the charge density and size of spherical nanoparticles are the key factors for their adsorption onto oppositely charged surfaces. It is also hypothesized that the morphology and charge of the surface are of great importance. In-plane 2D (silica) or a volumetric 3D (regenerated TEMPO-oxidized cellulose model surfaces) distribution of charged groups is expected to influence charge compensation and, thus, the adsorption behavior. EXPERIMENTS In this work, self-stabilized nanolatexes with a range of cationic charge densities and sizes were synthesized through reversible addition - fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization coupled with polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Their adsorption onto silica and anionic cellulose model surfaces was investigated using stagnation point adsorption reflectometry (SPAR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). FINDINGS Experiments and theory agree and show that the size of the nanolatex and the difference in charge density compared to the substrate determine the charge compensation and, thus, the surface coverage. Highly charged or large nanolatexes overcompensate the surface charge of non-porous substrates leading to a significant repulsive zone where other particles cannot adsorb. For porous substrates like cellulose, the vertical distribution of charged groups in the 3D volume prevents overcompensation and thus increases the adsorption. This systematic study investigates the isolated effect of surface charge and size and paves the way for on-demand particles specifically designed for a surface with particular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Efraim Alexakis
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Rosella Telaretti Leggieri
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Malmström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Shape-Shifting Thermoresponsive Block Copolymer Nano-Objects. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:906-920. [PMID: 36566636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we review our recent progress in the design of shape-shifting thermoresponsive diblock copolymer nano-objects, which are prepared using various hydroxyl-functional (meth)acrylic monomers (e.g. 2‑hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 4‑hydroxybutyl acrylate or hydroxybutyl methacrylate) to generate the thermoresponsive block. Unlike traditional thermoresponsive polymers such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), there is no transition between soluble and insoluble polymer chains in aqueous solution. Instead, thermally driven transitions between a series of copolymer morphologies (e.g. spheres, worms, vesicles or lamellae) occur on adjusting the aqueous solution temperature owing to a subtle change in the partial degree of hydration of the permanently insoluble thermoresponsive block. Such remarkable self-assembly behavior is unprecedented in colloid science: no other amphiphilic diblock copolymer or surfactant system undergoes such behavior at a fixed chemical composition and concentration. Such shape-shifting nano-objects are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, rheology and variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. Potential applications for this fascinating new class of amphiphiles are briefly considered.
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8
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Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA) for in situ drug encapsulation or drug conjugation in cancer application. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 618:173-184. [PMID: 35338924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We describe the possibility of using the same block copolymer carriers prepared by PISA for in situ drug encapsulation or drug conjugation. EXPERIMENTS Block copolymers containing poly((ethylene glycol) methacrylate)-co-poly(pentafluorophenyl methacrylate)-b-poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (P((PEGMA-co-PFBMA)-b-PHPMA)) were synthesized at 10 wt% using PISA. The first approach involved in situ Doxorubicin (DOX) loading during PISA, while the second exhibited surface functionalization of PISA-made vesicles with dual drug therapies, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and DOX using para-fluoro-thiol reaction (PFTR) and carbodiimide chemistry, respectively. Cytotoxicity, cell uptake, and cell apoptosis were assessed on MDA-MB-231 cell lines. FINDINGS P((PEGMA-co-PFBMA)-b-PHPMA) nanocarriers were prepared, showing size and shape transformations from spheres, cylinders to raspberry-forming vesicles. DOX was readily loaded into NPs during PISA with relatively high encapsulation efficiency of 70 %, whereas the plain PISA-made vesicles could be functionalized with NAC and DOX at high yields. DOX-free NPs showed biocompatibility, whilst DOX-conjugated NPs imparted a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, as well as an enhanced cell uptake compared to free DOX. The results demonstrated that the same PISA-derived self-assemblies enabled either in situ drug encapsulation, or post-polymerization surface engineering with useful functionalities upon tuning the macro-CTA block, thus holding promises for future drug delivery and biomedical applications.
