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Lee G, Han SB, Kim SH, Jeong S, Kim DH. Stretching of porous poly (l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) membranes regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1303688. [PMID: 38333594 PMCID: PMC10850303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1303688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Among a variety of biomaterials supporting cell growth for therapeutic applications, poly (l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) has been considered as one of the most attractive scaffolds for tissue engineering owing to its superior mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and processibility. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the relationship between the microstructure of polymeric materials and their mechanical properties, the use of the fine-tuned morphology and mechanical strength of PLCL membranes in stem cell differentiation has not yet been studied. Methods: PLCL membranes were crystallized in a combination of diverse solvent-nonsolvent mixtures, including methanol (MeOH), isopropanol (IPA), chloroform (CF), and distilled water (DW), with different solvent polarities. A PLCL membrane with high mechanical strength induced by limited pore formation was placed in a custom bioreactor mimicking the reproducible physiological microenvironment of the vascular system to promote the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Results: We developed a simple, cost-effective method for fabricating porosity-controlled PLCL membranes based on the crystallization of copolymer chains in a combination of solvents and non-solvents. We confirmed that an increase in the ratio of the non-solvent increased the chain aggregation of PLCL by slow evaporation, leading to improved mechanical properties of the PLCL membrane. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the cyclic stretching of PLCL membranes induced MSC differentiation into SMCs within 10 days of culture. Conclusion: The combination of solvent and non-solvent casting for PLCL solidification can be used to fabricate mechanically durable polymer membranes for use as mechanosensitive scaffolds for stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonhui Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seong-Beom Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmoo Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Chan V, Corridon PR. Acellular Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts from Polymers: Methods, Achievements, Characterization, and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4825. [PMID: 36432950 PMCID: PMC9695055 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive and permanent damage to the vasculature leading to different pathogenesis calls for developing innovative therapeutics, including drugs, medical devices, and cell therapies. Innovative strategies to engineer bioartificial/biomimetic vessels have been extensively exploited as an effective replacement for vessels that have seriously malfunctioned. However, further studies in polymer chemistry, additive manufacturing, and rapid prototyping are required to generate highly engineered vascular segments that can be effectively integrated into the existing vasculature of patients. One recently developed approach involves designing and fabricating acellular vessel equivalents from novel polymeric materials. This review aims to assess the design criteria, engineering factors, and innovative approaches for the fabrication and characterization of biomimetic macro- and micro-scale vessels. At the same time, the engineering correlation between the physical properties of the polymer and biological functionalities of multiscale acellular vascular segments are thoroughly elucidated. Moreover, several emerging characterization techniques for probing the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered vascular grafts are revealed. Finally, significant challenges to the clinical transformation of the highly promising engineered vessels derived from polymers are identified, and unique perspectives on future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
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A Paradigm Shift in Tissue Engineering: From a Top–Down to a Bottom–Up Strategy. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) was initially designed to tackle clinical organ shortage problems. Although some engineered tissues have been successfully used for non-clinical applications, very few (e.g., reconstructed human skin) have been used for clinical purposes. As the current TE approach has not achieved much success regarding more broad and general clinical applications, organ shortage still remains a challenging issue. This very limited clinical application of TE can be attributed to the constraints in manufacturing fully functional tissues via the traditional top–down approach, where very limited cell types are seeded and cultured in scaffolds with equivalent sizes and morphologies as the target tissues. The newly proposed developmental engineering (DE) strategy towards the manufacture of fully functional tissues utilises a bottom–up approach to mimic developmental biology processes by implementing gradual tissue assembly alongside the growth of multiple cell types in modular scaffolds. This approach may overcome the constraints of the traditional top–down strategy as it can imitate in vivo-like tissue development processes. However, several essential issues must be considered, and more mechanistic insights of the fundamental, underpinning biological processes, such as cell–cell and cell–material interactions, are necessary. The aim of this review is to firstly introduce and compare the number of cell types, the size and morphology of the scaffolds, and the generic tissue reconstruction procedures utilised in the top–down and the bottom–up strategies; then, it will analyse their advantages, disadvantages, and challenges; and finally, it will briefly discuss the possible technologies that may overcome some of the inherent limitations of the bottom–up strategy.
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Thottappillil N, Nair PD. Dual source co-electrospun tubular scaffold generated from gelatin-vinyl acetate and poly-ɛ-caprolactone for smooth muscle cell mediated blood vessel engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 114:111030. [PMID: 32994010 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Thottappillil
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, India
| | - Prabha D Nair
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, India.
