1
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Jang YJ, Nguyen S, Hillmyer MA. Chemically Recyclable Linear and Branched Polyethylenes Synthesized from Stoichiometrically Self-Balanced Telechelic Polyethylenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4771-4782. [PMID: 38323928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a widely used commercial plastic due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and water vapor barrier properties. However, less than 10% of HDPE is mechanically recycled, and the chemical recycling of HDPE is challenging due to the inherent strength of the carbon-carbon backbone bonds. Here, we report chemically recyclable linear and branched HDPE with sparse backbone ester groups synthesized from the transesterification of telechelic polyethylene macromonomers. Stoichiometrically self-balanced telechelic polyethylenes underwent transesterification polymerization to produce the PE-ester samples with high number-average molar masses of up to 111 kg/mol. Moreover, the transesterification polymerization of the telechelic polyethylenes and the multifunctional diethyl 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalate generated branched PE-esters. Thermal and mechanical properties of the PE-esters were comparable to those of commercial HDPE and tunable through control of the ester content in the backbone. In addition, branched PE-esters showed higher levels of melt strain hardening compared with linear versions. The PE-ester was depolymerized into telechelic macromonomers through straightforward methanolysis, and the resulting macromonomers could be effectively repolymerized to generate a high molar mass recycled PE-ester sample. This is a new and promising method for synthesizing and recycling high-molar-mass linear and branched PE-esters, which are competitive with HDPE and have easily tailorable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Hasan N, Busse K, Haider T, Wurm FR, Kressler J. Crystallization of Poly(ethylene)s with Regular Phosphoester Defects Studied at the Air-Water Interface. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2408. [PMID: 33086637 PMCID: PMC7650800 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene) (PE) is a commonly used semi-crystalline polymer which, due to the lack of polar groups in the repeating unit, is not able to form Langmuir or Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. This problem can be solved using PEs with hydrophilic groups arranged at regular distances within the polymer backbone. With acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization, a tool for precise addition of polar groups after a certain interval of methylene sequence is available. In this study, we demonstrate the formation of Langmuir/LB films from two different PEs with regular phosphoester groups, acting as crystallization defects in the main chain. After spreading the polymers from chloroform solution on the water surface of a Langmuir trough and solvent evaporation, the surface pressure is recorded during compression under isothermal condition. These π-A isotherms, surface pressure π vs. mean area per repeat unit A, show a plateau zone at surface pressures of ~ (6 to 8) mN/m, attributed to the formation of crystalline domains of the PEs as confirmed by Brewster angle and epifluorescence microscopy. PE with ethoxy phosphoester defects (Ethoxy-PPE) forms circular shape domains, whereas Methyl-PPE-co-decadiene with methyl phosphoester defects and two different methylene sequences between the defects exhibits a film-like morphology. The domains/films are examined by atomic force microscopy after transferring them to a solid support. The thickness of the domains/films is found in the range from ~ (2.4 to 3.2) nm depending on the transfer pressure. A necessity of chain tilt in the crystalline domains is also confirmed. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering measurements in LB films show a single Bragg reflection at a scattering vector qxy position of ~ 15.1 nm-1 known from crystalline PE samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Hasan
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany; (N.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Karsten Busse
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany; (N.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Tobias Haider
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany; (N.H.); (K.B.)
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3
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Structure formation in nanophase-separated systems with lamellar morphology: Comb-like vs. linear precision polymers. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Kumar V, Locker CR, in ’t Veld PJ, Rutledge GC. Effect of Short Chain Branching on the Interlamellar Structure of Semicrystalline Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhaw Kumar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - C. Rebecca Locker
- ExxonMobil
Research
and Engineering Company, 1545 Route
22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | | | - Gregory C. Rutledge
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Song SF, Guo YT, Wang RY, Fu ZS, Xu JT, Fan ZQ. Synthesis and Crystallization Behavior of Equisequential ADMET Polyethylene Containing Arylene Ether Defects: Remarkable Effects of Substitution Position and Arylene Size. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Fei Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yin-Tian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Rui-Yang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun-Ting Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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6
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Chanda S, Ramakrishnan S. Controlling Interlamellar Spacing in Periodically Grafted Amphiphilic Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sananda Chanda
- Department
of Inorganic and
Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - S. Ramakrishnan
- Department
of Inorganic and
Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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8
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Li H, Rojas G, Wagener KB. Precision Long-Chain Branched Polyethylene via Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1225-1228. [PMID: 35614841 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of polyethylenes containing 21-carbon alkyl branches have been synthesized by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization. These 21-carbon alkyl branches are precisely placed on every 15th, 19th, 21st, 23rd, and 39th carbon along the polymer backbone. Precision of primary structures of all polymers is verified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. All polymers present well-defined melting profiles, even at a high branch incorporation (13.3% mol). The melting temperature increases as the branch frequency decreases, similar to what we observed for short-chain branched polyethylenes. These observations together with a good linear relationship derived from Flory's theory suggest the exclusion of 21-carbon side chains from polyethylene crystal units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- The George