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György C, Smith T, Growney DJ, Armes SP. Synthesis and derivatization of epoxy-functional sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer spheres in non-polar media: does the spatial location of the epoxy groups matter? Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy-functional sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles are prepared via PISA in mineral oil and then derivatized using various reagents and reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla György
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Timothy Smith
- Lubrizol Ltd, Nether Lane, Hazelwood, Derbyshire, DE56 4AN, UK
| | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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10
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Beattie DL, Deane OJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate: effect of end-group ionization on the formation and colloidal stability of sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)-poly(4-hydroxybutyl acrylate) nano-objects are prepared by aqueous polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) using an ionic RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Beattie
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Oliver J. Deane
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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11
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Czajka A, Byard SJ, Armes SP. Silica nanoparticle-loaded thermoresponsive block copolymer vesicles: a new post-polymerization encapsulation strategy and thermally triggered release. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9569-9579. [PMID: 36091885 PMCID: PMC9400661 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02103j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermoresponsive amphiphilic diblock copolymer that can form spheres, worms or vesicles in aqueous media at neutral pH by simply raising the dispersion temperature from 1 °C (spheres) to 25 °C (worms) to 50 °C (vesicles) is prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Heating such an aqueous copolymer dispersion from 1 °C up to 50 °C in the presence of 19 nm glycerol-functionalized silica nanoparticles enables this remarkable ‘shape-shifting’ behavior to be exploited as a new post-polymerization encapsulation strategy. The silica-loaded vesicles formed at 50 °C are then crosslinked using a disulfide-based dihydrazide reagent. Such covalent stabilization enables the dispersion to be cooled to room temperature without loss of the vesicle morphology, thus aiding characterization and enabling the loading efficiency to be determined as a function of both copolymer and silica concentration. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis indicated a mean vesicle membrane thickness of approximately 20 ± 2 nm for the linear vesicles and TEM studies confirmed encapsulation of the silica nanoparticles within these nano-objects. After removal of the non-encapsulated silica nanoparticles via multiple centrifugation–redispersion cycles, thermogravimetric analysis indicated that vesicle loading efficiencies of up to 86% can be achieved under optimized conditions. Thermally-triggered release of the silica nanoparticles is achieved by cleaving the disulfide bonds at 50 °C using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), followed by cooling to 20 °C to induce vesicle dissociation. SAXS is also used to confirm the release of silica nanoparticles by monitoring the disappearance of the structure factor peak arising from silica–silica interactions. A loading efficiency of up to 86% is achieved for silica nanoparticles encapsulated within crosslinkable redox-sensitive thermoresponsive diblock copolymer vesicles in water at 50 °C; triggered release is also demonstrated for this system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Czajka
- Dainton Building, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Sarah J. Byard
- Dainton Building, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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12
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Oral I, Grossmann L, Fedorenko E, Struck J, Abetz V. Synthesis of Poly(methacrylic acid)- block-Polystyrene Diblock Copolymers at High Solid Contents via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3675. [PMID: 34771234 PMCID: PMC8588034 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) and reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization offers a powerful technique to synthesize diblock copolymers and polymeric nanoparticles in a controlled manner. The RAFT emulsion diblock copolymerization of styrene and methacrylic acid (MAA) by using a trithiocarbonate as surfactant and RAFT agent was investigated. The Z-group of the RAFT agent was modified with a propyl-, butyl- and dodecyl- sidechain, increasing the hydrophobicity of the RAFT agent to offer well-controlled polymerization of poly(methacrylic acid)-block-polystyrene (PMAA-b-PS) diblock copolymers at high solid contents between 30-50 wt% in water. The kinetic data of the PMAA homopolymerization with the three different RAFT agents for various solvents was investigated as well as the RAFT emulsion polymerization of the diblock copolymers in pure water. While the polymerization of PMAA-b-PS with a propyl terminus as a Z-group suffered from slow polymerization rates at solid contents above 30 wt%, the polymerization with a dodecyl sidechain as a Z-group led to full conversion within 2 h, narrow molar mass distributions and all that at a remarkable solid content of up to 50 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iklima Oral
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (I.O.); (L.G.); (E.F.); (J.S.)
| | - Larissa Grossmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (I.O.); (L.G.); (E.F.); (J.S.)
| | - Elena Fedorenko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (I.O.); (L.G.); (E.F.); (J.S.)
| | - Jana Struck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (I.O.); (L.G.); (E.F.); (J.S.)
