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Bai J, Liu D, Tian X, Wang Y, Cui B, Yang Y, Dai S, Lin W, Zhu J, Wang J, Xu A, Gu Z, Zhang S. Coin-sized, fully integrated, and minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring system based on organic electrochemical transistors. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadl1856. [PMID: 38640241 PMCID: PMC11029813 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs) are critical toward closed-loop diabetes management. The field's progress urges next-generation CGMs with enhanced antinoise ability, reliability, and wearability. Here, we propose a coin-sized, fully integrated, and wearable CGM, achieved by holistically synergizing state-of-the-art interdisciplinary technologies of biosensors, minimally invasive tools, and hydrogels. The proposed CGM consists of three major parts: (i) an emerging biochemical signal amplifier, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) beyond traditional electrochemical sensors; (ii) a microneedle array to facilitate subcutaneous glucose sampling with minimized pain; and (iii) a soft hydrogel to stabilize the skin-device interface. Compared to conventional CGMs, the OECT-CGM offers a high antinoise ability, tunable sensitivity and resolution, and comfort wearability, enabling personalized glucose sensing for future precision diabetes health care. Last, we discuss how OECT technology can help push the limit of detection of current wearable electrochemical biosensors, especially when operating in complicated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dingyao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shilei Dai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixiang Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Long Z, Lin W, Li P, Wang B, Pan Q, Yang X, Lee WW, Chung HSH, Yang Z. One-wire reconfigurable and damage-tolerant sensor matrix inspired by the auditory tonotopy. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi6633. [PMID: 38019910 PMCID: PMC10686563 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Sensor matrices are essential in various fields including robotics, aviation, health care, and industrial machinery. However, conventional sensor matrix systems often face challenges such as limited reconfigurability, complex wiring, and poor robustness. To address these issues, we introduce a one-wire reconfigurable sensor matrix that is capable of conforming to three-dimensional curved surfaces and resistant to cross-talk and fractures. Our frequency-located technology, inspired by the auditory tonotopy, reduces the number of output wires from row × column to a single wire by superimposing the signals of all sensor units with unique frequency identities. The sensor units are connected through a shared redundant network, giving great freedom for reconfiguration and facilitating quick repairs. The one-wire frequency-located technology is demonstrated in two applications-a pressure sensor matrix and a pressure-temperature multimodal sensor matrix. In addition, we also show its potential in monitoring strain distribution in an airplane wing, emphasizing its advantages in simplified wiring and improved robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Long
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pengyu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Biao Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wang Wei Lee
- Robotics X Laboratory, Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Henry Shu-Hung Chung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wang Q, Chan KF, Schweizer K, Du X, Jin D, Yu SCH, Nelson BJ, Zhang L. Ultrasound Doppler-guided real-time navigation of a magnetic microswarm for active endovascular delivery. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/9/eabe5914. [PMID: 33637532 PMCID: PMC7909881 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Swarming micro/nanorobots offer great promise in performing targeted delivery inside diverse hard-to-reach environments. However, swarm navigation in dynamic environments challenges delivery capability and real-time swarm localization. Here, we report a strategy to navigate a nanoparticle microswarm in real time under ultrasound Doppler imaging guidance for active endovascular delivery. A magnetic microswarm was formed and navigated near the boundary of vessels, where the reduced drag of blood flow and strong interactions between nanoparticles enable upstream and downstream navigation in flowing blood (mean velocity up to 40.8 mm/s). The microswarm-induced three-dimensional blood flow enables Doppler imaging from multiple viewing configurations and real-time tracking in different environments (i.e., stagnant, flowing blood, and pulsatile flow). We also demonstrate the ultrasound Doppler-guided swarm formation and navigation in the porcine coronary artery ex vivo. Our strategy presents a promising connection between swarm control and real-time imaging of microrobotic swarms for localized delivery in dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Fung Chan
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, CUHK, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CUHK, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathrin Schweizer
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xingzhou Du
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CUHK, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CUHK, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Chun Ho Yu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, CUHK, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, CUHK, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, CUHK, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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