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Ma T, Easley AD, Thakur RM, Mohanty KT, Wang C, Lutkenhaus JL. Nonconjugated Redox-Active Polymers: Electron Transfer Mechanisms, Energy Storage, and Chemical Versatility. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:187-216. [PMID: 37289559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy in a safe and environmentally friendly way is of ever-growing importance for a modern, technology-based society. With future pressures predicted for batteries that contain strategic metals, there is increasing interest in metal-free electrode materials. Among candidate materials, nonconjugated redox-active polymers (NC-RAPs) have advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, good processability, unique electrochemical properties, and precise tuning for different battery chemistries. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the mechanisms of redox kinetics, molecular design, synthesis, and application of NC-RAPs in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Different redox chemistries are compared, including polyquinones, polyimides, polyketones, sulfur-containing polymers, radical-containing polymers, polyphenylamines, polyphenazines, polyphenothiazines, polyphenoxazines, and polyviologens. We close with cell design principles considering electrolyte optimization and cell configuration. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied areas of future promise for designer NC-RAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Khirabdhi T Mohanty
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Chen Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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2
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Recent Progress and Design Principles for Rechargeable Lithium Organic Batteries. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Zhang C, Chen S, Zhou G, Hou Q, Wang Y, Shi G. A Polythiophene Material Featuring a Conjugated Carbonyl Side Group as an Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Zhang
- School of Chemistry South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Sha Chen
- School of Chemistry South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Guangying Zhou
- School of Environment South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Qiong Hou
- School of Chemistry South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- School of Chemistry South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Guang Shi
- School of Chemistry South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
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4
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Rohland P, Schröter E, Nolte O, Newkome GR, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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Goujon N, Casado N, Patil N, Marcilla R, Mecerreyes D. Organic batteries based on just redox polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Xu D, Liang M, Qi S, Sun W, Lv LP, Du FH, Wang B, Chen S, Wang Y, Yu Y. The Progress and Prospect of Tunable Organic Molecules for Organic Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2021; 15:47-80. [PMID: 33382596 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared to inorganic electrodes, organic materials are regarded as promising electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the attractive advantages of light elements, molecular-level structural design, fast electron/ion transferring, favorable environmental impacts, and flexible feature, etc. Not only specific capacities but also working potentials of organic electrodes are reasonably tuned by polymerization, electron-donating/withdrawing groups, and multifunctional groups as well as conductive additives, which have attracted intensive attention. However, organic LIBs (OLIBs) are also facing challenges on capacity loss, side reactions, electrode dissolution, low electronic conductivity, and short cycle life, etc. Many strategies have been applied to tackle those challenges, and many inspiring results have been achieved in the last few decades. In this review, we have introduced the basic concepts of LIBs and OLIBs, followed by the typical cathode and anode materials with various physicochemical properties, redox reaction mechanisms, and evolutions of functional groups. Typical charge-discharge behaviors and molecular structures of organic electrodes are displayed. Moreover, effective strategies on addressing problems of organic electrodes are summarized to give some guidance on the synthesis of optimized organic electrodes for practical applications of OLIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Minxia Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Li-Ping Lv
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fei-Hu Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Shuangqiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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7
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Lau VW, Moudrakovski I, Yang J, Zhang J, Kang Y. Uncovering the Shuttle Effect in Organic Batteries and Counter‐Strategies Thereof: A Case Study of the
N
,
N′
‐Dimethylphenazine Cathode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wing‐hei Lau
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Junghoon Yang
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Mook Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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8
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Lau VW, Moudrakovski I, Yang J, Zhang J, Kang Y. Uncovering the Shuttle Effect in Organic Batteries and Counter‐Strategies Thereof: A Case Study of the
N
,
N′
‐Dimethylphenazine Cathode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4023-4034. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wing‐hei Lau
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Junghoon Yang
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Mook Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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9
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Friebe C, Lex‐Balducci A, Schubert US. Sustainable Energy Storage: Recent Trends and Developments toward Fully Organic Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4093-4115. [PMID: 31297974 PMCID: PMC6790600 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In times of spreading mobile devices, organic batteries represent a promising approach to replace the well-established lithium-ion technology to fulfill the growing demand for small, flexible, safe, as well as sustainable energy storage solutions. In the last years, large efforts have been made regarding the investigation and development of batteries that use organic active materials since they feature superior properties compared to metal-based, in particular lithium-based, energy-storage systems in terms of flexibility and safety as well as with regard to resource availability and disposal. This Review compiles an overview over the most recent studies on the topic. It focuses on the different types of applied active materials, covering both known systems that are optimized and novel structures that aim at being established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Friebe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Alexandra Lex‐Balducci
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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10
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Lu Y, Zhang Q, Li L, Niu Z, Chen J. Design Strategies toward Enhancing the Performance of Organic Electrode Materials in Metal-Ion Batteries. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Li L, Gong HX, Chen DY, Lin MJ. Stable Bifunctional Perylene Imide Radicals for High-Performance Organic-Lithium Redox-Flow Batteries. Chemistry 2018; 24:13188-13196. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; 350116 China
| | - Hai-Xian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; 350116 China
| | - Dong-Yang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Fuzhou University; 350116 China
| | - Mei-Jin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; 350116 China
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12
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Wilcox DA, Agarkar V, Mukherjee S, Boudouris BW. Stable Radical Materials for Energy Applications. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2018; 9:83-103. [PMID: 29579403 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-083945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although less studied than their closed-shell counterparts, materials containing stable open-shell chemistries have played a key role in many energy storage and energy conversion devices. In particular, the oxidation-reduction (redox) properties of these stable radicals have made them a substantial contributor to the progress of organic batteries. Moreover, the use of radical-based materials in photovoltaic devices and thermoelectric systems has allowed for these emerging molecules to have impacts in the energy conversion realm. Additionally, the unique doublet states of radical-based materials provide access to otherwise inaccessible spin states in optoelectronic devices, offering many new opportunities for efficient usage of energy in light-emitting devices. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the molecular design, synthesis, and application of stable radicals in these energy-related applications. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied arenas of future promise for these designer open-shell molecules, which have only just begun to be evaluated in full.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Wilcox
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Varad Agarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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13
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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