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Wang S, Yang J, Deng G, Zhou S. Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing of Flexible Electronic Devices: A Mini Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:557. [PMID: 38591371 PMCID: PMC10856408 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
By virtue of its narrow pulse width and high peak power, the femtosecond pulsed laser can achieve high-precision material modification, material additive or subtractive, and other forms of processing. With additional good material adaptability and process compatibility, femtosecond laser-induced application has achieved significant progress in flexible electronics in recent years. These advancements in the femtosecond laser fabrication of flexible electronic devices are comprehensively summarized here. This review first briefly introduces the physical mechanism and characteristics of the femtosecond laser fabrication of various electronic microdevices. It then focuses on effective methods of improving processing efficiency, resolution, and size. It further highlights the typical progress of applications, including flexible energy storage devices, nanogenerators, flexible sensors, and detectors, etc. Finally, it discusses the development tendency of ultrashort pulse laser processing. This review should facilitate the precision manufacturing of flexible electronics using a femtosecond laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Wang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (S.W.)
| | - Junjie Yang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (S.W.)
| | - Guoliang Deng
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (S.W.)
| | - Shouhuan Zhou
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (S.W.)
- North China Research Institute of Electro-Optics, Beijing 100015, China
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2
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Pisanello M, Zheng D, Balena A, Pisano F, De Vittorio M, Pisanello F. An open source three-mirror laser scanning holographic two-photon lithography system. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265678. [PMID: 35427396 PMCID: PMC9012383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization is a widely adopted technique for direct fabrication of 3D and 2D structures with sub-diffraction-limit features. Here we present an open-hardware, open-software custom design for a holographic multibeam two-photon polymerization system based on a phase-only spatial light modulator and a three-mirror scanhead. The use of three reflective surfaces, two of which scanning the phase-modulated image along the same axis, allows to overcome the loss of virtual conjugation within the large galvanometric mirrors pair needed to accommodate the holographic projection. This extends the writing field of view among which the hologram can be employed for multi-beam two-photon polymerization by a factor of ~2 on one axis (i.e. from ~200μm to ~400μm), with a voxel size of ~250nm × ~1050nm (lateral × axial size), and writing speed of three simultaneous beams of 2000 voxels/s, making our system a powerful and reliable tool for advanced micro and nano-fabrications on large area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pisanello
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano (LE), Italy
- * E-mail: (MP); (MDV); (FP)
| | - Di Zheng
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano (LE), Italy
| | - Antonio Balena
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano (LE), Italy
| | - Filippo Pisano
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano (LE), Italy
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano (LE), Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione – Università del Salento, Lecce (LE), Italy
- * E-mail: (MP); (MDV); (FP)
| | - Ferruccio Pisanello
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano (LE), Italy
- * E-mail: (MP); (MDV); (FP)
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3
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Toombs JT, Luitz M, Cook CC, Jenne S, Li CC, Rapp BE, Kotz-Helmer F, Taylor HK. Volumetric additive manufacturing of silica glass with microscale computed axial lithography. Science 2022; 376:308-312. [PMID: 35420940 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glass is increasingly desired as a material for manufacturing complex microscopic geometries, from the micro-optics in compact consumer products to microfluidic systems for chemical synthesis and biological analyses. As the size, geometric, surface roughness, and mechanical strength requirements of glass evolve, conventional processing methods are challenged. We introduce microscale computed axial lithography (micro-CAL) of fused silica components, by tomographically illuminating a photopolymer-silica nanocomposite that is then sintered. We fabricated three-dimensional microfluidics with internal diameters of 150 micrometers, free-form micro-optical elements with a surface roughness of 6 nanometers, and complex high-strength trusses and lattice structures with minimum feature sizes of 50 micrometers. As a high-speed, layer-free digital light manufacturing process, micro-CAL can process nanocomposites with high solids content and high geometric freedom, enabling new device structures and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Toombs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Manuel Luitz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Caitlyn C Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Sophie Jenne
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chi Chung Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bastian E Rapp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Glassomer GmbH, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Kotz-Helmer
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Glassomer GmbH, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hayden K Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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4
