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Ma Z, Sun Y, Liu Y, Jiao J, Li N, Zuo Y, Li Z, Li Y, Cai X, Meng Q, Qiao J. STM1863, a Member of the DUFs Protein Family, Is Involved in Environmental Adaptation, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Salmonella Typhimurium. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38625018 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) is an important zoonotic Gram-negative pathogen that can cause infection in a variety of livestock and poultry. Meanwhile, as an important foodborne pathogen, the bacterium can survive in various stressful environments and transmits through the fecal-oral route, posing a serious threat to global food safety. To investigate the roles of STM1863, a member of the DUFs protein family, involved in STM environmental adaptation, biofilm formation, and virulence. We analyzed the molecular characteristics of the protein encoded by STM1863 gene and examined intra- and extracellular expression levels of STM1863 gene in mouse macrophages. Furthermore, we constructed STM1863 gene deletion and complementation strains and determined its environmental adaptation under stressful conditions such as acid, alkali, high salt, bile salt, and oxidation. And the capacity of biofilm formation and pathogenicity of those strains were analyzed and compared. In addition, the interaction between the promoter of STM1863 gene and RcsB protein was analyzed using DNA gel electrophoresis migration assay (electrophoretic mobility shift assay [EMSA]). The experiments revealed that acid adaptability and biofilm formation ability of STM1863 gene deletion strain were significantly weakened compared with the parental and complementary strains. Moreover, the adhesion and invasion ability of STM1863 deletion strain to mouse macrophages was significantly decreased, while the median lethal dose (LD50) increased by 2.148-fold compared with the parental strain. In addition, EMSA confirmed that RcsB protein could bind to the promoter sequence of STM1863 gene, suggesting that the expression of STM1863 gene might be modulated by RcsB. The present study demonstrated for the first time that STM1863, a member of the DUFs protein family, is involved in the modulation of environmental adaptation, biofilm formation, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yaoqiang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nengxiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yufei Zuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yaling Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Heywood A, Lamont IL. Cell envelope proteases and peptidases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: multiple roles, multiple mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:857-873. [PMID: 32804218 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that is commonly isolated from damp environments. It is also a major opportunistic pathogen, causing a wide range of problematic infections. The cell envelope of P. aeruginosa, comprising the cytoplasmic membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane, is critical to the bacteria's ability to adapt and thrive in a wide range of environments. Over 40 proteases and peptidases are located in the P. aeruginosa cell envelope. These enzymes play many crucial roles. They are required for protein secretion out of the cytoplasm to the periplasm, outer membrane, cell surface or the environment; for protein quality control and removal of misfolded proteins; for controlling gene expression, allowing adaptation to environmental changes; for modification and remodelling of peptidoglycan; and for metabolism of small molecules. The key roles of cell envelope proteases in ensuring normal cell functioning have prompted the development of inhibitors targeting some of these enzymes as potential new anti-Pseudomonas therapies. In this review, we summarise the current state of knowledge across the breadth of P. aeruginosa cell envelope proteases and peptidases, with an emphasis on recent findings, and highlight likely future directions in their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astra Heywood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Iain L Lamont
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Alcalde-Rico M, Olivares-Pacheco J, Halliday N, Cámara M, Martínez JL. The impaired quorum sensing response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexAB-OprM efflux pump overexpressing mutants is not due to non-physiological efflux of 3-oxo-C12-HSL. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5167-5188. [PMID: 32715566 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug (MDR) efflux pumps are ancient and conserved molecular machineries with relevant roles in different aspects of the bacterial physiology, besides antibiotic resistance. In the case of the environmental opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it has been shown that overexpression of different efflux pumps is linked to the impairment of the quorum sensing (QS) response. Nevertheless, the causes of such impairment are different for each analysed efflux pump. Herein, we performed an in-depth analysis of the QS-mediated response of a P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistant mutant that overexpresses MexAB-OprM. Although previous work claimed that this efflux pump extrudes the QS signal 3-oxo-C12-HSL, we show otherwise. Our results evidence that the observed attenuation in the QS response when overexpressing this pump is related to an impaired production of alkyl quinolone QS signals, likely prompted by the reduced availability of one of their precursors, the octanoate. Together with previous studies, this indicates that, although the consequences of overexpressing efflux pumps are similar (impaired QS response), the underlying mechanisms are different. This 'apparent redundancy' of MDR efflux systems can be understood as a P. aeruginosa strategy to keep the robustness of the QS regulatory network and modulate its output in response to different signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcalde-Rico
