1
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Gao Y, Zhang M, Feng H, Huang K, Xia B, Pan Y. Pulsed Direct Current Arc-Induced Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6106-6111. [PMID: 38594830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the innovative field of pulsed direct current arc-induced nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DCAI-nano-ESI-MS), which utilizes a low-temperature direct current (DC) arc to induce ESI during MS analyses. By employing a 15 kV output voltage, the DCAI-nano-ESI source effectively identifies various biological molecules, including angiotensin II, bradykinin, cytochrome C, and soybean lecithin, showcasing impressive analyte signals and facilitating multicharge MS in positive- and negative-ion modes. Notably, results show that the oxidation of fatty acids using a DC arc produces [M + O - H]- ions, which aid in identifying the location of C═C bonds in unsaturated fatty acids and distinguishing between isomers based on diagnostic ions observed during collision-induced dissociation tandem MS. This study presents an approach for identifying the sn-1 and sn-2 positions in phosphatidylcholine using phosphatidylcholine and nitrate adduct ions, accurately determining phosphatidylcholine molecular configurations via the Paternò-Büchi reaction. With all the advantages above, DCAI-nano-ESI holds significant promise for future analytical and bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kaineng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
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2
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Sun S, Hou M, Lai C, Yang Q, Gao J, Lu X, Wang X, Yu Q. Capillary self-aspirating electrospray ionization (CSESI) for convenient and versatile mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2024; 266:125008. [PMID: 37531883 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is one of the most widely used ionization techniques, and its simplification can benefit many interested users. In this study, sample introduction by capillary action was studied and used to develop a simple ESI source called capillary self-aspirating electrospray ionization (CSESI). A conventional CSESI source requires only a common capillary of appropriate diameter in addition to the support of high voltage (HV). No pumps and sample loading is needed because the solution can spontaneously climb across the capillary by capillary action. With the proper modification of the glass capillary, the operation of CSESI can be further simplified and efficient. Specifically, cold plasma processing of the capillary creates a more hydrophilic surface that can facilitate sample introduction. Moreover, sputtering a thin platinum layer on the capillary tip makes the application of HV more convenient, and it also eliminates the influence of air bubbles in the capillary to ensure a sustained and stable electrospray. Overall, CSESI exhibits multiple desirable features such as simple structure, self-aspiration ability, low sample consumption, and inherent physical filtration capability. Apart from the routine ESI-MS analysis, it has also been applied in real-time monitoring of the oxidative dimerization of 8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, as well as direct analysis of muddy soil solutions without pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sun
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mulang Hou
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chaoyang Lai
- Shenzhen Chin Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinqiong Lu
- Shenzhen Chin Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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3
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Hsu CY, Prabhu GRD, Chang CH, Hsu PC, Buchowiecki K, Urban PL. Are Most Micrometer Droplets (>10 μm) Wasted in Electrospray Ionization? An Insight from Real-Time High-Speed Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14702-14709. [PMID: 37725015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is one of the main techniques used in mass spectrometry (MS) of nonvolatile compounds. ESI is a disordered process, in which a large number of polydisperse droplets are projected from a fluctuating Taylor cone and jet protruding ESI emitter. Here, we disclose a system for sectioning electrospray plumes to discrete packets with millisecond and submillisecond lifetime, which are introduced to the MS orifice, one at a time. A high-speed camera was triggered at 10,000 frames per second to capture consecutive images of the electrospray packets transmitted to the mass spectrometer. We further correlated the high-speed images of electrospray packets with MS signals of a test analyte (acetaminophen). Following computational treatment of the images, we determined the number of droplet observations (<300), average diameter of droplets (∼10-20 μm), and average volume of droplets (few tens of picoliters) in the individual electrospray packets. The result shows that most micrometer droplets (>10 μm) do not have any significant contribution to the MS signals. This finding is in agreement with the prior conjecture that most of the MS signals are mainly attributed to nanodroplets. Based on this finding, one can deduce that only a small number of the initial microdroplets effectively carry analyte molecules that undergo ionization. We discuss that, in future, one may propose a way to "recharge" the emitted initial micrometer droplets to increase the efficiency of conventional ESI setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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4
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Davis EJ, Walker D, Gibney M, Clowers BH. Optical and mass spectral characterization of the electrospray ionization/corona discharge ionization interface. Talanta 2021; 224:121870. [PMID: 33379080 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interchange between electrospray ionization (ESI) and corona discharge ionization (CDI) with respect to applied bias on the needle is customarily placed at the point where light production begins at the tip of the needle. If a liquid sample is flowing through a needle that is observed to produce light, the ionization process is assumed to be harsher and the term coronaspray ionization has been coined to describe this hybrid ionization mechanism. In this work, the transition between ESI and CDI is investigated with respect to applied bias through optical and mass spectrometric measurements. As a function of applied bias potential, the optical signal at the tip of the needle was recorded simultaneously with the resultant ionization products. In this effort, the production of ions from an electrospray ionization needle has been demonstrated to produce light regardless of bias if ions are also formed. With this understanding, an ESI/CDI needle was designed to allow the bias to be temporarily pulsed over the 'onset' voltage necessary for ionization and the rise and decay of the optical signal was measured. Positive mode CDI onset to a stable discharge state within 0.05 ms, while positive ESI required 1.9 ms to reach a stable condition. In the negative mode, the stability of the ionization process was highly variable in both ESI and CDI modes, though CDI was generally faster to reach the stable mode of operation. When the resultant ions were investigated, the effect of increased bias on an ESI needle was found to be species-dependent. Recognizing that the range of compounds probed was limited, for those examined, it appears that stable, non-labile species may be investigated via ESI under extremely high biases while labile species demonstrate a narrow range of stable biases before significant fragmentation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Davis
- Whitworth University, Department of Chemistry, Spokane, WA, 99251, USA.
