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Windberger MS, Dimitriou E, Rendl S, Wewerka K, Wiesbrock F. Temperature-Triggered/Switchable Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010065. [PMID: 33375238 PMCID: PMC7796255 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pronouncedly low thermal conductivity of polymers in the range of 0.1–0.2 W m−1 K−1 is a limiting factor for their application as an insulating layer in microelectronics that exhibit continuously higher power-to-volume ratios. Two strategies can be applied to increase the thermal conductivity of polymers; that is, compounding with thermally conductive inorganic materials as well as blending with aromatic units arranged by the principle of π-π stacking. In this study, both strategies were investigated and compared on the example of epoxy-amine resins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO), respectively. These two diepoxy compounds were cured with mixtures of the diamines isophorone diamine (IPDA) and o-dianisidine (DAN). The epoxy-amine resins were cured without filler and with 5 wt.-% of SiO2 nanoparticles. Enhanced thermal conductivity in the range of 0.4 W·m−1·K−1 was observed exclusively in DEO-based polymer networks that were cured with DAN (and do not contain SiO2 fillers). This observation is argued to originate from π-π stacking of the aromatic units of DAN enabled by the higher flexibility of the aliphatic carbon chain of DEO compared with that of BADGE. The enhanced thermal conductivity occurs only at temperatures above the glass-transition point and only if no inorganic fillers, which disrupt the π-π stacking of the aromatic groups, are present. In summary, it can be argued that the bisphenol-free epoxy-amine resin with an epoxy compound derivable from natural resources shows favorably higher thermal conductivity in comparison with the petrol-based bisphenol-based epoxy/amine resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sebastian Windberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.W.); (E.D.); (S.R.)
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Evgenia Dimitriou
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.W.); (E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Sarah Rendl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.W.); (E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Karin Wewerka
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.W.); (E.D.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-3842-42962-42
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2
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Colak B, Wu L, Cozens EJ, Gautrot JE. Modulation of Thiol-Ene Coupling by the Molecular Environment of Polymer Backbones for Hydrogel Formation and Cell Encapsulation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6497-6509. [PMID: 35021781 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-ene radical coupling is increasingly used for the biofunctionalization of biomaterials and the formation of 3D hydrogels enabling cell encapsulation. Indeed, thiol-ene chemistry presents interesting features that are particularly attractive for platforms requiring specific reactions of peptides or proteins, in particular in situ, during cell culture or encapsulation: thiol-ene coupling occurs specifically between a thiol and a nonactivated alkene (unlike Michael addition); it is relatively tolerant to the presence of oxygen; and it can be triggered by light. Despite such interest, little is known about the factors impacting polymer thiol-ene chemistry in situ. Here, we explore some of the molecular parameters controlling photoinitiated thiol-ene coupling (with UV and visible-light irradiation), with a series of alkene-functionalized polymer backbones. 1H NMR spectroscopy is used to quantify the efficiency of couplings, whereas photorheology allows correlation to gelation and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. We identify the impact of weak electrolytes in regulating coupling efficiency, presumably via thiol deprotonation and regulation of local diffusion. The conformation of associated polymer chains, regulated by the pH, is also proposed to play an important role in the modulation of both thiol-ene coupling and cross-linking efficiencies. Ultimately, suitable conditions for cell encapsulations are identified for a range of polymer backbones and their impact on cytocompatibility is investigated for cell encapsulation and tissue engineering applications. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of polymer backbone design to regulate thiol-ene coupling and in situ hydrogel formation.
