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Akange ET, Aende AA, Rastegari H, Odeyemi OA, Kasan NA. Swinging between the beneficial and harmful microbial community in biofloc technology: A paradox. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25228. [PMID: 38352782 PMCID: PMC10861956 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofloc Technology (BFT) is proven to be the fulcrum of sustainable recirculating aquaculture system especially under zero water discharge condition. The efficiency of BFT system is reinforced by an unswerving microbial community in the system. Several researchers have made copious reports on the microorganisms in BFT and identified heterotrophic bacteria predominant in the microbial composition. A summary of these researches considers these microorganisms playing the role of chemo-photosynthetic autotrophs, organic detoxifiers, probiotic, decomposers/bioflocculants, bio-leachers and pathogens. Although these functional roles are well identified, the reports have failed to sufficiently illustrate the borderline at which these microbial communities fail to serve their beneficial roles in BFT system. This review paper firstly presents a snapshot of some indispensable water quality conditions and zootechnical variables aided by the microbial community in floc as well as the amphibolic process that synthesizes nutrient from the organic deposit in BFT. Furthermore, information on the microbial community in BFT is evaluated to have Bacillus sp., Lecane sp. and Pseudomonas sp. serving all-encompassing role in BFT while Vibrio sp. and Enterobacter sp. are pathogenic under unsuitable water quality conditions. Functional characterisation of the commonly reported microorganisms in BFT categorised 21.95 % as most critical, whose abundance indicates an efficient BFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Terhemen Akange
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University (formerly, Federal University of Agriculture), Makurdi, P.M.B.2373, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Athanasius Aondohemen Aende
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University (formerly, Federal University of Agriculture), Makurdi, P.M.B.2373, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Hajar Rastegari
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Olumide A. Odeyemi
- Office of Research Services, Research Division, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Nor Azman Kasan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Minnaar LS, Kruger F, Fortuin J, Hoffmeester LJ, den Haan R. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for application in integrated bioprocessing biorefineries. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 85:103030. [PMID: 38091873 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
After decades of research and development, no organism - natural or engineered - has been described that can produce commodity products through direct microbial conversion to meet industry demands in terms of rates and yields. Variation in lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) feedstocks, the lack of a widely applicable pretreatment method, and the limited economic value of energy products further complicates second-generation biofuel production. Nevertheless, the emergence of advanced genomic editing tools and a more comprehensive understanding of yeast metabolic systems offer promising avenues for the creation of yeast strains tailored to LCB biorefineries. Here, we discuss recent advances toward developing yeast strains that could convert different LCB fractions into a series of economically viable commodity products in a biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia S Minnaar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Francois Kruger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Jordan Fortuin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Lazzlo J Hoffmeester
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Riaan den Haan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
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3
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Wu Y, Feng S, Sun Z, Hu Y, Jia X, Zeng B. An outlook to sophisticated technologies and novel developments for metabolic regulation in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1249841. [PMID: 37869712 PMCID: PMC10586203 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1249841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most extensively used biosynthetic systems for the production of diverse bioproducts, especially biotherapeutics and recombinant proteins. Because the expression and insertion of foreign genes are always impaired by the endogenous factors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and nonproductive procedures, various technologies have been developed to enhance the strength and efficiency of transcription and facilitate gene editing procedures. Thus, the limitations that block heterologous protein secretion have been overcome. Highly efficient promoters responsible for the initiation of transcription and the accurate regulation of expression have been developed that can be precisely regulated with synthetic promoters and double promoter expression systems. Appropriate codon optimization and harmonization for adaption to the genomic codon abundance of S. cerevisiae are expected to further improve the transcription and translation efficiency. Efficient and accurate translocation can be achieved by fusing a specifically designed signal peptide to an upstream foreign gene to facilitate the secretion of newly synthesized proteins. In addition to the widely applied promoter engineering technology and the clear mechanism of the endoplasmic reticulum secretory pathway, the innovative genome editing technique CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated system) and its derivative tools allow for more precise and efficient gene disruption, site-directed mutation, and foreign gene insertion. This review focuses on sophisticated engineering techniques and emerging genetic technologies developed for the accurate metabolic regulation of the S. cerevisiae expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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4
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Lei Q, Ma J, Du G, Zhou J, Guan X. Efficient expression of a cytokine combination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for cultured meat production. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113017. [PMID: 37316083 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat technology is a novel and promising alternative strategy for meat production, and it provides an efficient, safe, and sustainable way to supply animal protein. Cytokines play an important role in promoting the rapid proliferation of cells, but the high cost and potential food safety concerns of commercial cytokines have hindered their application in large-scale cultured meat production. Herein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae C800 was used as a starting strain in which four cytokines were exogenously expressed simultaneously using the Cre-loxP system, including long-chain human insulin growth factor-1, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, basic fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. Through promoter optimization, endogenous protease knockout, genomic co-expression, expression frame gene order optimization, and fermentation optimization, a recombinant strain CPK2B2 co-expressing four cytokines was obtained with a yield of 18.35 mg/L. After cell lysis and filter sterilization, the CPK2B2 lysate was directly added to the culture medium of porcine muscle satellite cells (MuSCs). CPK2B2 lysate promoted the growth of MuSCs and increased the proportion of G2/S cells and EdU+ cells significantly, indicating its efficacy in promoting cell proliferation. This study provides a simple and cost-saving strategy by using S. cerevisiae to produce a recombinant cytokine combination for cultured meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzi Lei
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Xin Guan