| | - David Walker
- Azusa Pacific University, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Azusa, CA, 91702, USA
| | - Molly Gibney
- Azusa Pacific University, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Azusa, CA, 91702, USA
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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5
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Zheng F, Zhang S, Mo J, Yi H, Zhang S, Yu H, Lin K, Sha J, Chen Y. Ion Concentration Effect on Nanoscale Electrospray Modes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000397. [PMID: 32485055 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phenomena and mechanism of electrospray modes in nanoscale are investigated from experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the ionic concentration plays a crucial role in determining the dripping or the jetting modes in a nanoscale electrospray system. Molecular dynamics simulations uncover that the two modes are caused by the competition between the electric field stress and surface tension, which is similar to the mechanism in a macroscale electrospray system. However, in a nanoscale electrospray system, the two competing forces of the electric field stress and surface tension are more sensitive to the ion distributions than that in a macroscale electrospray system, in which the applied voltage and pressure dominate. With the decrease of the nozzle diameter to nanoscale, the ions not only affect the local electric field stress, but also destroy the hydrogen bonds among water molecules, which lead to that the ion concentration becomes a dominant factor in determining the electrospray modes in nanoscale. The discovery provides a novel method to control nanoscale electrospray modes, which may find potential applications for mass spectrometry, film deposition, and electrohydrodynamic printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Mo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Shizhao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Hongyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Kabin Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jingjie Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
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6
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Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Tian Y, Yu Q, Wang X. Induced Self-aspiration Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Flexible Sampling and Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4600-4606. [PMID: 32096631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) operating in pulse mode can enhance the utilization efficiency of the electrospray ions by a mass spectrometer. Herein, a novel ionization technique called induced self-aspiration-electrospray ionization (ISA-ESI) was developed based on self-aspiration sampling and capacitive induction. The sample solution polarized in a strong electric field was pulsed drawn into a capillary that was connected to a subambient chamber. The sample solution with polarized ions forms a charged liquid column, which can initiate an electrospray when reaching the capillary outlet. In addition to the self-aspiration ability, the use of a constant high voltage supply and no electrical contact with the solution can also simplify the sampling and ionization operation, enabling a convenient ESI mass spectrometry analysis. The developed ISA-ESI source has been used for multidimensional monitoring of chemical reactions as well as liquid extraction surface analysis of plant tissues. It was expected that this special ionization method could be extended to automated high-throughput ESI-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Ninomiya S, Hiraoka K. Pulsed Nano-Electrospray Ionization with a High Voltage (4000 V) Pulse Applied to Solutions in the Range of 200 ns to 1 ms. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:693-699. [PMID: 31977219 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To initiate electrospray, it is necessary to accumulate excess charges on the liquid surface until the outward electrostatic pressure (PE) overwhelms the inward pressure Pγ originating from the surface tension of the liquid droplet. In this report, electrospray mass spectrometry for solutions of gramicidin S (G), ubiquitin (U), and cytochrome c (C) in H2O/CH3OH (1/1) was performed as a function of the high voltage (4000 V) pulse width in the range of 200 ns to 1 ms using a 4 μm i.d. glass capillary. Multiply protonated ions for all three samples started to be detected with the 300 μs pulse width. Denaturation of C and U proceeded with an increase of the pulse width. When the bias voltage of ∼880 V that was lower than the threshold voltage for the generation of continuous electrospray (∼1000 V) was applied to the solution, multiply protonated G, U, and C were detected with the 200 ns pulse width. After the depletion of excess charges in 200 ns, it took 10-100 μs to regenerate electrospray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ninomiya
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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8
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Xu Z, Wu H, Tang Y, Xu W, Zhai Y. Electric modeling and characterization of pulsed high-voltage nanoelectrospray ionization sources by a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:583-591. [PMID: 30989769 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI) would be beneficial in further improving the performances of nano-ESI. In this work, the pulsed high-voltage (HV) nano-ESI has been electrically modeled and then systematically characterized by both voltage-current and mass spectrometry measurements. First, the equivalent resistance of a nano-ESI source changes with respect to both emitter tip diameter and the HV applied. Increased voltage could improve both spray current and ionization efficiency of the pulsed HV nano-ESI. Compared with conventional DC HV method, a pulsed HV has less heating effect on the capillary tip and thus allowing the application of a much higher voltage onto a nano-ESI source. As a result, a pulsed HV nano-ESI could further boost the ionization efficiency of nano-ESI by employing even higher voltages than conventional DC nano-ESI sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqiang Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hanyan Wu
