1
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Peters-Clarke TM, Coon JJ, Riley NM. Instrumentation at the Leading Edge of Proteomics. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7976-8010. [PMID: 38738990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Trenton M Peters-Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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2
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Cai YH, Wang CC, Hsiao CH, Wang YS. Experimental Validation of Comprehensive Calculation for High-Resolution Linear MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:992-998. [PMID: 38634762 PMCID: PMC11066958 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This work discusses the effectiveness of the previously developed comprehensive calculation model to optimize linear MALDI-TOF mass spectrometers. The model couples space- and velocity-focusing to precisely analyze the flight-time distribution of ions and predict optimal experimental parameters for the highest mass resolving power. Experimental validation was conducted using a laboratory-made instrument to analyze CsI3 and angiotensin I ions in low to medium m/z range. The results indicate that the predicted optimal extraction voltage and delay were reasonably accurate and effective. In the low m/z range, the peak width obtained using optimal parameters reached the sub nanosecond range, corresponding to a mass resolving power of 10 000-17 000, or 20 000-34 000 if shot-to-shot random fluctuations were minimized by the dynamic data correction method. The observed optimal mass resolving power in the current experiment is 4.8-7.8 times that of commercial instruments. Practical limitations resulting in the gap between the observed and theoretical ultimate mass resolving power are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Cai
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chia-Chen Wang
- Instrumentation
Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chih-Hao Hsiao
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan ROC
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3
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Liu J, Chen B, Zhang R, Li Y, Chen R, Zhu S, Wen S, Luan T. Recent progress in analytical strategies of arsenic-binding proteomes in living systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6915-6929. [PMID: 37410126 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is one of the most concerning elements due to its high exposure risks to organisms and ecosystems. The interaction between arsenicals and proteins plays a pivotal role in inducing their biological effects on living systems, e.g., arsenicosis. In this review article, the recent advances in analytical techniques and methods of As-binding proteomes were well summarized and discussed, including chromatographic separation and purification, biotin-streptavidin pull-down probes, in situ imaging using novel fluorescent probes, and protein identification. These analytical technologies could provide a growing body of knowledge regarding the composition, level, and distribution of As-binding proteomes in both cells and biological samples, even at the organellar level. The perspectives on analysis of As-binding proteomes are also proposed, e.g., isolation and identification of minor proteins, in vivo targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies, and spatial As-binding proteomics. The application and development of sensitive, accurate, and high-throughput methodologies of As-binding proteomics would enable us to address the key molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse health effects of arsenicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Baowei Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Ruijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yizheng Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Ruohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shijun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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4
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Stewart HI, Grinfeld D, Giannakopulos A, Petzoldt J, Shanley T, Garland M, Denisov E, Peterson AC, Damoc E, Zeller M, Arrey TN, Pashkova A, Renuse S, Hakimi A, Kühn A, Biel M, Kreutzmann A, Hagedorn B, Colonius I, Schütz A, Stefes A, Dwivedi A, Mourad D, Hoek M, Reitemeier B, Cochems P, Kholomeev A, Ostermann R, Quiring G, Ochmann M, Möhring S, Wagner A, Petker A, Kanngiesser S, Wiedemeyer M, Balschun W, Hermanson D, Zabrouskov V, Makarov AA, Hock C. Parallelized Acquisition of Orbitrap and Astral Analyzers Enables High-Throughput Quantitative Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15656-15664. [PMID: 37815927 PMCID: PMC10603608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing trend toward high-throughput proteomics demands rapid liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) cycles that limit the available time to gather the large numbers of MS/MS fragmentation spectra required for identification. Orbitrap analyzers scale performance with acquisition time and necessarily sacrifice sensitivity and resolving power to deliver higher acquisition rates. We developed a new mass spectrometer that combines a mass-resolving quadrupole, the Orbitrap, and the novel Asymmetric Track Lossless (Astral) analyzer. The new hybrid instrument enables faster acquisition of high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) MS/MS spectra compared with state-of-the-art mass spectrometers. Accordingly, new proteomics methods were developed that leverage the strengths of each HRAM analyzer, whereby the Orbitrap analyzer performs full scans with a high dynamic range and resolution, synchronized with the Astral analyzer's acquisition of fast and sensitive HRAM MS/MS scans. Substantial improvements are demonstrated over previous methods using current state-of-the-art mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish I. Stewart
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Grinfeld
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Petzoldt
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Toby Shanley
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthew Garland
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Eduard Denisov
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Eugen Damoc
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Zeller
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tabiwang N. Arrey
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anna Pashkova
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 355
River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Amirmansoor Hakimi
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 355
River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Andreas Kühn
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Biel
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Arne Kreutzmann
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernd Hagedorn
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Immo Colonius
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Adrian Schütz
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Arne Stefes
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ankit Dwivedi
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Mourad
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Max Hoek
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Cochems
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 355
River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | | | - Robert Ostermann
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gregor Quiring
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Sascha Möhring
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wagner
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - André Petker
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Wilko Balschun
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hermanson
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 355
River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Vlad Zabrouskov
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 355
River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | | | - Christian Hock
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, 11 Hannah-Kunath Str., 28199 Bremen, Germany
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5