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (I.O.); (L.G.); (E.F.); (J.S.)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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13
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Chan DH, Kynaston EL, Lindsay C, Taylor P, Armes SP. Block Copolymer Nanoparticles are Effective Dispersants for Micrometer-Sized Organic Crystalline Particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30235-30243. [PMID: 34151553 PMCID: PMC8289232 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined sterically stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles of 29 nm diameter are prepared by RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate using a dithiobenzoate-capped poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) precursor. These nanoparticles are evaluated as a dispersant for the preparation of organic crystalline microparticles via ball milling. This is exemplified for azoxystrobin, which is a broad-spectrum fungicide that is widely used to protect various food crops. Laser diffraction and optical microscopy studies indicate the formation of azoxystrobin microparticles of approximately 2 μm diameter after ball milling for 10 min at 400 rpm. Nanoparticle adsorption at the surface of these azoxystrobin microparticles is confirmed by electron microscopy studies. The extent of nanoparticle adsorption on the azoxystrobin microparticles can be quantified using a supernatant assay based on solution densitometry. This technique indicates an adsorbed amount of approximately 5.5 mg m-2, which is sufficient to significantly reduce the negative zeta potential exhibited by azoxystrobin. Moreover, this adsorbed amount appears to be essentially independent of the nature of the core-forming block, with similar data being obtained for both poly(methyl methacrylate)- and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)-based nanoparticles. Finally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirm attenuation of the underlying N1s signal arising from the azoxystrobin microparticles by the former adsorbed nanoparticles, suggesting a fractional surface coverage of approximately 0.24. This value is consistent with a theoretical surface coverage of 0.25 calculated from the adsorption isotherm data. Overall, this study suggests that sterically stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles may offer a useful alternative approach to traditional soluble copolymer dispersants for the preparation of suspension concentrates affecting the context of agrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek
H. H. Chan
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Emily L. Kynaston
- Syngenta,
Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Christopher Lindsay
- Syngenta,
Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Philip Taylor
- Syngenta,
Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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14
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Guimarães TR, Loong Bong Y, Thompson SW, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Correction: Polymerization-induced self-assembly via RAFT in emulsion: effect of Z-group on the nucleation step. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py90021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for ‘Polymerization-induced self-assembly via RAFT in emulsion: effect of Z-group on the nucleation step’ by Thiago R. Guimarães et al., Polym. Chem., 2021, 12, 122–133, DOI: 10.1039/D0PY01311K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R. Guimarães
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Y. Loong Bong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Steven W. Thompson
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | | | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Warwick Medical School
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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15
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Fuentes-Exposito M, Norsic S, Février T, Dugas PY, Boutti S, Devisme S, Bonnet A, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M. Surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of vinylidene fluoride mediated by RAFT/MADIX reactive poly(ethylene glycol) polymer chains. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vinylidene fluoride (VDF) emulsion polymerization is conducted in the presence of xanthate-end functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)s leading to stable PVDF latexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Fuentes-Exposito
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Norsic
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thibaut Février
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dugas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Salima Boutti
- ARKEMA, Centre de Recherche Rhône-Alpes (CRRA), Rue Henri Moissan - CS 42063, 69491 Pierre-Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Devisme
- ARKEMA, Centre de recherche, développement, applications et technique de l'ouest (Cerdato), 13 route de Launay, 27470 Serquigny, France
| | - Anthony Bonnet
- ARKEMA, Centre de Recherche Rhône-Alpes (CRRA), Rue Henri Moissan - CS 42063, 69491 Pierre-Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
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16
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Dao TPT, Vezenkov L, Subra G, Ladmiral V, Semsarilar M. Nano-assemblies with core-forming hydrophobic polypeptide via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00793e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to produce self-assembled structures with hydrophobic polypeptide cores via Reversible Addition–Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) – mediated Polymerisation-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lubomir Vezenkov
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron
- IBMM
- Univ Montpellier
- CNRS
- ENSCM
| | - Gilles Subra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron
- IBMM
- Univ Montpellier
- CNRS
- ENSCM
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- ICGM
- Univ Montpellier
- CNRS
- ENSCM
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17
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Hunter SJ, Lovett JR, Mykhaylyk OO, Jones ER, Armes SP. Synthesis of diblock copolymer spheres, worms and vesicles via RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of hydroxybutyl methacrylate. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00517k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of hydroxybutyl methacrylate using a poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) precursor leads to diblock copolymer spheres, worms or vesicles. A pseudo-phase diagram is constructed and the vesicles are briefly evaluated as a Pickering emulsifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul J. Hunter
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Joseph R. Lovett
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | | | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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18
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Boussiron C, Le Bechec M, Sabalot J, Lacombe S, Save M. Photoactive rose bengal-based latex via RAFT emulsion polymerization-induced self-assembly. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01128b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rose bengal shell- or core-functionalized acrylic latex synthesized by RAFT emulsion PISA: interfacial photosensitized 1O2 production under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Boussiron
- CNRS
- University Pau & Pays Adour
- E2S UPPA
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux
- IPREM
| | - Mickaël Le Bechec