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang Tang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanbing Zhai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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9
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Gao D, Yao D, Leist SK, Fei Y, Zhou J. Mechanisms and modeling of electrohydrodynamic phenomena. Int J Bioprint 2018; 5:166. [PMID: 32782978 PMCID: PMC7415859 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i1.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review the mechanisms of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phenomenon. From this review, researchers and students can learn principles and development history of EHD. Significant progress has been identified in research and development of EHD high-resolution deposition as a direct additive manufacturing method, and more effort will be driven to this direction soon. An introduction is given about current trend of additive manufacturing and advantages of EHD inkjet printing. Both theoretical models and experiment approaches about the formation of cone, development of cone-jet transition and stability of jet are presented. The formation of a stable cone-jet is the key factor for precision EHD printing which will be discussed. Different scaling laws can be used to predict the diameter of jet and emitted current in different parametrical ranges. The information available in this review builds a bridge between EHD phenomenon and three-dimensional high-resolution inkjet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajing Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Donggang Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven K. Leist
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yifan Fei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jack Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
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10
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Fomina NS, Masyukevich SV, Gall LN, Gall NR. ESI current oscillations for a high-resistivity fluid with the simultaneous visualization of the Taylor cone. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816130050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Tycova A, Prikryl J, Foret F. Reproducible preparation of nanospray tips for capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry using 3D printed grinding device. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:924-30. [PMID: 26626777 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of high quality fused silica capillary nanospray tips is critical for obtaining reliable and reproducible electrospray/MS data; however, reproducible laboratory preparation of such tips is a challenging task. In this work, we report on the design and construction of low-cost grinding device assembled from 3D printed and commercially easily available components. Detailed description and characterization of the grinding device is complemented by freely accessible files in stl and skp format allowing easy laboratory replication of the device. The process of sharpening is aimed at achieving maximal symmetricity, surface smoothness and repeatability of the conus shape. Moreover, the presented grinding device brings possibility to fabricate the nanospray tips of desired dimensions regardless of the commercial availability. On several samples of biological nature (reserpine, rabbit plasma, and the mixture of three aminoacids), performance of fabricated tips is shown on CE coupled to MS analysis. The special interest is paid to the effect of tip sharpness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tycova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prikryl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Wei Z, Xiong X, Guo C, Si X, Zhao Y, He M, Yang C, Xu W, Tang F, Fang X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Pulsed Direct Current Electrospray: Enabling Systematic Analysis of Small Volume Sample by Boosting Sample Economy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11242-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xingchuang Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chengan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Si
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Muyi He
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chengdui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fei Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for
Microanalytical Methods, Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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13
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Capillary electrophoresis in an extended nanospray tip–electrospray as an electrophoretic column. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:274-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry interfaces: Fundamental concepts and technical developments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Qiao L, Sartor R, Gasilova N, Lu Y, Tobolkina E, Liu B, Girault HH. Electrostatic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7422-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301332k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiao
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique
et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Sartor
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique
et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Gasilova
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique
et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Lu
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique
et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tobolkina
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique
et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique
et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Demekhin E, Polyanskikh S, Ramos A. Taylor cones in a leaky dielectric liquid under an ac electric field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:035301. [PMID: 22060444 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.035301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Conical points of a leaky dielectric drop surrounded by a dielectric gas in an external ac electric field are investigated. A novel class of steady conical tips depending on the permittivity ratio and applied signal frequency is presented. It is found that conical solutions with very small angles are possible (angles much smaller than the classical Taylor cone angle 49.3° for a conducting drop in a dc field); this result can be relevant to the observations of small cone angles in Chetwani, Maheshwari, and Chang experiments [N. Chetwani, S. Maheshwari, and H.-C. Chang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 204501 (2008)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Demekhin