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4
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Ahmad N, Colak B, Gibbs MJ, Zhang DW, Gautrot JE, Watkinson M, Becer CR, Krause S. Peptide Cross-Linked Poly(2-oxazoline) as a Sensor Material for the Detection of Proteases with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2506-2514. [PMID: 31244015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions are frequently accompanied by increased levels of active proteases, and there is rising interest in methods for their detection to monitor inflammation in a point of care setting. In this work, new sensor materials for disposable single-step protease biosensors based on poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels cross-linked with a protease-specific cleavable peptide are described. The performance of the sensor material was assessed targeting the detection of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a protease that has been shown to be an indicator of inflammation in multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory conditions. Films of the hydrogel were formed on gold-coated quartz crystals using thiol-ene click chemistry, and the cross-link density was optimized. The degradation rate of the hydrogel was monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and showed a strong dependence on the MMP-9 concentration. A concentration range of 0-160 nM of MMP-9 was investigated, and a lower limit of detection of 10 nM MMP-9 was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norlaily Ahmad
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom.,Centre of Foundation Studies , Universiti Teknologi MARA , Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil , 43800 Dengkil , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Burcu Colak
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | - Martin John Gibbs
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | - De-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , 710061 , China
| | - Julien E Gautrot
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Watkinson
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Keele University , Staffordshire , ST5 5BG , United Kingdom
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV47AL , United Kingdom
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom
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5
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Tang P, di Cio S, Wang W, E Gautrot J. Surface-Initiated Poly(oligo(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)methacrylate) Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10019-10027. [PMID: 30032621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are particularly performant antifouling coatings, owing to their high grafting density that prevents unwanted biomacromolecules to diffuse through the coating and adhere to the underlying substrate. In addition to this structural feature, polymer brushes require a relatively high level of hydrophilicity and a globally neutral structure to display ultrahigh protein resistance. Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxaolines) are attractive building blocks for such coatings as they can display relatively high hydrophilicity, owing to their amide repeat units, but can also be side-chain and end-chain functionalized relatively readily. However, poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazolines) have not yet been introduced through a radical-mediated grafting from polymer brush structure that would confer the high level of grafting density that is the hallmark of highly protein resistant brushes. Here, we present the formation of a series of poly(oligo(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)methacrylate) brushes generated via a grafting from approach, via atom transfer radical polymerization. We characterize the chemical structure of the resulting coatings via ellipsometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We show that allyl end groups can be introduced as a side chain of these brushes to allow functionalization via thiol-ene chemistry. We demonstrate the excellent protein resistance of these coatings in single protein solutions as well as serum solutions at concentration typically used for cell culture. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of using these brushes for the micropatterning of cells and the generation of cell-based assays.
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6
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Šrámková P, Zahoranová A, Kroneková Z, Šišková A, Kronek J. Poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels by photoinduced thiol-ene “click” reaction using different dithiol crosslinkers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kempe K. Chain and Step Growth Polymerizations of Cyclic Imino Ethers: From Poly(2‐oxazoline)s to Poly(ester amide)s. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science & Technology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
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8
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Colak B, Da Silva JCS, Soares TA, Gautrot JE. Impact of the Molecular Environment on Thiol–Ene Coupling For Biofunctionalization and Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2111-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio C. S. Da Silva
- Departament
of Fundamental Chemistry, CCEN, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thereza A. Soares
- Departament
of Fundamental Chemistry, CCEN, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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9
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Dargaville TR, Lava K, Verbraeken B, Hoogenboom R. Unexpected Switching of the Photogelation Chemistry When Cross-Linking Poly(2-oxazoline) Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim R. Dargaville
- Science and Engineering
Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Verbraeken