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Pacholski P, Schramm S, Progent F, Aubriet F. Differentiation of Four Polyvinylidene Fluoride Polymers Based on Their End Groups by DART-FT-ICR MS and Kendrick Plots. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2278-2288. [PMID: 37647027 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, synthetic polymers are produced and used in many materials for different applications. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization or electrospray mass spectrometry are classically used to investigate them, but these techniques require sample preparation steps, which are not always suitable for the study of insoluble or formulated polymers. Alternatively, direct real-time (DART) ionization analysis may be conducted without sample preparation. Four polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymers involving the C2H2F2 repeating unit coming from different suppliers have been analyzed by DART Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in negative-ion mode. The obtained mass spectra systematically displayed an oligomeric distribution between m/z 400 and 1300 of [M - H]-, [M + O2]•-, and [M + NO2]- ions. Kendrick plots were used to ease the identification of PVDF end-groups and establish a difference between the samples. Both commercial PVDF polymers shared the same α+ω end groups formula, which confirmed a similar polymerization process for their synthesis. The two other PVDFs were clearly different from the commercial ones by the occurrence of specific end-groups. MS/MS and MS3 experiments were conducted to obtain structural information on these end-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pacholski
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Sébastien Schramm
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
| | | | - Frédéric Aubriet
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
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6
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Shang Y, Meng X, Liu J, Song N, Zheng H, Han C, Ma Q. Applications of mass spectrometry in cosmetic analysis: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464175. [PMID: 37406420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a crucial tool in cosmetic analysis. It is widely used for ingredient screening, quality control, risk monitoring, authenticity verification, and efficacy evaluation. However, due to the diversity of cosmetic products and the rapid development of MS-based analytical methods, the relevant literature needs a more systematic collation of information on this subject to unravel the true potential of MS in cosmetic analysis. Herein, an overview of the role of MS in cosmetic analysis over the past two decades is presented. The currently used sample preparation methods, ionization techniques, and types of mass analyzers are demonstrated in detail. In addition, a brief perspective on the future development of MS for cosmetic analysis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Shang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xianshuang Meng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Naining Song
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Chao Han
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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7
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da Silva ABS, Arruda MAZ. Single-cell ICP-MS to address the role of trace elements at a cellular level. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 75:127086. [PMID: 36215757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity properties shown by cells or unicellular organisms have led to the development of analytical methods at the single-cell level. In this sense, considering the importance of trace elements in these biological systems, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) configured for analyzing single cell has presented a high potential to assess the evaluation of elements in cells. Moreover, advances in instrumentation, such as coupling laser ablation to the tandem configuration (ICP-MS/MS), or alternative mass analyzers (ICP-SFMS and ICP-TOFMS), brought significant benefits, including sensitivity improvement, high-resolution imaging, and the cell fingerprint. From this perspective, the single-cell ICP-MS has been widely reported in studies involving many fields, from oncology to environmental research. Hence, it has contributed to finding important results, such as elucidating nanoparticle toxicity at the cellular level and vaccine development. Therefore, in this review, the theory of single-cell ICP-MS analysis is explored, and the applications in this field are pointed out. In addition, the instrumentation advances for single-cell ICP-MS are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Santos da Silva
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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8
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Creydt M, Fischer M. Food metabolomics: Latest hardware-developments for nontargeted food authenticity and food safety testing. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2334-2350. [PMID: 36104152 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The analytical requirements for food testing have increased significantly in recent years. On the one hand, because food fraud is becoming an ever-greater challenge worldwide, and on the other hand because food safety is often difficult to monitor due to the far-reaching trade chains. In addition, the expectations of consumers on the quality of food have increased, and they are demanding extensive information. Cutting-edge analytical methods are required to meet these demands. In this context, non-targeted metabolomics strategies using mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers (mass spectrometry [MS]) have proven to be very suitable. MS-based approaches are of particular importance as they provide a comparatively high analytical coverage of the metabolome. Accordingly, the efficiency to address even challenging issues is high. A variety of hardware developments, which are explained in this review, have contributed to these advances. In addition, the potential of future developments is highlighted, some of which are currently not yet commercially available or only used to a comparatively small extent but are expected to gain in importance in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Creydt
- Hamburg School of Food Science - Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science - Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Isomer analysis by mass spectrometry in clinical science. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Introduction to Mass Spectrometry for Bimolecular Analysis in a Clinical Laboratory. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2546:1-12. [PMID: 36127573 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2565-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a technique that identifies analytes based on mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio and structural fragments. Although this technique has been used in research and specialized clinical laboratories for decades, only in recent years has mass spectrometry become popular in routine clinical laboratories. Mass spectrometry, especially when coupled with gas chromatography or liquid chromatography, provides very specific and often sensitive analysis of many analytes. Other advantages of mass spectrometry include simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes (>100) and generally limited requirement for specialized reagents. Commonly measured analytes by mass spectrometry include metabolites, drugs, hormones, and proteins.
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11
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Yang M, Li J, Zhao C, Xiao H, Fang X, Zheng J. LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS detection of food flavonoids: principle, methodology, and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-21. [PMID: 34672231 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1993128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids have been attracting increasing research interest because of their multiple health promoting effects. However, many flavonoids with similar structures are present in foods, often at low concentrations, which increases the difficulty of their separation and identification. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) has become one of the most widely used techniques for flavonoid detection. LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS can achieve highly efficient separation by LC; it also provides structural information regarding flavonoids by Q-TOF-MS/MS. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the scientific principles and detailed methodologies (e.g., qualitative determination, quantitative determination, and data processing) of LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS specifically for food flavonoids. It also discusses the recent applications of LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS in determination of flavonoid types and contents in agricultural products, changes in their structures and contents during food processing, and metabolism in vivo after consumption. Moreover, it proposes necessary technological improvements and potential applications. This review would facilitate the scientific understanding of theory and technique of LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS for flavonoid detection, and promote its applications in food and health industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minke Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengying Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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