- Dept. of Computation Mathematics and Computer Science, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, 350040, Russian Federation
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17
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Abstract
A novel analytical method, called Liquid Phase Ion Mobility Spectrometry (LiPIMS) was demonstrated, where aqueous phase analytes were ionized and introduced into non-aqueous liquids, transported by an external electric field from the point of generation to a collection electrode. Ions were produced from a unique liquid phase ionization process, called Electrodispersion Ionization. Spectra of analyte ions illustrated the potential of LiPIMS as a new separation technique. Experimental data showed that electrodispersion ionization was effective in generating nanoampere level of ion current in hexane and benzene from aqueous samples. By controlling the ionization voltage in relation to the sample flow rate, it was possible to operate the electrodispersion ionization source in both continuous and pulsed ionization modes. Unique LiPIMS spectra of aqueous samples of tetramethylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium bromide and bradykinin were presented and their respected liquid phase ion mobility values were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Tam
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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19
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Tran SBQ, Byun D, Nguyen VD, Kang TS. Liquid meniscus oscillation and drop ejection by ac voltage, pulsed dc voltage, and superimposing dc to ac voltages. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:026318. [PMID: 19792260 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.026318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) spraying technique has been utilized in applications such as inkjet printing and mass spectrometry technologies. In this paper, the role of electrical potential signals in jetting and on the oscillation of the meniscus is evaluated. The jetting and the meniscus oscillation behavior are experimentally investigated under ac voltage, ac voltage superimposed on dc voltage, and pulsed dc voltage. Based on this in-depth study of the meniscus behavior under various signals, the optimal signal is implemented to an EHD inkjet head for drop-on-demand operation. For applied ac voltage and ac voltage superimposed on dc voltage, the jetting phenomenon is a dynamic process due to sequential opposite sign signals. The jetting occurs at the end of the oscillation cycle, where the meniscus oscillates upward and arrives at its highest position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Bui Quang Tran
- Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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20
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Gapeev A, Berton A, Fabris D. Current-controlled nanospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1334-1341. [PMID: 19359196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that direct determination of electrospray current would provide a viable method for maintaining spray stability to enable optimal nanospray analysis was tested by building a feedback apparatus capable of reading the current and readjusting the emitter voltage in real time. The apparatus consists of a current-sensing circuit that reads the voltage drop across a resistor located between the high-voltage power supply and the nanospray emitter. A low voltage proportional to the observed current is generated and sent to a data acquisition card. The information is used by a proportional-derivative-integral (PID) algorithm to calculate the magnitude of a low-voltage signal that is used to control the power supply output. Any variation of current across the sensing resistor is thus counteracted by an opposite-direction variation of the high voltage applied to the nanospray emitter. In this way, the apparatus adjusts the emitter voltage to achieve a preset value of current, which it strives to maintain over time in spite of any possible variation of the parameters influencing the spray regime. Preliminary results have shown that the feedback apparatus is capable of establishing and maintaining stable spray for samples that are usually considered challenging in traditional voltage-controlled analysis, such as those consisting of nucleic acid solutions with high salt loads. For these types of samples, the total ion count recorded in current-controlled mode was significantly more stable than that observed in voltage-controlled mode. At the same time, overall signal intensities and signal-to-noise ratios were also significantly improved. Setting the target nanospray current to a predefined value and letting the apparatus reach the target without operator intervention enabled the acquisition of viable data from solutions containing up to 2.5 M ammonium acetate, which are ordinarily difficult by traditional manual tuning. A deeper understanding of the current-voltage relationships for samples of very different compositions is expected to enable one not only to predict the target current that should be used for a certain analysis, but also to devise algorithms to change such target as a function of predictable variations of sample properties and analytical conditions. This will allow for optimal performance to be maintained during on-line gradient chromatography in which the nature of the sprayed solution may vary very widely during the course of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Gapeev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Chen LC, Nishidate K, Saito Y, Mori K, Asakawa D, Takeda S, Kubota T, Hori H, Hiraoka K. Characteristics of Probe Electrospray Generated from a Solid Needle. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:11164-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803730x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nishidate
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Yuta Saito
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Mori