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Kalaoglu-Altan OI, Verbraeken B, Lava K, Gevrek TN, Sanyal R, Dargaville T, De Clerck K, Hoogenboom R, Sanyal A. Multireactive Poly(2-oxazoline) Nanofibers through Electrospinning with Crosslinking on the Fly. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:676-681. [PMID: 35614674 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked hydrophilic poly(2-oxazoline)-based nanofibers amenable to facile multifunctionalization are fabricated using alkene-containing poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (PAOx) via in situ photoinitiated radical thiol-ene crosslinking during electrospinning. The resulting crosslinked nanofibers are demonstrated to be multifunctionalizable using different chemistries as they contain two functional handles, being the alkene moieties from the parent copolymer and the residual thiol groups from the tetra-thiol-based crosslinker. While the thiol groups in these nanofibers could be passivated or conjugated to install functional molecules through thiol-maleimide conjugation, the alkene groups could sequentially be modified with thiol-containing molecules using photoinitiated radical thiol-ene reactions. Utilization of the photochemically induced conjugation of thiol-bearing molecules to the alkene groups on the nanofibers is used to obtain functionalization in a spatially controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Verbraeken
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tugce Nihal Gevrek
- Bogazici University, Department of Chemistry, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rana Sanyal
- Bogazici University, Department of Chemistry, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
- Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and
Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tim Dargaville
- Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George Street, 4001, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen De Clerck
- Department
of Textiles, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Bogazici University, Department of Chemistry, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
- Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and
Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Fimberger M, Tsekmes IA, Kochetov R, Smit JJ, Wiesbrock F. Crosslinked Poly(2-oxazoline)s as "Green" Materials for Electronic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2015; 8:polym8010006. [PMID: 30979103 PMCID: PMC6432510 DOI: 10.3390/polym8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-nonyl-2-oxazoline)80-stat-poly(2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline)20 and poly(2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline)100 can be synthesized from the cationic ring-opening polymerization of monomers that can be derived from fatty acids from renewable resources. These (co)poly(2-oxazoline)s can be crosslinked with di- and trifunctional mercapto compounds using the UV-induced thiol-ene reaction. The complex permittivity of the corresponding networks increases with the temperature and decreases with the network density. In a frequency range from 10-2 to 10⁶ Hz and at temperatures ranging from -20 to 40 °C, the changes of the real part of the complex permittivity as well as the loss factor can be explained by interfacial polarization within the material. At a temperature of 20 °C and a frequency of 50 Hz, the permittivity of the crosslinked (co)poly(2-oxazoline)s covers a range from 4.29 to 4.97, and the loss factors are in the range from 0.030 to 0.093. The electrical conductivities of these polymer networks span a range from 5 × 10-12 to 8 × 10-9 S/m, classifying these materials as medium insulators. Notably, the values for the permittivity, loss factor and conductivity of these copoly(2-oxazoline)s are in the same range as for polyamides, and, hence, these copoly(2-oxazoline)-based networks may be referred to as "green" alternatives for polyamides as insulators in electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fimberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Rosseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Ioannis-Alexandros Tsekmes
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Roman Kochetov
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
- Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) Corporate Research, Segelhofstrasse 1k, 5405 Baden-Daettwil, Switzerland.
| | - Johan J Smit
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Rosseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
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12
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Fimberger M, Behrendt A, Jakopic G, Stelzer F, Kumbaraci V, Wiesbrock F. Modification Pathways for Copoly(2-oxazoline)s Enabling Their Application as Antireflective Coatings in Photolithography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 37:233-8. [PMID: 26619063 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromophore-functionalized copoly(2-oxazoline)s are successfully evaluated as bottom antireflective coatings (BARCs) in high-resolution photolithography. With respect to UV light sources used in photolithographic production routines, anthracene is chosen as a chromophore. For application as polymer in BARCs, the copolymer poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazolin)45 -stat-poly(2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazolin)20 -stat-poly(2-(3'-(1"-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)-1",2",3"-triazol-4-yl)propyl)-2-oxazolin)35 can be synthesized by the Huisgen cycloaddition click reaction of the copolymer poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazolin)45 -stat-poly(2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazolin)20 -stat-poly(2-pent-4'-inyl-2-oxazolin)35 and the corresponding azide-functionalized anthracenes. These copolymers can be crosslinked by the thermally induced thiol-ene reaction involving the unsaturated C=C bonds of the poly(2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline) repetition units and a multifunctional thiol as crosslinker. Tests of this BARC in a clean room under production conditions reveal a significant decrease of the swing-curve of a chemically amplified positive photoresist by more than 50%, hence significantly increasing the resolution of the photoresist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fimberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH PCCL, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria.,Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Behrendt
