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Whitfield R, Jones GR, Truong NP, Manring LE, Anastasaki A. Solvent-Free Chemical Recycling of Polymethacrylates made by ATRP and RAFT polymerization: High-Yielding Depolymerization at Low Temperatures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309116. [PMID: 37523176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Although controlled radical polymerization is an excellent tool to make precision polymeric materials, reversal of the process to retrieve the starting monomer is far less explored despite the significance of chemical recycling. Here, we investigate the bulk depolymerization of RAFT and ATRP-synthesized polymers under identical conditions. RAFT-synthesized polymers undergo a relatively low-temperature solvent-free depolymerization back to monomer thanks to the partial in situ transformation of the RAFT end-group to macromonomer. Instead, ATRP-synthesized polymers can only depolymerize at significantly higher temperatures (>350 °C) through random backbone scission. To aid a more complete depolymerization at even lower temperatures, we performed a facile and quantitative end-group modification strategy in which both ATRP and RAFT end-groups were successfully converted to macromonomers. The macromonomers triggered a lower temperature bulk depolymerization with an onset at 150 °C yielding up to 90 % of monomer regeneration. The versatility of the methodology was demonstrated by a scalable depolymerization (≈10 g of starting polymer) retrieving 84 % of the starting monomer intact which could be subsequently used for further polymerization. This work presents a new low-energy approach for depolymerizing controlled radical polymers and creates many future opportunities as high-yielding, solvent-free and scalable depolymerization methods are sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chernikova EV, Kudryavtsev YV. RAFT-Based Polymers for Click Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030570. [PMID: 35160559 PMCID: PMC8838018 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The parallel development of reversible deactivation radical polymerization and click reaction concepts significantly enriches the toolbox of synthetic polymer chemistry. The synergistic effect of combining these approaches manifests itself in a growth of interest to the design of well-defined functional polymers and their controlled conjugation with biomolecules, drugs, and inorganic surfaces. In this review, we discuss the results obtained with reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and different types of click reactions on low- and high-molar-mass reactants. Our classification of literature sources is based on the typical structure of macromolecules produced by the RAFT technique. The review addresses click reactions, immediate or preceded by a modification of another type, on the leaving and stabilizing groups inherited by a growing macromolecule from the chain transfer agent, as well as on the side groups coming from monomers entering the polymerization process. Architecture and self-assembling properties of the resulting polymers are briefly discussed with regard to their potential functional applications, which include drug delivery, protein recognition, anti-fouling and anti-corrosion coatings, the compatibilization of polymer blends, the modification of fillers to increase their dispersibility in polymer matrices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Chernikova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.V.C.); (Y.V.K.)
| | - Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.V.C.); (Y.V.K.)
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Sun Z, Mi X, Yu Y, Shi W, Feng A, Moad G, Thang SH. “All-PVC” Flexible Poly(vinyl Chloride): Nonmigratory Star-Poly(vinyl Chloride) as Plasticizers for PVC by RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xing Mi
- Beijing East Simulation Software Technology Co., Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Department of Math and Engineering, Puyang Vocational and Technical College, Puyang 457000, Henan, China
| | - Wencheng Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Anchao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Graeme Moad
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Biswas CS, Biswas A, Galluzzi M, Shekh MI, Wang Q, Ray B, Maiti P, Stadler FJ. Synthesis and characterization of novel amphiphilic biocompatible block-copolymers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(l-phenylalanine methyl ester) by RAFT polymerization. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Moad G, Rizzardo E. A 20th anniversary perspective on the life of RAFT (RAFT coming of age). POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain–transfer (RAFT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is modeled and monitored using a multi-rate multi-delay observer in this work. First, to fit the RAFT reaction rate coefficients and the initiator efficiency in the model, in situ 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimental data from small-scale (<2 mL) NMR tube reactions is obtained and a least squares optimization is performed. 1 H NMR and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) experimental data from large-scale (>400 mL) reflux reactions is then used to validate the fitted model. The fitted model accurately predicts the polymer properties of the large-scale reactions with slight discordance at late reaction times. Based on the fitted model, a multi-rate multi-delay observer coupled with an inter-sample predictor and dead time compensator is designed, to account for the asynchronous multi-rate measurements with non-constant delays. The multi-rate multi-delay observer shows perfect convergence after a few sampling times when tested against the fitted model, and is in fair agreement with the real data at late reaction times when implemented based on the experimental measurements.
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Nie H, Li S, Qian S, Han Z, Zhang W. Switchable Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization with the Assistance of Azobenzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Nie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University 300071 Tianjin China
| | - Shenzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University 300071 Tianjin China
| | - Sijia Qian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University 300071 Tianjin China
| | - Zhongqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof MaterialsBeijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd. 100123 Beijing China
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Polymer ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University 300071 Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Nankai University 300071 Tianjin China
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Nie H, Li S, Qian S, Han Z, Zhang W. Switchable Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization with the Assistance of Azobenzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11449-11453. [PMID: 31190462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modulating controlled radical polymerization is an interesting and important issue. Herein, modulating RAFT polymerization employing photosensitive azobenzenes is achieved. In the presence of azobenzenes and with visible light off, RAFT polymerization runs smoothly and follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics. In contrast, with light on, RAFT polymerization is greatly decelerated or quenched depending on the type and concentration of azobenzenes. Switchable RAFT polymerization of different (meth)acrylate monomers alternatively with light off and on is demonstrated. A mechanism of photoregulating RAFT polymerization involving radical quenching by azobenzenes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Nie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Shenzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Sijia Qian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials, Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd., 100123, Beijing, China
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
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Bekanova MZ, Neumolotov NK, Jablanović AD, Plutalova AV, Chernikova EV, Kudryavtsev YV. Thermal stability of RAFT-based poly(methyl methacrylate): A kinetic study of the dithiobenzoate and trithiocarbonate end-group effect. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Stace SJ, Vanderspikken J, Howard SC, Li G, Muir BW, Fellows CM, Keddie DJ, Moad G. Ab initio RAFT emulsion polymerization mediated by small cationic RAFT agents to form polymers with low molar mass dispersity. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00893d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on low molar mass cationic RAFT agents that provide predictable molar mass and low molar mass dispersities (Đm) in ab initio emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Stace
- School of Science and Technology
- University of New England
- Armidale
- Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing
| | - Jochen Vanderspikken
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton South
- Australia
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
| | | | - Guoxin Li
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton South
- Australia
| | | | | | - Daniel J. Keddie
- School of Science and Technology
- University of New England
- Armidale
- Australia
- School of Biology
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Moad G. A Critical Assessment of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Initiation of Radical Polymerization with Commercially Available Dialkyldiazene Initiators. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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A Critical Survey of Dithiocarbamate Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Agents in Radical Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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