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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Urciuoli G, Zaccaria F, Zuccaccia C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Vittoria A, Ehm C, Macchioni A, Busico V. Cocatalyst effects in Hf-catalysed olefin polymerization: taking well-defined Al-alkyl borate salts into account. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2286-2293. [PMID: 38197161 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Hafnium catalysts for olefin polymerization are often very sensitive to the nature of cocatalysts, especially if they contain "free" aluminium trialkyls. Herein, cocatalyst effects in Hf-catalysed propene polymerization are examined for four Hf catalysts belonging to the family of CS-symmetric (Hf-CS-Met) and C2-symmetric (Hf-C2-Met) metallocenes, as well as of octahedral (Hf-OOOO) and pentacoordinated (Hf-PyAm) "post-metallocenes". The performance of the recently developed {[iBu2(PhNMe2)Al]2(μ-H)}+[B(C6F5)4]- (AlHAl) cocatalyst is compared with that of established systems like methylalumoxane, phenol-modified methylalumoxane and trityl borate/tri-iso-butylaluminium. The worst catalytic performance is observed with MAO. Conversely, the best cocatalyst varies depending on the Hf catalyst used and the performance indicator of interest, highlighting the complexity and importance of selecting the right precatalyst/cocatalyst combination. AlHAl proved to be a suitable system for all catalysts tested and, in some cases, it provides the best performance in terms of productivity (e.g. with hafnocenes). Furthermore, it generally leads to high molecular weight polymers, also with catalysts enabling easy chain transfer to Al like Hf-PyAm. This suggests that AlHAl has a low tendency to form heterodinuclear adducts with the cationic active species, therefore preventing the formation of dormant sites and/or termination events by chain transfer to Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Urciuoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Christian Ehm
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Transition Metal-(μ-Cl)-Aluminum Bonding in α-Olefin and Diene Chemistry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217164. [PMID: 36363991 PMCID: PMC9654437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin and diene transformations, catalyzed by organoaluminum-activated metal complexes, are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and form the basis of major petrochemical processes. However, the role of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding, being proven for certain >C=C< functionalization reactions, remains unclear and debated for essentially more important industrial processes such as oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and conjugated dienes. Numerous publications indirectly point at the significance of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding in Ziegler−Natta and related transformations, but only a few studies contain experimental or at least theoretical evidence of the involvement of M−(μ-Cl)−Al species into catalytic cycles. In the present review, we have compiled data on the formation of M−(μ-Cl)−Al complexes (M = Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Ni), their molecular structure, and reactivity towards olefins and dienes. The possible role of similar complexes in the functionalization, oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and dienes is discussed in the present review through the prism of the further development of Ziegler−Natta processes and beyond.
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Tereshchenko KA, Shiyan DA, Ulitin NV, Kolesov SV, Khursan SL. Experimental study and kinetic modeling of radical-coordination styrene polymerization with participation of ferrocene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High-Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202258. [PMID: 35263499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and economical plastic waste upcycling relies on the development of catalysts capable of polymer degradation. A systematic high-throughput screening of twenty-eight polymerization catalyst precursors, belonging to the catalyst families of metallocenes, ansa-metallocenes, and hemi- and post-metallocenes, in cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) degradation reveals, for the first time, important structure-activity correlations. The upcycling conditions involve activation of the catalysts (at 0.18 % catalyst loading) with tri-iso-butyl aluminum at 50 °C in toluene. The data indicate the ability to degrade PB is a general reactivity profile of neutral group 4 metal hydrides. A simple quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) model utilizing two descriptors for the distribution of steric bulk in the active pocket and one measuring the metal ion electrophilicity reveals the degradation ability improves with increased but not overbearing steric congestion and lower electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia D Cannavacciuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Z Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High‐Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Georgy P. Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs) are widely used in various areas such as adsorption, separation and catalysis. In the present work, ionic liquid-modified porous organic polymers (IL-POPs) synthesized by dispersion polymerization were applied to immobilize metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization. The prepared IL-POPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), nitrogen sorption porosimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The IL-POPs obtained pores with surface specific area (SSA) ranging from 16.9 m2/g to 561.8 m2/g, and total pore volume (TPV) ranging from 0.08 cm3/g to 0.71 cm3/g. The supported catalysts Zr/MAO@IL-POPs exhibit great activity (3700 kg PE/mol·Zr·bar·h) in ethylene polymerization, and the GPC-IR results show that the polyethylene has narrow molecular weight distribution (2.2 to 2.8). The DSC results show that the melting point of prepared polyethylene was as high as 138 °C, and the TREF analysis results indicate that they have similar chemical composition distribution with elution temperature at 100.5–100.7 °C.
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Vittoria A, Goryunov GP, Izmer VV, Kononovich DS, Samsonov OV, Zaccaria F, Urciuoli G, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Voskoboynikov AZ, Uborsky DV, Ehm C, Cipullo R. Hafnium vs. Zirconium, the Perpetual Battle for Supremacy in Catalytic Olefin Polymerization: A Simple Matter of Electrophilicity? Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2621. [PMID: 34451163 PMCID: PMC8400551 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of C2-symmetric ansa-hafnocene catalysts for isotactic polypropylene typically deteriorates at increasing temperature much faster than that of their zirconium analogues. Herein, we analyze in detail a set of five Hf/Zr metallocene pairs-including some of the latest generation catalysts-at medium- to high-polymerization temperature. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for stereoselectivity, the ratio allyl/vinyl chain ends, and 2,1/3,1 misinsertions in the polymer indicate a strong dependence of polymerization performance on electrophilicity of the catalyst, which is a function of the ligand framework and the metal center. Based on this insight, the stronger performance decline of hafnocenes is ascribed to electrophilicity-dependent stabilization effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyatcheslav V Izmer
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kononovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V Samsonov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Universitaà di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gaia Urciuoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alexander Z Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Hejazi-Dehaghani ZA, Arabi H, Thalheim D, Vidakovic D, Nekoomanesh Haghighi M, Veith L, Klapper M. Organic Versus Inorganic Supports for Metallocenes: The Influence of Rigidity on the Homogeneity of the Polyolefin Microstructure and Properties. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra-Alsadat Hejazi-Dehaghani
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 1497713115, Iran
| | - Hassan Arabi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 1497713115, Iran
| | - Daniel Thalheim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | | | - Lothar Veith
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Markus Klapper
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz 55128, Germany
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10
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Closed-loop recycling of polyethylene-like materials. Nature 2021; 590:423-427. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Patel K, Chikkali SH, Sivaram S. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene: Catalysis, structure, properties, processing and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Synthesis and characterization of post-metallocene titanium complexes of bidentate dicarboxylic acids and studies on the effect of ring size on their polymerization activity at room temperature in aqueous emulsion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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van der Ende M, Hauser PM, Lienert C, Wang D, Frey W, Buchmeiser MR. Ti (IV) Complexes with Bidentate O
-Chelating N
-Heterocyclic Carbenes for Use in the Homopolymerization of Ethylene and Its Copolymerization with Cyclic Olefins. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melita van der Ende
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Philipp M. Hauser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Christina Lienert
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Dongren Wang
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
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15
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Gote RP, Mandal D, Patel K, Chaudhuri K, Vinod CP, Lele AK, Chikkali SH. Judicious Reduction of Supported Ti Catalyst Enables Access to Disentangled Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Krishnaroop Chaudhuri
- Academy of
Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | | | | | - Samir H. Chikkali
- Academy of
Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
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