- CNRS
- University Pau & Pays Adour
- E2S UPPA
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux
- IPREM
| | - Julia Sabalot
- CNRS
- University Pau & Pays Adour
- E2S UPPA
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux
- IPREM
| | - Sylvie Lacombe
- CNRS
- University Pau & Pays Adour
- E2S UPPA
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux
- IPREM
| | - Maud Save
- CNRS
- University Pau & Pays Adour
- E2S UPPA
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux
- IPREM
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19
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Guimarães TR, Bong YL, Thompson SW, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Polymerization-induced self-assembly via RAFT in emulsion: effect of Z-group on the nucleation step. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the nature of the Z-group of trithiocarbonate RAFT agents can have a major effect on the nucleation step of aqueous RAFT PISA performed as emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R. Guimarães
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Y. Loong Bong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Steven W. Thompson
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
- Clayton South
- Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Warwick Medical School
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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20
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Hunter SJ, Armes SP. Pickering Emulsifiers Based on Block Copolymer Nanoparticles Prepared by Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:15463-15484. [PMID: 33325720 PMCID: PMC7884006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer nanoparticles prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) represent an emerging class of organic Pickering emulsifiers. Such nanoparticles are readily prepared by chain-extending a soluble homopolymer precursor using a carefully selected second monomer that forms an insoluble block in the chosen solvent. As the second block grows, it undergoes phase separation that drives in situ self-assembly to form sterically stabilized nanoparticles. Conducting such PISA syntheses in aqueous solution leads to hydrophilic nanoparticles that enable the formation of oil-in-water emulsions. Alternatively, hydrophobic nanoparticles can be prepared in non-polar media (e.g., n-alkanes), which enables water-in-oil emulsions to be produced. In this review, the specific advantages of using PISA to prepare such bespoke Pickering emulsifiers are highlighted, which include fine control over particle size, copolymer morphology, and surface wettability. This has enabled various fundamental scientific questions regarding Pickering emulsions to be addressed. Moreover, block copolymer nanoparticles can be used to prepare Pickering emulsions over various length scales, with mean droplet diameters ranging from millimeters to less than 200 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul J. Hunter
- Department of Chemistry,
Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry,
Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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21
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Dao TPT, Vezenkov L, Subra G, Amblard M, In M, Le Meins JF, Aubrit F, Moradi MA, Ladmiral V, Semsarilar M. Self-Assembling Peptide—Polymer Nano-Objects via Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Tuyen Dao
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Lubomir Vezenkov
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Gilles Subra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Muriel Amblard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Martin In
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, L2C, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Jean-François Le Meins
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO UMR 5629, Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Florian Aubrit
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO UMR 5629, Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Mohammad-Amin Moradi
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Mona Semsarilar
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
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22
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Thompson SW, Guimarães TR, Zetterlund PB. RAFT Emulsion Polymerization: MacroRAFT Agent Self-Assembly Investigated Using a Solvachromatic Dye. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4577-4590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Thompson
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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23
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Parker B, Derry MJ, Ning Y, Armes SP. Exploring the Upper Size Limit for Sterically Stabilized Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles Prepared by Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in Non-Polar Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3730-3736. [PMID: 32216260 PMCID: PMC7161081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate is used to prepare a series of well-defined poly(stearyl methacrylate)-poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PSMA-PBzMA) diblock copolymer nanoparticles in mineral oil at 90 °C. A relatively long PSMA54 precursor acts as a steric stabilizer block and also ensures that only kinetically trapped spheres are obtained, regardless of the target degree of polymerization (DP) for the core-forming PBzMA block. This polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) formulation provides good control over the particle size distribution over a wide size range (24-459 nm diameter). 1H NMR spectroscopy studies confirm that high monomer conversions (≥96%) are obtained for all PISA syntheses while transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses show well-defined spheres with a power-law relationship between the target PBzMA DP and the mean particle diameter. Gel permeation chromatography studies indicate a gradual loss of control over the molecular weight distribution as higher DPs are targeted, but well-defined morphologies and narrow particle size distributions can be obtained for PBzMA DPs up to 3500, which corresponds to an upper particle size limit of 459 nm. Thus, these are among the largest well-defined spheres with reasonably narrow size distributions (standard deviation ≤20%) produced by any PISA formulation. Such large spheres serve as model sterically stabilized particles for analytical centrifugation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony
R. Parker
- Dainton Building, Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook
Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yin Ning
- Dainton Building, Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook
Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook
Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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24
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D'Agosto F, Rieger J, Lansalot M. RAFT‐vermittelte polymerisationsinduzierte Selbstorganisation (PISA). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Jutta Rieger
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 8232 Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Polymer Chemistry Team (ECP) 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris Frankreich
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne Frankreich
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25
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D'Agosto F, Rieger J, Lansalot M. RAFT‐Mediated Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8368-8392. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jutta Rieger