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Electrospin-Coating of Paper: A Natural Extracellular Matrix Inspired Design of Scaffold. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040650. [PMID: 30970647 PMCID: PMC6523310 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper has recently found widespread applications in biomedical fields, especially as an alternative scaffolding material for cell cultures, owing to properties such as its fibrous nature, porosity and flexibility. However, paper on its own is not an optimal material for cell cultures as it lacks adhesion moieties specific to mammalian cells, and modifications such as hydrogel integration and chemical vapor deposition are necessary to make it a favorable scaffolding material. The present study focuses on modification of filter paper through electrospin-coating and dip-coating with polycaprolactone (PCL), a promising biomaterial in tissue engineering. Morphological analysis, evaluation of cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and live/dead assays were conducted to study the potential of the modified paper-based scaffold. The results were compared to filter paper (FP) and electrospun PCL (ES-PCL) as reference samples. The results indicate that electrospin-coating paper is a simple and efficient way of modifying FP. It not only improves the morphology of the deposited electrospun layer through reduction of the fiber diameter by nearly 75%, but also greatly reduces the scaffold fabrication time compared to ES-PCL. The biochemical assays (Resazurin and ALP) indicate that electrospin-coated filter paper (ES-PCL/FP) provides significantly higher readings compared to all other groups. The live/dead results also show improved cell-distribution and cell-scaffold attachment all over the ES-PCL/FP.
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Santillán J, Dwomoh EA, Rodríguez-Avilés YG, Bello SA, Nicolau E. Fabrication and Evaluation of Polycaprolactone Beads-on-String Membranes for Applications in Bone Tissue Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1031-1040. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Santillán
- Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537, United States
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Dwomoh
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, City College, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Yaiel G. Rodríguez-Avilés
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537, United States
| | - Samir A. Bello
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537, United States
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537, United States
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
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Factors Affecting Mass Transport Properties of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Membranes for Tissue Engineering Bioreactors. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8030051. [PMID: 30071589 PMCID: PMC6160940 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High porosity and mass transport properties of microfiltration polymeric membranes benefit nutrients supply to cells when used as scaffolds in interstitial perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering. High nutrients transport is assumed when pore size and porosity of the membrane are in the micrometric range. The present work demonstrates that the study of membrane fouling by proteins present in the culture medium, though not done usually, should be included in the routine testing of new polymer membranes for this intended application. Two poly(ε-caprolactone) microfiltration membranes presenting similar average pore size (approximately 0.7 µm) and porosity (>80%) but different external surface porosity and pore size have been selected as case studies. The present work demonstrates that a membrane with lower surface pore abundance and smaller external pore size (approximately 0.67 µm), combined with adequate hydrodynamics and tangential flow filtration mode is usually more convenient to guarantee high flux of nutrients. On the contrary, having large external pore size (approximately 1.70 µm) and surface porosity would incur important internal protein fouling that could not be prevented with the operation mode and hydrodynamics of the perfusion system. Additionally, the use of glycerol in the drying protocols of the membranes might cause plasticization and a consequent reduction of mass transport properties due to membrane compaction by the pressure exerted to force perfusion. Therefore, preferentially, drying protocols that omit the use of plasticizing agents are recommended.
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Diban N, Sánchez-González S, Lázaro-Díez M, Ramos-Vivas J, Urtiaga A. Facile fabrication of poly(ε-caprolactone)/graphene oxide membranes for bioreactors in tissue engineering. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Microporous Polyurethane Thin Layer as a Promising Scaffold for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9070277. [PMID: 30970955 PMCID: PMC6432084 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature describes that the most efficient cell penetration takes place at 200–500 µm depth of the scaffold. Many different scaffold fabrication techniques were described to reach these guidelines. One such technique is solvent casting particulate leaching (SC/PL). The main advantage of this technique is its simplicity and cost efficiency, while its main disadvantage is the scaffold thickness, which is usually not less than 3000 µm. Thus, the scaffold thickness is usually far from the requirements for functional tissue reconstruction. In this paper, we report a successful fabrication of the microporous polyurethane thin layer (MPTL) of 1 mm thick, which was produced using SC/PL technique combined with phase separation (PS). The obtained MPTL was highly porous (82%), had pore size in the range of 65–426 µm and scaffold average pore size was equal to 154 ± 3 µm. Thus, it can be considered a suitable scaffold for tissue engineering purpose, according to the morphology criterion. Polyurethane (PUR) processing into MPTL scaffold caused significant decrease of contact angle from 78 ± 4° to 56 ± 6° and obtained MPTL had suitable hydrophilic characteristic for mammalian cells growth and tissue regeneration. Mechanical properties of MPTL were comparable to the properties of native tissues. As evidenced by biotechnological examination the MPTL were highly biocompatible with no observed apparent toxicity on mouse embryonic NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. Performed studies indicated that obtained MPTL may be suitable scaffold candidate for soft TE purposes such as blood vessels.