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Lunzer M, Beckwith JS, Chalupa-Gantner F, Rosspeintner A, Licari G, Steiger W, Hametner C, Liska R, Fröhlich J, Vauthey E, Ovsianikov A, Holzer B. Beyond the Threshold: A Study of Chalcogenophene-Based Two-Photon Initiators. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:3042-3052. [PMID: 35431440 PMCID: PMC9009090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c04002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of nine soluble, symmetric chalcogenophenes bearing hexyl-substituted triphenylamines, indolocarbazoles, or phenylcarbazoles was designed and synthesized as potential two-photon absorption (2PA) initiators. A detailed photophysical analysis of these molecules revealed good 2PA properties of the series and, in particular, a strong influence of selenium on the 2PA cross sections, rendering these materials especially promising new 2PA photoinitiators. Structuring and threshold tests proved the efficiency and broad spectral versatility of two selenium-containing lead compounds as well as their applicability in an acrylate resin formulation. A comparison with commercial photoinitiators Irg369 and BAPO as well as sensitizer ITX showed that the newly designed selenium-based materials TPA-S and TPA-BBS outperform these traditional initiators by far both in terms of reactivity and dose. Moreover, by increasing the ultralow concentration of TPA-BBS, a further reduction of the polymerization threshold can be achieved, revealing the great potential of this series for application in two-photon polymerization (2PP) systems where only low laser power is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lunzer
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, TU
Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/308, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- UpNano
GmbH, Modecenterstraße
22/D36, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph S. Beckwith
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Licari
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Steiger
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, TU
Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/308, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, TU
Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/308, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Holzer
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Yang X, Song R, He L, Wu L, He X, Liu X, Tang H, Lu X, Ma Z, Tian P. Optimization mechanism and applications of ultrafast laser machining towards highly designable 3D micro/nano structuring. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35227-35241. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05148f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization mechanism of ultrafast laser machining is introduced. The specific applications of laser processed 3D micro/nano structures in optical, electrochemical and biomedical fields are elaborated, and perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruiqi Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leixin Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hui Tang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zeyu Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Peng Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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6
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Somers P, Liang Z, Johnson JE, Boudouris BW, Pan L, Xu X. Rapid, continuous projection multi-photon 3D printing enabled by spatiotemporal focusing of femtosecond pulses. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:199. [PMID: 34561417 PMCID: PMC8463698 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is demand for scaling up 3D printing throughput, especially for the multi-photon 3D printing process that provides sub-micrometer structuring capabilities required in diverse fields. In this work, high-speed projection multi-photon printing is combined with spatiotemporal focusing for fabrication of 3D structures in a rapid, layer-by-layer, and continuous manner. Spatiotemporal focusing confines printing to thin layers, thereby achieving print thicknesses on the micron and sub-micron scale. Through projection of dynamically varying patterns with no pause between patterns, a continuous fabrication process is established. A numerical model for computing spatiotemporal focusing and imaging is also presented which is verified by optical imaging and printing results. Complex 3D structures with smooth features are fabricated, with millimeter scale printing realized at a rate above 10-3 mm3 s-1. This method is further scalable, indicating its potential to make fabrications of 3D structures with micro/nanoscale features in a practical time scale a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Somers
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zihao Liang
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jason E Johnson
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Liang Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xianfan Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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7
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Butkutė A, Jonušauskas L. 3D Manufacturing of Glass Microstructures Using Femtosecond Laser. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:499. [PMID: 33925098 PMCID: PMC8145601 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of femtosecond (fs) laser technology brought previously unavailable capabilities to laser material processing. One of the areas which benefited the most due to these advances was the 3D processing of transparent dielectrics, namely glasses and crystals. This review is dedicated to overviewing the significant advances in the field. First, the underlying physical mechanism of material interaction with ultrashort pulses is discussed, highlighting how it can be exploited for volumetric, high-precision 3D processing. Next, three distinct transparent material modification types are introduced, fundamental differences between them are explained, possible applications are highlighted. It is shown that, due to the flexibility of fs pulse fabrication, an array of structures can be produced, starting with nanophotonic elements like integrated waveguides and photonic crystals, ending with a cm-scale microfluidic system with micro-precision integrated elements. Possible limitations to each processing regime as well as how these could be overcome are discussed. Further directions for the field development are highlighted, taking into account how it could synergize with other fs-laser-based manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Butkutė