- Infineon Technologies Austria AG, Siemensstraße 2, 9500, Villach, Austria
| | - Georg Jakopic
- Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research, Franz-Pichler-Strasse 30, 8160, Weiz, Austria
| | - Franz Stelzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Volkan Kumbaraci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, TR-34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH PCCL, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
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13
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Luef KP, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US, Wiesbrock F. Microwave-assisted cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE = FORTSCHRITTE DER HOCHPOLYMEREN-FORSCHUNG 2015; 274:183-208. [PMID: 28239203 PMCID: PMC5321602 DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unlike any other polymer class, the (co-)poly(2-oxazoline)s have tremendously benefited from the introduction of microwave reactors into chemical laboratories. This review focuses on the research activities in the area of (co-)poly(2-oxazoline)s prepared by microwave-assisted syntheses and, correspondingly, summarizes the current-state-of the-art of the microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-oxazoline monomers and the microwave-assisted ring-opening (co-)polymerization of 2-oxazolines as well as prominent examples of post-polymerization modification of (co-)poly(2-oxazoline)s. Special attention is attributed to the kinetic analysis of the microwave-assisted polymerization of 2-oxazolines and the discussion of non-thermal microwave effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus P. Luef
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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14
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Petit C, Luef KP, Edler M, Griesser T, Kremsner JM, Stadler A, Grassl B, Reynaud S, Wiesbrock F. Microwave-Assisted Syntheses in Recyclable Ionic Liquids: Photoresists Based on Renewable Resources. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:3401-3404. [PMID: 26354027 PMCID: PMC4641455 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The copoly(2-oxazoline) pNonOx80 -stat-pDc(=) Ox20 can be synthesized from the cationic ring-opening copolymerization of 2-nonyl-2-oxazoline NonOx and 2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline Dc(=) Ox in the ionic liquid n-hexyl methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate under microwave irradiation in 250 g/batch quantities. The polymer precipitates upon cooling, enabling easy recovery of the polymer and the ionic liquid. Both monomers can be obtained from fatty acids from renewable resources. pNonOx80 -stat-pDc(=) Ox20 can be used as polymer in a photoresist (resolution of 1 μm) based on UV-induced thiol-ene reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Petit
- IPREM, UMR 5254 UPPA/CNRS, Hélioparc2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau CEDEX 09 (France) E-mail :
| | - Klaus P Luef
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL)Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben (Austria)
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI GrazStremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz (Austria)
| | - Matthias Edler
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of LeobenOtto-Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700, Leoben (Austria)
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of LeobenOtto-Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700, Leoben (Austria)
| | | | | | - Bruno Grassl
- IPREM, UMR 5254 UPPA/CNRS, Hélioparc2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau CEDEX 09 (France) E-mail :
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- IPREM, UMR 5254 UPPA/CNRS, Hélioparc2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau CEDEX 09 (France) E-mail :
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL)Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben (Austria)
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15
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Fimberger M, Luef KP, Payerl C, Fischer RC, Stelzer F, Kállay M, Wiesbrock F. The π-Electron Delocalization in 2-Oxazolines Revisited: Quantification and Comparison with Its Analogue in Esters. MATERIALS 2015; 8:5385-5397. [PMID: 28184258 PMCID: PMC5295637 DOI: 10.3390/ma8085249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The single crystal X-ray analysis of the ester-functionalized 2-oxazoline, methyl 3-(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)propanoate, revealed π-electron delocalization along the N–C–O segment in the 2-oxazoline pentacycle to significant extent, which is comparable to its counterpart along the O–C–O segment in the ester. Quantum chemical calculations based on the experimental X-ray geometry of the molecule supported the conjecture that the N–C–O segment has a delocalized electronic structure similar to an ester group. The calculated bond orders were 1.97 and 1.10 for the N=C and C–O bonds, and the computed partial charges for the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of −0.43 and −0.44 were almost identical. In the ester group, the bond orders were 1.94 and 1.18 for the C–O bonds, while the partial charges of the oxygen atom are −0.49 and −0.41, which demonstrates the similar electronic structure of the N–C–O and O–C–O segments. In 2-oxazolines, despite the higher electronegativity of the oxygen atom (compared to the nitrogen atom), the charges of the hetero atoms oxygen and nitrogen are equalized due to the delocalization, and it also means that a cationic attack on the nitrogen is possible, enabling regioselectivity during the initiation of the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazoline monomers, which is a prerequisite for the synthesis of materials with well-defined structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fimberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; E-Mails: (M.F.); (K.P.L.)