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Suntornnond R, An J, Tijore A, Leong KF, Chua CK, Tan LP. A Solvent-Free Surface Suspension Melt Technique for Making Biodegradable PCL Membrane Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Molecules 2016; 21:386. [PMID: 27007364 PMCID: PMC6273409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, there is limited availability of a simple, fast and solvent-free process for fabricating micro-porous thin membrane scaffolds. This paper presents the first report of a novel surface suspension melt technique to fabricate a micro-porous thin membrane scaffolds without using any organic solvent. Briefly, a layer of polycaprolactone (PCL) particles is directly spread on top of water in the form of a suspension. After that, with the use of heat, the powder layer is transformed into a melted layer, and following cooling, a thin membrane is obtained. Two different sizes of PCL powder particles (100 µm and 500 µm) are used. Results show that membranes made from 100 µm powders have lower thickness, smaller pore size, smoother surface, higher value of stiffness but lower ultimate tensile load compared to membranes made from 500 µm powder. C2C12 cell culture results indicate that the membrane supports cell growth and differentiation. Thus, this novel membrane generation method holds great promise for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratima Suntornnond
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N3.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Jia An
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N3.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Ajay Tijore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Kah Fai Leong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N3.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Chee Kai Chua
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N3.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Diban N, Haimi SP, Bolhuis-Versteeg L, Teixeira S, Miettinen S, Poot AA, Grijpma DW, Stamatialis D. Effect of Surface Morphology of Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) Scaffolds on Adipose Stem Cell Adhesion and Proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazely Diban
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Cantabria; Spain
- Biomaterials Science and Technology/MIRA Institute; University of Twente; The Netherlands
| | - Suvi P. Haimi
- Biomaterials Science and Technology/MIRA Institute; University of Twente; The Netherlands
- Adult Stem Cells/Institute of Biomedical Technology; University of Tampere; Finland
| | - Lydia Bolhuis-Versteeg
- Biomaterials Science and Technology/MIRA Institute; University of Twente; The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Teixeira
- Biomaterials Science and Technology/MIRA Institute; University of Twente; The Netherlands
| | - Susanna Miettinen
- Adult Stem Cells/Institute of Biomedical Technology; University of Tampere; Finland
| | - André A. Poot
- Biomaterials Science and Technology/MIRA Institute; University of Twente; The Netherlands
| | - Dirk W. Grijpma
- Biomaterials Science and Technology/MIRA Institute; University of Twente; The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Biomaterials Science and Technology/MIRA Institute; University of Twente; The Netherlands
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Development and characterization of poly(ε-caprolactone) hollow fiber membranes for vascular tissue engineering. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Diban N, Haimi S, Bolhuis-Versteeg L, Teixeira S, Miettinen S, Poot A, Grijpma D, Stamatialis D. Hollow fibers of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) blends for vascular tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6450-8. [PMID: 23318815 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
At present the manufacture of small-diameter blood vessels is one of the main challenges in the field of vascular tissue engineering. Currently available vascular grafts rapidly fail due to development of intimal hyperplasia and thrombus formation. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) hollow fiber (HF) membranes have previously been proposed for this application, but as we show in the present work, they have an inhibiting effect on cell proliferation and rather poor mechanical properties. To overcome this we prepared HF membranes via phase inversion using blends of PLGA with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). The influence of polymer composition on the HF physicochemical properties (topography, water transport and mechanical properties) and cell attachment and proliferation were studied. Our results show that only the ratio PCL/PLGA of 85/15 (PCL/PLGA85/15) yielded a miscible blend after processing. A higher PLGA concentration in the blend led to immiscible PCL/PLGA phase-separated HFs with an inhomogeneous morphology and variation in the cell culture results. In fact, the PCL/PLGA85/15 blend, which had the most homogeneous morphology and suitable pore structure, showed better human adipose stem cell (hASC) attachment and proliferation compared with the homopolymers. This, combined with the good mechanical and transport properties, makes them potentially useful for the development of small-caliber vascular grafts.
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