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Linas Jonušauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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8
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Abstract
3D printing (also called "additive manufacturing" or "rapid prototyping") is able to translate computer-aided and designed virtual 3D models into 3D tangible constructs/objects through a layer-by-layer deposition approach. Since its introduction, 3D printing has aroused enormous interest among researchers and engineers to understand the fabrication process and composition-structure-property correlation of printed 3D objects and unleash its great potential for application in a variety of industrial sectors. Because of its unique technological advantages, 3D printing can definitely benefit the field of microrobotics and advance the design and development of functional microrobots in a customized manner. This review aims to present a generic overview of 3D printing for functional microrobots. The most applicable 3D printing techniques, with a focus on laser-based printing, are introduced for the 3D microfabrication of microrobots. 3D-printable materials for fabricating microrobots are reviewed in detail, including photopolymers, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels, and cell-laden hydrogels. The representative applications of 3D-printed microrobots with rational designs heretofore give evidence of how these printed microrobots are being exploited in the medical, environmental, and other relevant fields. A future outlook on the 3D printing of microrobots is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic. and Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-61600, Czech Republic and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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9
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Kuang X, Roach DJ, Hamel CM, Yu K, Qi HJ. Materials, design, and fabrication of shape programmable polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/aba1d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Chen R, Li J, Wang C, Cao R, Zhang J, Ye H, Zhai H, Sugioka K. Rapid fabrication of high-resolution multi-scale microfluidic devices based on the scanning of patterned femtosecond laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3929-3932. [PMID: 32667321 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond-laser-induced two-photon polymerization has distinct advantages in micro-nanofabrication due to its intrinsic three-dimensional processing capability and high precision with sub-100 nanometer fabrication resolution. However, the high resolution causes a drawback in fabricating large-scale structures due to unacceptably long processing times. To solve this problem, we applied the patterned focus as the basic element for scanning processing. Theoretically, the relationship between patterned-focus scanning parameters and the uniformity of scanned light field was analyzed and optimized. Experimentally, we quantitatively investigated the relationship between the microstructure surface quality and the parameters of patterned-focus scanning. Based on above, we put forward a hybrid method that combines the femtosecond laser patterned exposure with direct-writing fabrication to rapidly fabricate large-scale microfluidic devices for various practical applications.
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11
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Lee M, Rizzo R, Surman F, Zenobi-Wong M. Guiding Lights: Tissue Bioprinting Using Photoactivated Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10950-11027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Lee
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - František Surman
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Pan D, Xu B, Liu S, Li J, Hu Y, Wu D, Chu J. Amplitude-phase optimized long depth of focus femtosecond axilens beam for single-exposure fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microstructures. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2584-2587. [PMID: 32356822 DOI: 10.1364/ol.389946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio (HAR) micro/nanostructures by two-photon polymerization (TPP) has become a hot topic because of the advantages of ultra-high resolution and true 3D printing ability. However, the low efficiency caused by point-by-point scanning strategy limits its application. In this Letter, we propose a strategy for the rapid fabrication of HAR microstructures by combining TPP with an amplitude-phase optimized long depth of focus laser beam (LDFB). The optimization of the LDFB is implemented by modulating the amplitude and phase on a phase-only spatial light modulator, which can suppress the side lobe and smooth energy oscillations effectively. The LDFB is used for rapid fabrication of HAR micropillars and various microstructures, which greatly increases the fabrication efficiency. As a demonstration, several typical HAR microstructures such as assemblies, microchannels, microtubes, and cell scaffolds are prepared. Moreover, the microcapture arrays are rapidly fabricated for the capture of microspheres and the formation of microlens arrays, which show focusing and imaging ability.