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; E-Mails: (C.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Klaus P. Luef
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; E-Mails: (M.F.); (K.P.L.)
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; E-Mails: (C.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Claudia Payerl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; E-Mails: (M.F.); (K.P.L.)
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; E-Mails: (C.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Roland C. Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; E-Mail:
| | - Franz Stelzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; E-Mails: (C.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Mihály Kállay
- MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, 1521 Budapest, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; E-Mails: (M.F.); (K.P.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +43-3842-42962-42; Fax: +43-3842-42962-6
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Li T, Tang H, Wu P. Structural investigation of thermo-responsive poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) hydrogel across the volume phase transition. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1911-1918. [PMID: 25611904 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The deswelling and swelling behaviors of poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)-based hydrogel synthesized by a one-pot microwave-assisted solvent-free reaction were investigated. A distinct hydrophobic collapse of the hydrogel compared with the corresponding aqueous solution was observed by FT-IR spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) and perturbation-correlation moving-window (PCMW) analyses. The volume phase transition (VPT) temperature of 35 °C during heating and the transition temperature range of 41-30 °C during cooling were determined, indicating different dynamic transition mechanisms during heating and cooling. Water expulsion starting from the benzene ring-centered hydrophobic spots to the surroundings was revealed during deswelling. However, during swelling, although the rebuilding of cross-linking hydrogen bond bridges provided a channel-like microstructure to reswell the hydrogel gradually, a slow, unusual recovery of the amide hydrogen bonds to water molecules was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
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Hartlieb M, Kempe K, Schubert US. Covalently cross-linked poly(2-oxazoline) materials for biomedical applications – from hydrogels to self-assembled and templated structures. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:526-538. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discuss covalently cross-linked poly(2-oxazoline)s including gels, nanogels and capsules on the basis of their synthetic origin in a biomedical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hartlieb
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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RGD-Functionalization of Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Networks for Enhanced Adhesion to Cancer Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Atilkan N, Schlaad H, Nur Y, Hacaloglu J. Direct Pyrolysis - Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Thermal Degradation of Thio-Click-Modified Poly(2-oxazoline). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Atilkan
- Department of Chemistry; Middle East Technical University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Research Campus Golm Potsdam Germany
| | - Yusuf Nur
- Department of Chemistry; Mustafa Kemal University; Hatay Turkey
| | - Jale Hacaloglu
- Department of Chemistry; Middle East Technical University; Ankara Turkey
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Legros C, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Tam KC, Lecommmandoux S, Taton D. pH and redox responsive hydrogels and nanogels made from poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Griesser T, Wolfberger A, Daschiel U, Schmidt V, Fian A, Jerrar A, Teichert C, Kern W. Cross-linking of ROMP derived polymers using the two-photon induced thiol–ene reaction: towards the fabrication of 3D-polymer microstructures. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py21002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Poly(2-oxazoline) Hydrogel Monoliths via Thiol-ene Coupling. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1695-700. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Guillerm B, Monge S, Lapinte V, Robin JJ. How to Modulate the Chemical Structure of Polyoxazolines by Appropriate Functionalization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1600-12. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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