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Ito Y, Sasaki R, Asari S, Yasuda T, Ueda H, Kitaguchi T. Efficient Microfluidic Screening Method Using a Fluorescent Immunosensor for Recombinant Protein Secretions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207943. [PMID: 37093208 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial secretory protein expression is widely used for biopharmaceutical protein production. However, establishing genetically modified industrial strains that secrete large amounts of a protein of interest is time-consuming. In this study, a simple and versatile high-throughput screening method for protein-secreting bacterial strains is developed. Different genotype variants induced by mutagens are encapsulated in microemulsions and cultured to secrete proteins inside the emulsions. The secreted protein of interest is detected as a fluorescence signal by the fluorescent immunosensor quenchbody (Q-body), and a cell sorter is used to select emulsions containing improved protein-secreting strains based on the fluorescence intensity. The concept of the screening method is demonstrated by culturing Corynebacterium glutamicum in emulsions and detecting the secreted proteins. Finally, productive strains of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) are screened, and the FGF9 secretion increased threefold compared to that of parent strain. This screening method can be applied to a wide range of proteins by fusing a small detection tag. This is a highly simple process that requires only the addition of a Q-body to the medium and does not require the addition of any substrates or chemical treatments. Furthermore, this method shortens the development period of industrial strains for biopharmaceutical protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ito
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sasaki
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Sayaka Asari
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takanobu Yasuda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
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Karaoğlan M. Alternative secretory signal sequences for recombinant protein production in Pichia pastoris. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 168:110256. [PMID: 37196384 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular protein production is primarily preferred to facilitate the downstream processes in recombinant protein production. Secretion of recombinant proteins is mediated by the processing of signal peptides in their N-terminal portion by the secretory mechanism of host expression systems. These molecular elements involved in secretion are functionally interchangeable between different species and secretion sequence screening is one of the widely used approaches to improve extracellular protein production. In this study, α-mating and protein internal repeats (PIR) secretion sequences isolated from different yeasts (Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Hansenula polymorpha) were tested in Pichia pastoris for the production of two different proteins (α-amylase and xylanase) and compared with the well-known secretory signals, S. cerevisiae α-mating factor (Sc-MF) and P. pastoris protein internal repeats PIR (PpPIR). The results obtained showed the potential of signal sequences tested. Among the tested peptides, the highest yields were achieved with H. polymorpha protein internal repeats (HpPIR) and K. lactis α-mating factor (Kl-MF) for xylanase and K. marxianus protein internal repeats (KmPIR) and K. lactis α-mating factor (Kl-MF) for amylase. In further studies, these sequences can be evaluated as alternatives in the production of different proteins in P. pastoris and in the production of recombinant proteins in different expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Karaoğlan
- Department of Food Engineering, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Türkiye.
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Zhao X, Yu H, Liang Q, Zhou J, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Stepwise Optimization of Inducible Expression System for the Functional Secretion of Horseradish Peroxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4059-4068. [PMID: 36821527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a plant-derived glycoprotein that can be developed as a food additive to cross-link proteins or biopolymers. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae has advantages in the production of food-grade HRP, the low expressional level and inefficient secretion hindered its application values. After comparing the effects of constitutive and inducible expression on cell growth, the strength of HRP expression was roughly tuned by replacing core regions of the promoter in the GAL80-knockout strain and further finely tuned by terminator screening. Additionally, the most suitable signal peptide was selected, and the pre-peptide with pro-peptides was modified to balance the transport of HRP in the endoplasmic reticulum. The extracellular HRP activity of the best strain reached 13 506 U/L at the fermenter level, 330-fold higher than the previous result of 41 U/L in S. cerevisiae. The strategy can be applied to alleviate the inhibition of cell growth caused by the expression of toxic proteins and improve their secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qingfeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Microcystin-Detoxifying Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing the mlrA Gene from Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030575. [PMID: 36985150 PMCID: PMC10058252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of water by microcystins is a global problem. These potent hepatotoxins demand constant monitoring and control methods in potable water. Promising approaches to reduce contamination risks have focused on natural microcystin biodegradation led by enzymes encoded by the mlrABCD genes. The first enzyme of this system (mlrA) linearizes microcystin structure, reducing toxicity and stability. Heterologous expression of mlrA in different microorganisms may enhance its production and activity, promote additional knowledge on the enzyme, and support feasible applications. In this context, we intended to express the mlrA gene from Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9 in an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain as an innovative biological alternative to degrade microcystins. The mlrA gene was codon-optimized for expression in yeast, and either expressed from a plasmid or through chromosomal integration at the URA3 locus. Recombinant and wild yeasts were cultivated in medium contaminated with microcystins, and the toxin content was analyzed during growth. Whereas no difference in microcystins content was observed in cultivation with the chromosomally integrated strain, the yeast strain hosting the mlrA expression plasmid reduced 83% of toxins within 120 h of cultivation. Our results show microcystinase A expressed by industrial yeast strains as a viable option for practical applications in water treatment.
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Zhang C, Chen H, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Wang F. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface display technology: Strategies for improvement and applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1056804. [PMID: 36568309 PMCID: PMC9767963 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1056804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell surface display technology provides a powerful platform for engineering proteins/peptides with enhanced properties. Compared to the classical intracellular and extracellular expression (secretion) systems, this technology avoids enzyme purification, substrate transport processes, and is an effective solution to enzyme instability. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well suited to cell surface display as a common cell factory for the production of various fuels and chemicals, with the advantages of large cell size, being a Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) organism, and post-translational processing of secreted proteins. In this review, we describe various strategies for constructing modified S. cerevisiae using cell surface display technology and outline various applications of this technology in industrial processes, such as biofuels and chemical products, environmental pollution treatment, and immunization processes. The approaches for enhancing the efficiency of cell surface display are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China,International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Jiangsu Co Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China,International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Jiangsu Co Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China,International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Co Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China,International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xun Li
- Jiangsu Co Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China,International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Co Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, China,International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Fei Wang,
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