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Yan L, Yang D, Gong Q, Li Y. Rapid Fabrication of Continuous Surface Fresnel Microlens Array by Femtosecond Laser Focal Field Engineering. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020112. [PMID: 31972956 PMCID: PMC7074914 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser direct writing through two-photon polymerization has been widely used in precision fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures but is usually time consuming. In this article, we report the rapid fabrication of continuous surface Fresnel lens array through femtosecond laser three-dimensional focal field engineering. Each Fresnel lens is formed by continuous two-photon polymerization of the two-dimensional slices of the whole structure with one-dimensional scan of the corresponding two-dimensional engineered intensity distribution. Moreover, we anneal the lens array to improve its focusing and imaging performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.Y.); (D.Y.); (Q.G.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.Y.); (D.Y.); (Q.G.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.Y.); (D.Y.); (Q.G.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.Y.); (D.Y.); (Q.G.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Abstract
Multiphoton 3D lithography is becoming a tool of choice in a wide variety of fields. Regenerative medicine is one of them. Its true 3D structuring capabilities beyond diffraction can be exploited to produce structures with diverse functionality. Furthermore, these objects can be produced from unique materials allowing expanded performance. Here, we review current trends in this research area. We pay particular attention to the interplay between the technology and materials used. Thus, we extensively discuss undergoing light-matter interactions and peculiarities of setups needed to induce it. Then, we continue with the most popular resins, photoinitiators, and general material functionalization, with emphasis on their potential usage in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we provide extensive discussion of current advances in the field as well as prospects showing how the correct choice of the polymer can play a vital role in the structure’s functionality. Overall, this review highlights the interplay between the structure’s architecture and material choice when trying to achieve the maximum result in the field of regenerative medicine.
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15
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Jonušauskas L, Baravykas T, Andrijec D, Gadišauskas T, Purlys V. Stitchless support-free 3D printing of free-form micromechanical structures with feature size on-demand. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17533. [PMID: 31772272 PMCID: PMC6879563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Femtosecond laser based 3D nanolithography is a powerful tool for fabricating various functional micro- and nano-objects. In this work we present several advances needed to push it from the laboratory level use to the industrial production lines. First, linear stage and galvo-scanners synchronization is employed to produce stitch-free mm-sized structures. Furthermore, it is shown that by varying objective numerical apertures (NA) from 1.4 NA to 0.45 NA, voxel size can be tuned in the range from sub μm to tens of mm, resulting in structuring rates between 1809 μm3/s and 313312 μm3/s at 1 cm/s translation velocity achieved via simultaneous movement of linear stages and scanners. Discovered voxel/throughput scaling peculiarities show good agreement to ones acquired with numerical modeling. Furthermore, support-free 3D printing of complex structures is demonstrated. It is achieved by choosing pre-polymer that is in hard gel form during laser writing and acts as a dissolvable support during manufacturing. All of this is combined to fabricate micromechanical structures. First, 1:40 aspect ratio cantilever and 1.5 mm diameter single-helix spring capable of sustaining extreme deformations for prolonged movement times (up to 10000 deformation cycles) are shown. Then, free-movable highly articulated intertwined micromechanical spider and squids (overall size up to 10 mm) are printed and their movement is tested. The presented results are discussed in the broader sense, touching on the stitching/throughput dilemma and comparing it to the standard microstereolithography. It is shown where multiphoton polymerization can outpace standard stereolithography in terms of throughput while still maintaining superior resolution and higher degree of freedom in terms of printable geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linas Jonušauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania.
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania.
| | - Tomas Baravykas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Andrijec
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Gadišauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- The General Jonas Žemaitis Miltitary Academy of Lithuania, Šilo Str. 5A, LT-10322, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Purlys
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
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