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 8232 Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM) Polymer Chemistry Team (ECP) 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
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26
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Hunter SJ, Penfold NJW, Chan DH, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. How Do Charged End-Groups on the Steric Stabilizer Block Influence the Formation and Long-Term Stability of Pickering Nanoemulsions Prepared Using Sterically Stabilized Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles? LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:769-780. [PMID: 31899941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) solution polymerization is used to prepare well-defined poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) chains bearing carboxylic acid, tertiary amine, or neutral end-groups. Each of these PGMA precursors was then chain-extended in turn via RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate to form spherical nanoparticles as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Dynamic light scattering studies indicated an intensity-average diameter of approximately 25 nm. Aqueous electrophoresis measurements confirmed that the amine-functional nanoparticles became cationic at low pH owing to end-group protonation. In contrast, carboxylic acid-functional nanoparticles became appreciably anionic at pH 10 owing to end-group ionization. Finally, nanoparticles bearing neutral end-groups exhibited zeta potentials close to zero over a range of solution pH. High-shear homogenization of n-dodecane in the presence of such sterically stabilized nanoparticles led to the formation of oil-in-water Pickering macroemulsions with volume-average diameters of 20-30 μm. High-pressure microfluidization was then used to prepare the three corresponding Pickering nanoemulsions. Each Pickering nanoemulsion was characterized by analytical centrifugation and TEM studies of the dried nanoemulsion droplets confirmed their original nanoparticle superstructure. The nanoparticle adsorption efficiency at the oil-water interface was assessed by gel permeation chromatography (using a UV detector) for each nanoparticle type at both pH 3 and 7. Nanoparticles with charged end-groups exhibited relatively low adsorption efficiency, whereas up to 90% of the neutral nanoparticles were adsorbed onto the oil droplets. This observation was supported by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments, which indicated that the packing efficiency of neutral nanoparticles around oil droplets was higher than that of nanoparticles bearing charged end-groups. Analytical centrifugation was used to evaluate the colloidal stability of the aged Pickering nanoemulsions. Pickering nanoemulsions stabilized with nanoparticles bearing charged end-groups proved to be significantly less stable than those prepared using neutral end-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul J Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Nicholas J W Penfold
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Derek H Chan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Oleksandr O Mykhaylyk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , Yorkshire S3 7HF , U.K
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27
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Yu H, Shao J, Chen D, Wang L, Yang W. Aromatic thioketone-mediated radical polymerization of methacrylates and the preparation of amphiphilic quasi-block copolymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TfXT exhibits strong ability to control radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and has been used in preparing amphiphilic quasi-block copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
| | - Jianwei Shao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
| | - Dong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
| | - Li Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
| | - Wantai Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
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28
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Docherty PJ, Girou C, Derry MJ, Armes SP. Epoxy-functional diblock copolymer spheres, worms and vesicles via polymerization-induced self-assembly in mineral oil. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy-functional poly(stearyl methacrylate)-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) spheres, worms or vesicles can be prepared by RAFT dispersion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in mineral oil at 70 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloé Girou
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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29
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Hatton FL, Derry MJ, Armes SP. Rational synthesis of epoxy-functional spheres, worms and vesicles by RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The rational synthesis of epoxy-functional diblock copolymer nano-objects has been achieved by RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate under mild conditions (50 °C, pH 7) to preserve the epoxy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Hatton
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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30
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Yang P, Ning Y, Neal TJ, Jones ER, Parker BR, Armes SP. Block copolymer microparticles comprising inverse bicontinuous phases prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4200-4208. [PMID: 31015951 PMCID: PMC6460954 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00303g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, post-polymerization processing routes have been used to obtain a wide range of block copolymer morphologies. However, this self-assembly approach is normally performed at rather low copolymer concentration, which precludes many potential applications. Herein, we report a facile method for the preparation of block copolymer particles exhibiting complex internal morphology via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). More specifically, a series of diblock copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) alternating copolymerization of styrene (St) with N-phenylmaleimide (NMI) using a poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAC) stabilizer as a soluble precursor. Conducting such PISA syntheses in a 50 : 50 w/w ethanol/methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) mixture leads directly to the formation of micrometer-sized PDMAC-P(St-alt-NMI) diblock copolymer particles at 20% w/w solids. Adjusting the degree of polymerization (DP) of the core-forming P(St-alt-NMI) block to target highly asymmetric copolymer compositions provides convenient access to an inverse bicontinuous phase. TEM studies of intermediate structures provide useful insights regarding the mechanism of formation of this phase. SEM studies indicate that the final copolymer particles comprise perforated surface layers and possess nanostructured interiors. In addition, control experiments using 1,4-dioxane suggest that the high chain mobility conferred by the MEK co-solvent is essential for the formation of such inverse bicontinuous structures. One-pot PISA formulations are reproducible and involve only cheap, commercially available starting materials, so they should be readily amenable to scale-up. This augurs well for the potential use of such nanostructured micrometer-sized particles as new organic opacifiers for paints and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Yin Ning
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Thomas J Neal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Elizabeth R Jones
