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Lee YJ, Kim YH, Lee EK. PEDOT:PSS-Based Prolonged Long-Term Decay Synaptic OECT with Proton-Permeable Material, Nafion. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400165. [PMID: 38924243 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a conductive polymer, has gained popularity as the channel layer in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) due to its high conductivity and straightforward processing. However, difficulties arise in controlling its conductivity through gate voltage, presenting a challenge. To address this issue, aromatic amidine base, diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), is used to stabilize the doping state of the PEDOT chain through a reliable chemical de-doping process. Furthermore, the addition of the proton-penetrable material Nafion to the PEDOT:PSS channel layer induces phase separation between the substances. By utilizing a solution containing both PEDOT:PSS and Nafion as the channel layer of OECTs, the efficiency of ion movement into the channel from the electrolyte is enhanced, resulting in improved OECT performance. The inclusion of Nafion in the OECTs' channel layer modifies ion movement dynamics, allowing for the adjustment of synaptic properties such as pulse-paired facilitation, memory level, short-term plasticity, and long-term plasticity. This research aims to introduce new possibilities in the field of neuromorphic computing and contribute to biomimetic technology through the enhancement of electronic component performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Kim
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
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Liu H, Song J, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Tian Z, Yan F. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Biomarker Detections. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305347. [PMID: 38263718 PMCID: PMC11251571 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The improvement of living standards and the advancement of medical technology have led to an increased focus on health among individuals. Detections of biomarkers are feasible approaches to obtaining information about health status, disease progression, and response to treatment of an individual. In recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated high electrical performances and effectiveness in detecting various types of biomarkers. This review provides an overview of the working principles of OECTs and their performance in detecting multiple types of biomarkers, with a focus on the recent advances and representative applications of OECTs in wearable and implantable biomarker detections, and provides a perspective for the future development of OECT-based biomarker sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Sanqing Zhao
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable SystemsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
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Lee J, Lee J, Bang H, Yoon TW, Ko JH, Zhang G, Park JS, Jeon I, Lee S, Kang B. One-Shot Remote Integration of Macromolecular Synaptic Elements on a Chip for Ultrathin Flexible Neural Network System. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402361. [PMID: 38762775 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The field of biomimetic electronics that mimic synaptic functions has expanded significantly to overcome the limitations of the von Neumann bottleneck. However, the scaling down of the technology has led to an increasingly intricate manufacturing process. To address the issue, this work presents a one-shot integrable electropolymerization (OSIEP) method with remote controllability for the deposition of synaptic elements on a chip by exploiting bipolar electrochemistry. Condensing synthesis, deposition, and patterning into a single fabrication step is achieved by combining alternating-current voltage superimposed on direct-current voltage-bipolar electropolymerization and a specially designed dual source/drain bipolar electrodes. As a result, uniform 6 × 5 arrays of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) channels are successfully fabricated on flexible ultrathin parylene substrates in one-shot process. The channels exhibited highly uniform characteristics and are directly used as electrochemical synaptic transistor with synaptic plasticity over 100 s. The synaptic transistors have demonstrated promising performance in an artificial neural network (NN) simulation, achieving a high recognition accuracy of 95.20%. Additionally, the array of synaptic transistor is easily reconfigured to a multi-gate synaptic circuit to implement the principles of operant conditioning. These results provide a compelling fabrication strategy for realizing cost-effective and disposable NN systems with high integration density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyeonsu Bang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Tae Woong Yoon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Ko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Guobing Zhang
- Special Display and Imaging Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Advance Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Ji-Sang Park
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Il Jeon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Sungjoo Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
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Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Lin P, Yan F. Flexible Organic Transistors for Biosensing: Devices and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300034. [PMID: 36853083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable biosensors can offer seamless and conformable biological-electronic interfaces for continuously acquiring high-fidelity signals, permitting numerous emerging applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal transducers for flexible and stretchable biosensing due to their soft nature, inherent amplification function, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, low cost, and device diversity. In consideration of the rapid advances in flexible-OTFT-based biosensors and their broad applications, herein, a timely and comprehensive review is provided. It starts with a detailed introduction to the features of various OTFTs including organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors, and the functionalization strategies for biosensing, with a highlight on the seminal work and up-to-date achievements. Then, the applications of flexible-OTFT-based biosensors in wearable, implantable, and portable electronics, as well as neuromorphic biointerfaces are detailed. Subsequently, special attention is paid to emerging stretchable organic transistors including planar and fibrous devices. The routes to impart stretchability, including structural engineering and material engineering, are discussed, and the implementations of stretchable organic transistors in e-skin and smart textiles are included. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials and Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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Bai J, Liu D, Tian X, Wang Y, Cui B, Yang Y, Dai S, Lin W, Zhu J, Wang J, Xu A, Gu Z, Zhang S. Coin-sized, fully integrated, and minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring system based on organic electrochemical transistors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl1856. [PMID: 38640241 PMCID: PMC11029813 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs) are critical toward closed-loop diabetes management. The field's progress urges next-generation CGMs with enhanced antinoise ability, reliability, and wearability. Here, we propose a coin-sized, fully integrated, and wearable CGM, achieved by holistically synergizing state-of-the-art interdisciplinary technologies of biosensors, minimally invasive tools, and hydrogels. The proposed CGM consists of three major parts: (i) an emerging biochemical signal amplifier, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) beyond traditional electrochemical sensors; (ii) a microneedle array to facilitate subcutaneous glucose sampling with minimized pain; and (iii) a soft hydrogel to stabilize the skin-device interface. Compared to conventional CGMs, the OECT-CGM offers a high antinoise ability, tunable sensitivity and resolution, and comfort wearability, enabling personalized glucose sensing for future precision diabetes health care. Last, we discuss how OECT technology can help push the limit of detection of current wearable electrochemical biosensors, especially when operating in complicated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dingyao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shilei Dai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixiang Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Azimi M, Kim CH, Fan J, Cicoira F. Effect of ionic conductivity of electrolyte on printed planar and vertical organic electrochemical transistors. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:540-555. [PMID: 37436097 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers with mixed electronic/ionic transport are attracting a great deal of interest for applications in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Ions play a crucial role in OECT performance. The concentration and mobility of ions in the electrolyte influence the current flow in the OECT and its transconductance. This study examines the electrochemical properties and ionic conductivity of two semi-solid electrolytes, iongels, and organogels, with diverse ionic species and properties. Our results indicate that the organogels exhibited higher ionic conductivities than the iongels. Furthermore, the geometry of OECTs plays an important role in determining their transconductance. Thus, this study employs a novel approach for fabricating vertical-configuration OECTs with significantly shorter channel lengths planar devices. This is achieved through a printing method that offers advantages, such as design versatility, scalability, expedited production time, and reduced cost relative to traditional microfabrication methods. The transconductance values obtained for the vertical OECTs were significantly (approximately 50 times) higher than those of the planar devices because of their shorter channel lengths. Finally, the impact of different gating media on the performance of both planar and vertical OECTs was studied, and devices gated by organogels demonstrated improved transconductance and switching speed (almost two times higher) than those gated by iongels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Azimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Chi-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Cucchi M, Parker D, Stavrinidou E, Gkoupidenis P, Kleemann H. In Liquido Computation with Electrochemical Transistors and Mixed Conductors for Intelligent Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209516. [PMID: 36813270 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation implantable computational devices require long-term-stable electronic components capable of operating in, and interacting with, electrolytic surroundings without being damaged. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) emerged as fitting candidates. However, while single devices feature impressive figures of merit, integrated circuits (ICs) immersed in common electrolytes are hard to realize using electrochemical transistors, and there is no clear path forward for optimal top-down circuit design and high-density integration. The simple observation that two OECTs immersed in the same electrolytic medium will inevitably interact hampers their implementation in complex circuitry. The electrolyte's ionic conductivity connects all the devices in the liquid, producing unwanted and often unforeseeable dynamics. Minimizing or harnessing this crosstalk has been the focus of very recent studies. Herein, the main challenges, trends, and opportunities for realizing OECT-based circuitry in a liquid environment that could circumnavigate the hard limits of engineering and human physiology, are discussed. The most successful approaches in autonomous bioelectronics and information processing are analyzed. Elaborating on the strategies to circumvent and harness device crosstalk proves that platforms capable of complex computation and even machine learning (ML) can be realized in liquido using mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cucchi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 1, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Parker
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | | | - Hans Kleemann
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 1, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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Mane SS, Joshi GM, Shirsat MD, Kaleemulla S. Development of soft polymer blend for copper ion detection by electrochemical route. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Savita S. Mane
- Department of Engineering Physics and Engineering Materials Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai Marathwada Jalna Campus Jalna India
| | - Girish M. Joshi
- Department of Engineering Physics and Engineering Materials Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai Marathwada Jalna Campus Jalna India
| | - Mahendra D. Shirsat
- RUSA‐ Center for Advanced Sensor Technology Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad India
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Liang Y, Tang H, Zhang C, Liu C, Lan L, Huang F. Synergistic Effect of Oxoammonium Salt and Its Counterions for Fabricating Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Low Power Consumption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51165-51174. [PMID: 36335598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are gaining importance for a variety of biological applications due to their mixed electronic and ionic conductivities featuring ion-to-electron conversion. A low operation voltage without sacrificing device performance is desired to realize long-term monitoring of biological activities. In the present work, oxoammonium salts with two different counterions (TEMPO+X-, where TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium; X = Br- and TFSI-) are employed as secondary dopants to modulate the device performance. Both oxoammonium salts feature a distinct dopant concentration-dependent doping effect, allowing precise control in improving the performance of OECTs. A zero-gate bias, corresponding to the maximum transconductance, and a low threshold voltage are realized by optimizing the dopant concentrations. In addition, TEMPO+TFSI- dopant exerts great capability in modulating the work function and in morphology reconstruction of PEDOT:PSS, ensuring a well-matched work function at the gold electrode-channel material interface and condensed microstructure stacking with an edge-on orientation in the doped PEDOT:PSS films. The synergistic effect of TEMPO and the TFSI- counterion endows the device with superior performance to its counterparts due to the resultant higher μC* figure, benefiting from the efficient injection/extraction of holes at the interface and enhanced intra- and inter-chain carrier transport. The excellent device performance makes the OECT a promising neuromorphic device to mimic basic brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Linfeng Lan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
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