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Daiki Asakawa
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Takeo Kubota
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hori
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Epigenetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimo-Kateau 1110, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan, and Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
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22
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Schilling M, Janasek D, Franzke J. Electrospray-ionization driven by dielectric polarization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:555-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Paine MD, Alexander MS, Stark JPW. Nozzle and liquid effects on the spray modes in nanoelectrospray. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 305:111-23. [PMID: 17028003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Unforced nanoelectrospray can exhibit a number of stable spray modes. These include low frequency pulsations, high frequency pulsations, and a steady cone-jet. Experiments are reported here on such pulsations that have been observed in various salt loaded solutions of ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and water. The spray current was monitored with 1 mus time resolution to show that spray regime characteristics depend on nozzle diameter and liquid conductivity. The frequency of pulsations was found to increase with both increased liquid conductivity and decreasing nozzle diameter. The charge ejected during a pulse is lower for smaller nozzles spraying higher conductivity liquids. Water solutions were observed undergoing high frequency pulsations, with these pulsations often occurring in lower frequency bursts. The frequencies of water pulsations were as high as 635 kHz but the charge ejected by each pulsation was an order of magnitude lower than that observed in triethylene glycol. An unforced electrospray of water was also identified as being in the steady cone-jet mode with a higher degree of confidence than previously. The values for stable pulsation frequency and charge ejected observed in ethylene glycol lay between those of TEG and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Paine
- Department of Engineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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24
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Wang P, Chen Z, Chang HC. An integrated micropump and electrospray emitter system based on porous silica monoliths. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3964-70. [PMID: 16983638 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The work presents the design of an integrated system consisting of a high-pressure electroosmotic (EO) micropump and a microporous monolithic emitter, which together generate a stable and robust electrospray. Both the micropump and electrospray emitter are fabricated using a sol-gel process. Upon application of an electric potential of sufficient amplitude (>2 kV), the pump delivers fluids with an electroosmotically induced high pressure (>1 atm). The same potential is also harnessed to electrostatically generate a stable electrospray at the porous emitter. Electrokinetic coupling between pump and spray produces spray features different from sprays pressurized by independent mechanical pumps. Four typical spray modes, each with different drop sizes and charge-to-mass ratios, are observed and have been characterized. Since the monolith is silica-based, this integrated device can be used for a variety of fluids, especially organic solvents, without the swelling and shrinking problems that are commonly encountered for polymer monoliths. The maximum pressure generated by a 100 microm id monolithic pump is 3 atm at an applied voltage of 5 kV. The flow rate can be adjusted in the range of 100 nL/min to 1 microL/min by changing the voltage. For a given applied voltage across the pump and emitter system, it is seen that there exists one unique flow rate for which flow balance is achieved between the delivery of liquid to the emitter by the pump and the liquid ejection from the emitter. Under such a condition, a stable Taylor cone is obtained. The principles that lead to these results are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Micro-fluidics and Medical Diagnostics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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25
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Xu X, Zhai J, Shui W, Xu G, Yang P. Adding Auxiliary Electrode—An Effective Method for Enhancing Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio in Nanospray Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200031971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Valaskovic GA, Murphy JP, Lee MS. Automated orthogonal control system for electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:1201-1215. [PMID: 15276167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-flow electrospray ionization is typically a purely electrostatic method, used without supporting sheath-gas nebulization. Complex spray morphology results from a large number of possible spray emission modes. Spray morphology may assume the optimal Taylor cone-jet spray mode under equilibrium conditions. When coupling to nanobore gradient elution chromatography, however, stability of the Taylor cone-jet spray mode is compromised by the gradient of mobile phase physiochemical properties. The common spray modes for aqueous/organic mobile phases were characterized using orthogonal (strobed illumination) transmitted light and (continuous illumination) scattered light imaging. Correlation of image sets from these complementary illumination methods provides the basis for spray mode identification using qualitative and quantitative image analysis. An automated feedback-controlled electrospray source was developed on a computer capable of controlling electrospray potential using an image-processing based algorithm for spray mode identification. The implementation of the feedback loop results in a system that is both self-starting and self-tuning for a specific spray mode or modes. Thus, changes in mobile phase composition and/or flow rate are compensated in real-time and the source is maintained in the cone-jet or pulsed cone-jet spray modes.
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