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Bryony R Parker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
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31
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Le D, Dilger M, Pertici V, Diabaté S, Gigmes D, Weiss C, Delaittre G. Ultraschnelle Synthese multivalenter radikalischer Nanopartikel durch ringöffnende Metathesepolymerisations‐induzierte Selbstorganisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dao Le
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik (ITG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITCP) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Marco Dilger
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik (ITG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Vincent Pertici
- Aix-Marseille-Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 13397 Marseille Frankreich
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik (ITG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille-Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 13397 Marseille Frankreich
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik (ITG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik (ITG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITCP) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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32
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Le D, Dilger M, Pertici V, Diabaté S, Gigmes D, Weiss C, Delaittre G. Ultra‐Fast Synthesis of Multivalent Radical Nanoparticles by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4725-4731. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dao Le
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Marco Dilger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Vincent Pertici
- Aix-Marseille-Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 13397 Marseille France
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille-Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 13397 Marseille France
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
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33
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Ebeling B, Belal K, Stoffelbach F, Woisel P, Lansalot M, D'Agosto F. Polymer Nanospheres with Hydrophobic Surface Groups as Supramolecular Building Blocks Produced by Aqueous PISA. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800455. [PMID: 30198165 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A robust and straightforward synthesis of waterborne polymer nanospheres bearing the supramolecular association unit dialkoxynapthalene at their surface is presented using polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). A RAFT agent bearing this unit is first employed to produce poly(acrylic acid) chains, which are then chain-extended with styrene (S) to spontaneously form the nano-objects via RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization. The particular challenge posed by the dialkoxynapthalene hydrophobicity can be overcome by the use of PISA and the deprotonation of the poly(acrylic acid). At pH = 7, very homogeneous latexes are obtained. The particle diameters can be tuned from 36 to 105 nm (with a narrow particle size distribution) by varying the molar mass of the PS block. The surface accessibility of the dialkoxynapthalene moieties is demonstrated by complexation with the complementary host cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+ · Cl- ), highlighting the potential of the nanospheres to act as building blocks for responsive supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ebeling
- Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), CNRS UMR 5265, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled Belal
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET), CNRS UMR 8207, ENSCL, INRA, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - François Stoffelbach
- Equipe Chimie des Polymères, CNRS UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Patrice Woisel
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET), CNRS UMR 8207, ENSCL, INRA, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), CNRS UMR 5265, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), CNRS UMR 5265, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
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34
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Zhou D, Kuchel RP, Dong S, Lucien FP, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly under Compressed CO2
: Control of Morphology Using a CO2
-Responsive MacroRAFT Agent. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800335. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dewen Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design; School of Chemical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Siming Dong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design; School of Chemical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Frank P. Lucien
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design; School of Chemical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design; School of Chemical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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35
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Jesson C, Cunningham VJ, Smallridge MJ, Armes SP. Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization of Isopropylideneglycerol Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2018; 51:3221-3232. [PMID: 29805184 PMCID: PMC5959244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight water-soluble polymers are widely used as flocculants or thickeners. However, synthesis of such polymers via solution polymerization invariably results in highly viscous fluids, which makes subsequent processing somewhat problematic. Alternatively, such polymers can be prepared as colloidal dispersions; in principle, this is advantageous because the particulate nature of the polymer chains ensures a much lower fluid viscosity. Herein we exemplify the latter approach by reporting the convenient one-pot synthesis of high molecular weight poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous emulsion polymerization of a water-immiscible protected monomer precursor, isopropylideneglycerol methacrylate (IPGMA) at 70 °C, using a water-soluble poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) chain transfer agent as a steric stabilizer. This formulation produces a low-viscosity aqueous dispersion of PGMA-PIPGMA diblock copolymer nanoparticles at 20% solids. Subsequent acid deprotection of the hydrophobic core-forming PIPGMA block leads to particle dissolution and affords a viscous aqueous solution comprising high molecular weight PGMA homopolymer chains with a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution. Moreover, it is shown that this latex precursor route offers an important advantage compared to the RAFT aqueous solution polymerization of glycerol monomethacrylate since it provides a significantly faster rate of polymerization (and hence higher monomer conversion) under comparable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig
P. Jesson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | | | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
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36