and Josephine Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 326011-7200, United States
| | - Giovanni Rojas
- The George
and Josephine Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 326011-7200, United States
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George
and Josephine Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 326011-7200, United States
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10
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Gaines TW, Nakano T, Chujo Y, Trigg EB, Winey KI, Wagener KB. Precise Sulfite Functionalization of Polyolefins via ADMET Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:624-627. [PMID: 35596404 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copolymers containing sulfite functionalities precisely placed between run lengths of 8, 14, and 20 methylene units were synthesized via ADMET with weight-average molecular weights up to 40 500 g/mol (PDI = 1.89). No such polymer structures have been observed previously. The primary polymer structures and precise nature were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Thermal degradation temperatures up to 310 °C were observed through TGA, and melting points typical of similar unsaturated ADMET polymers were determined by DSC. X-ray scattering was used to compare the polymers to ADMET polyethylene (PE), and when the polymers have 20 carbons between sulfites, the functional groups self-assemble into layers. Higher carbon content incorporation leads to an increase in crystallinity and thermal stability for these polysulfites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Gaines
- Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Tatsuya Nakano
- Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Edward B. Trigg
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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11
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Middleton LR, Szewczyk S, Azoulay J, Murtagh D, Rojas G, Wagener KB, Cordaro J, Winey KI. Hierarchical Acrylic Acid Aggregate Morphologies Produce Strain-Hardening in Precise Polyethylene-Based Copolymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Azoulay
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Dustin Murtagh
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Giovanni Rojas
- George and
Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- George and
Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Joseph Cordaro
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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12
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13
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Santonja-Blasco L, Zhang X, Alamo RG. Crystallization of Precision Ethylene Copolymers. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION I 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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14
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Sauty NF, Caire da Silva L, Gallagher C, Graf R, Wagener KB. Unveiling the hyperbolic thermal behaviour of poly(p-phenylene alkylene)s. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00625b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of poly(p-phenylene alkylene)s with methylene run lengths ranging from 8 to 40 were obtained by ADMET polymerization of symmetrical α,ω-diene monomers and subsequent exhaustive hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas F. Sauty
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Lucas Caire da Silva
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Caitlyn Gallagher
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
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15
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Thompson DL, Wagener KB, Schulze U, Voit B, Jehnichen D, Malanin M. Spectroscopic examinations of hydrogen bonding in hydroxy-functionalized ADMET chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:60-4. [PMID: 25393938 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to study hydrogen bonding interactions of a hydroxyl-functionalized polyethylene (PE) prepared by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) chemistry. The hydroxyl polymer exhibits an orthorhombic unit cell structure with characteristic reflection planes at (110) and (200), comparable to pure crystalline PE. These data unequivocally demonstrate that the OH branch is excluded from the PE lamellae. Furthermore, the polymer melts 100 °C higher than all previous analogous polymers possessing precision placed long aliphatic branches that also are excluded from PE lamellae. Temperature-dependent FTIR spectroscopy from ambient to 150 °C, followed by cooling to 125 °C supports exclusion of the hydroxyl group from the crystalline lattice. It is concluded that these hydroxyl groups form stable physical networks in the amorphous region via hydrogen bonding and are important for the overall morphology of such polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan L Thompson
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-7200, USA
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16
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Zhao J, Wang D, Autenrieth B, Buchmeiser MR. First acyclic diene metathesis polymerization under biphasic conditions using a dicationic ruthenium alkylidene: access to high-molecular-weight polymers with very low ruthenium contamination. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:190-4. [PMID: 25238594 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of 6-hydroxy-1,10-undecadiene (M1) and 6-acetoxy-1,10-undecadiene (M2) by the action of two different catalysts, i.e., the second-generation Grubbs-Hoveyda system ([RuCl2(IMesH2)(CH-2-(2-PrO-C6H4)]) (1) and the dicationic ruthenium alkylidene [Ru(DMF)3(IMesH2)(CH-2-(2-PrO-C6H4)] (2, IMesH2 = 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene) is reported. Biphasic conditions using 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BDMIM(+)BF4(-)]) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) are applied. Under the chosen conditions (T = 75 °C, 20 mbar), the use of catalyst 1 results only in the formation of low-molecular-weight polymers (Mn ≤ 10,000 g mol(-1)), while catalyst 2 allows for the high yield synthesis of high-molecular-weight polymers (Mn ≤ 40,000 g mol(-1), yields ≤ 99%). Irrespective of the catalyst used, all polymers display a high trans-content (>95%). Notably, Ru-contamination of the target polymers without any additional purification is as low as 1.2 ppm with catalyst 2. Together with the high yields and high molecular weights, the low Ru-contaminations clearly illustrate the advantages of the biphasic setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart
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17
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Li ZL, Lv A, Du FS, Li ZC. Intrachain Cyclization via Postmodification of the Internal Alkenes of Periodic ADMET Copolymers: The Sequence Matters. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5013732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Long Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - An Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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