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Derry MJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Ryan AJ, Armes SP. Thermoreversible crystallization-driven aggregation of diblock copolymer nanoparticles in mineral oil. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4071-4082. [PMID: 29780536 PMCID: PMC5944243 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00762d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A poly(behenyl methacrylate)37 (PBeMA37) macromolecular chain transfer agent is utilized for the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) directly in mineral oil at 90 °C. Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) occurs under these conditions, yielding a series of sterically-stabilized PBeMA37-PBzMA x diblock copolymer spheres of tunable diameter as confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Rheological studies indicate that a relatively transparent, free-flowing, concentrated dispersion of non-interacting 32 nm PBeMA37-PBzMA100 spheres at 50 °C forms a turbid, paste-like dispersion on cooling to 20 °C. Turbidimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies conducted on solutions of PBeMA37 homopolymer in mineral oil suggest that this switchable colloidal stability is linked to crystallization-induced phase separation exhibited by this stabilizer block. Indeed, variable-temperature small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) indicates that a loose mass fractal network of strongly interacting spheres is formed on cooling to 20 °C, which accounts for this thermoreversible sol-gel transition. Moreover, SAXS, DSC and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) analyses indicate that the behenyl (C22H45) side-chains first form crystalline domains comprising adjacent stabilizer chains within individual spherical nanoparticles, with subsequent crystallization between neighboring nanoparticles leading to the formation of the mass fractal aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Derry
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Oleksandr O Mykhaylyk
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Anthony J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
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37
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Cockram AA, Bradley RD, Lynch SA, Fleming PCD, Williams NSJ, Murray MW, Emmett SN, Armes SP. Optimization of the high-throughput synthesis of multiblock copolymer nanoparticles in aqueous media via polymerization-induced self-assembly. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00066b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput synthesis of multiblock copolymer nanoparticles via PISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Cockram
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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38
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Tan M, Shi Y, Fu Z, Yang W. In situ synthesis of diblock copolymer nano-assemblies via dispersion RAFT polymerization induced self-assembly and Ag/copolymer composite nanoparticles thereof. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01905j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lacunal nanospheres were obtained through the dispersion of styrene in an ethanol/water mixture mediated by PAA-CTA, while pure vesicles were obtained for PAA-b-P(AA-r-St) block assemblies under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhifeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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39
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Feng H, Lu X, Wang W, Kang NG, Mays JW. Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E494. [PMID: 30965798 PMCID: PMC6418972 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on block copolymers (BCPs) has played a critical role in the development of polymer chemistry, with numerous pivotal contributions that have advanced our ability to prepare, characterize, theoretically model, and technologically exploit this class of materials in a myriad of ways in the fields of chemistry, physics, material sciences, and biological and medical sciences. The breathtaking progress has been driven by the advancement in experimental techniques enabling the synthesis and characterization of a wide range of block copolymers with tailored composition, architectures, and properties. In this review, we briefly discussed the recent progress in BCP synthesis, followed by a discussion of the fundamentals of self-assembly of BCPs along with their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Xinyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Nam-Goo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Jimmy W Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
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40
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Canning S, Neal TJ, Armes SP. pH-Responsive Schizophrenic Diblock Copolymers Prepared by Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2017; 50:6108-6116. [PMID: 28867829 PMCID: PMC5577634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is used for the highly convenient and efficient preparation of ampholytic diblock copolymer nanoparticles directly in acidic aqueous solution. Cationic nanoparticles comprising a protonated polyamine stabilizer block and a hydrophobic polyacid core-forming block are formed at pH 2. Micelle inversion occurs at pH 10 to produce anionic nanoparticles with an ionized polyacid stabilizer block and a hydrophobic polyamine core-forming block. Macroscopic precipitation occurs at around pH 6-7, which lies close to the isoelectric point of this ampholytic diblock copolymer. Incorporation of fluorescein and rhodamine dye labels into the acid and amine blocks, respectively, leads to dual-color bifluorescent self-reporting pH-responsive nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
L. Canning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Thomas J. Neal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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41
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Hu WT, Yang H, Cheng H, Hu HQ. Morphology evolution of polystyrene-core/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-shell microgel synthesized by one-pot polymerization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Cockram AA, Neal TJ, Derry MJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Williams NSJ, Murray MW, Emmett SN, Armes SP. Effect of Monomer Solubility on the Evolution of Copolymer Morphology during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 2017; 50:796-802. [PMID: 28216792 PMCID: PMC5312865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has become a widely used technique for the rational design of diblock copolymer nano-objects in concentrated aqueous solution. Depending on the specific PISA formulation, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization typically provides straightforward access to either spheres, worms, or vesicles. In contrast, RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization formulations often lead to just kinetically-trapped spheres. This limitation is currently not understood, and only a few empirical exceptions have been reported in the literature. In the present work, the effect of monomer solubility on copolymer morphology is explored for an aqueous PISA formulation. Using 2-hydroxybutyl methacrylate (aqueous solubility = 20 g dm-3 at 70 °C) instead of benzyl methacrylate (0.40 g dm-3 at 70 °C) for the core-forming block allows access to an unusual "monkey nut" copolymer morphology over a relatively narrow range of target degrees of polymerization when using a poly(methacrylic acid) RAFT agent at pH 5. These new anisotropic nanoparticles have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, aqueous electrophoresis, shear-induced polarized light imaging (SIPLI), and small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Cockram
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Thomas J. Neal
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | | | - Martin W. Murray
- AkzoNobel Decorative
Paints, Wexham Road, Slough, Berkshire SL2 5DS, U.K.
| | - Simon N. Emmett
- AkzoNobel Decorative
Paints, Wexham Road, Slough, Berkshire SL2 5DS, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, The University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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43
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Wu J, Tian C, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Synthesis of soap-free emulsion with high solid content by differential dripping RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27290h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A soap-free emulsion with high solid content (60%) was successfully prepared by differential dripping RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly in a semi-batch monomer addition manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Chun Tian
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Lifen Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
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44
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
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45
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Hatton FL, Lovett JR, Armes SP. Synthesis of well-defined epoxy-functional spherical nanoparticles by RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The environmentally-friendly synthesis of epoxy-functional spherical nanoparticles is achieved via RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate under mild conditions; derivatization of such nanoparticles with sodium azide or diamines is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Hatton
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- South Yorkshire S3 7HF
- UK
| | - Joseph R. Lovett
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- South Yorkshire S3 7HF
- UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- South Yorkshire S3 7HF
- UK
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Zhou D, Dong S, Kuchel RP, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Polymerization induced self-assembly: tuning of morphology using ionic strength and pH. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is demonstrated how the morphology of polymeric nanoparticles produced via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) in dispersion can be conveniently tuned via the pH and ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewen Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Siming Dong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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Chernikova EV, Serkhacheva NS, Smirnov OI, Prokopov NI, Plutalova AV, Lysenko EA, Kozhunova EY. Emulsifier-free polymerization of n-butyl acrylate involving trithiocarbonates based on oligomer acrylic acid. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090416060051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chaduc I, Reynaud E, Dumas L, Albertin L, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M. From well-defined poly( N -acryloylmorpholine)-stabilized nanospheres to uniform mannuronan- and guluronan-decorated nanoparticles by RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Akpinar B, Fielding LA, Cunningham VJ, Ning Y, Mykhaylyk OO, Fowler PW, Armes SP. Determining the Effective Density and Stabilizer Layer Thickness of Sterically Stabilized Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2016; 49:5160-5171. [PMID: 27478250 PMCID: PMC4963924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of model sterically stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles has been designed to aid the development of analytical protocols in order to determine two key parameters: the effective particle density and the steric stabilizer layer thickness. The former parameter is essential for high resolution particle size analysis based on analytical (ultra)centrifugation techniques (e.g., disk centrifuge photosedimentometry, DCP), whereas the latter parameter is of fundamental importance in determining the effectiveness of steric stabilization as a colloid stability mechanism. The diblock copolymer nanoparticles were prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) using RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization: this approach affords relatively narrow particle size distributions and enables the mean particle diameter and the stabilizer layer thickness to be adjusted independently via systematic variation of the mean degree of polymerization of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks, respectively. The hydrophobic core-forming block was poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) [PTFEMA], which was selected for its relatively high density. The hydrophilic stabilizer block was poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) [PGMA], which is a well-known non-ionic polymer that remains water-soluble over a wide range of temperatures. Four series of PGMA x -PTFEMA y nanoparticles were prepared (x = 28, 43, 63, and 98, y = 100-1400) and characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). It was found that the degree of polymerization of both the PGMA stabilizer and core-forming PTFEMA had a strong influence on the mean particle diameter, which ranged from 20 to 250 nm. Furthermore, SAXS was used to determine radii of gyration of 1.46 to 2.69 nm for the solvated PGMA stabilizer blocks. Thus, the mean effective density of these sterically stabilized particles was calculated and determined to lie between 1.19 g cm-3 for the smaller particles and 1.41 g cm-3 for the larger particles; these values are significantly lower than the solid-state density of PTFEMA (1.47 g cm-3). Since analytical centrifugation requires the density difference between the particles and the aqueous phase, determining the effective particle density is clearly vital for obtaining reliable particle size distributions. Furthermore, selected DCP data were recalculated by taking into account the inherent density distribution superimposed on the particle size distribution. Consequently, the true particle size distributions were found to be somewhat narrower than those calculated using an erroneous single density value, with smaller particles being particularly sensitive to this artifact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Akpinar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Lee A. Fielding
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
- School
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Victoria J. Cunningham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Yin Ning
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Patrick W. Fowler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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