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales GRABPA, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, 2340025, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
- Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales GRABPA, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, 2340025, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Nigel Halliday
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Miguel Cámara
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Ethanol Stimulates Trehalose Production through a SpoT-DksA-AlgU-Dependent Pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00794-18. [PMID: 30936375 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00794-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently resides among ethanol-producing microbes, making its response to the microbially produced concentrations of ethanol relevant to understanding its biology. Our transcriptome analysis found that genes involved in trehalose metabolism were induced by low concentrations of ethanol, and biochemical assays showed that levels of intracellular trehalose increased significantly upon growth with ethanol. The increase in trehalose was dependent on the TreYZ pathway but not other trehalose-metabolic enzymes (TreS or TreA). The sigma factor AlgU (AlgT), a homolog of RpoE in other species, was required for increased expression of the treZ gene and trehalose levels, but induction was not controlled by the well-characterized proteolysis of its anti-sigma factor, MucA. Growth with ethanol led to increased SpoT-dependent (p)ppGpp accumulation, which stimulates AlgU-dependent transcription of treZ and other AlgU-regulated genes through DksA, a (p)ppGpp and RNA polymerase binding protein. Ethanol stimulation of trehalose also required acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated quorum sensing (QS), as induction was not observed in a ΔlasR ΔrhlR strain. A network analysis using a model, eADAGE, built from publicly available P. aeruginosa transcriptome data sets (J. Tan, G. Doing, K. A. Lewis, C. E. Price, et al., Cell Syst 5:63-71, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2017.06.003) provided strong support for our model in which treZ and coregulated genes are controlled by both AlgU- and AHL-mediated QS. Consistent with (p)ppGpp- and AHL-mediated quorum-sensing regulation, ethanol, even when added at the time of culture inoculation, stimulated treZ transcript levels and trehalose production in cells from post-exponential-phase cultures but not in cells from exponential-phase cultures. These data highlight the integration of growth and cell density cues in the P. aeruginosa transcriptional response to ethanol.IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often found with bacteria and fungi that produce fermentation products, including ethanol. At concentrations similar to those produced by environmental microbes, we found that ethanol stimulated expression of trehalose-biosynthetic genes and cellular levels of trehalose, a disaccharide that protects against environmental stresses. The induction of trehalose by ethanol required the alternative sigma factor AlgU through DksA- and SpoT-dependent (p)ppGpp. Trehalose accumulation also required AHL quorum sensing and occurred only in post-exponential-phase cultures. This work highlights how cells integrate cell density and growth cues in their responses to products made by other microbes and reveals a new role for (p)ppGpp in the regulation of AlgU activity.
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An optogenetic toolbox of LOV-based photosensitizers for light-driven killing of bacteria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15021. [PMID: 30301917 PMCID: PMC6177443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavin-binding fluorescent proteins (FPs) are genetically encoded in vivo reporters, which are derived from microbial and plant LOV photoreceptors. In this study, we comparatively analyzed ROS formation and light-driven antimicrobial efficacy of eleven LOV-based FPs. In particular, we determined singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields and superoxide photosensitization activities via spectroscopic assays and performed cell toxicity experiments in E. coli. Besides miniSOG and SOPP, which have been engineered to generate 1O2, all of the other tested flavoproteins were able to produce singlet oxygen and/or hydrogen peroxide but exhibited remarkable differences in ROS selectivity and yield. Accordingly, most LOV-FPs are potent photosensitizers, which can be used for light-controlled killing of bacteria. Furthermore, the two variants Pp2FbFP and DsFbFP M49I, exhibiting preferential photosensitization of singlet oxygen or singlet oxygen and superoxide, respectively, were shown to be new tools for studying specific ROS-induced cell signaling processes. The tested LOV-FPs thus further expand the toolbox of optogenetic sensitizers usable for a broad spectrum of microbiological and biomedical applications.
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Wang S, Gao J, Wang Z. Outer membrane vesicles for vaccination and targeted drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 11:e1523. [PMID: 29701017 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell membrane-derived compartments that spontaneously secrete from a wide range of cells and tissues. EVs have shown to be the carriers in delivering drugs and small interfering RNA. Among EVs, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) recently have gained the interest in vaccine development and targeted drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the current discoveries of OMVs and their functions. In particular, we focus on the biogenesis of OMVs and their functions in bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of OMVs in vaccination and targeted drug delivery. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Zhenjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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Metagenomic discovery of novel enzymes and biosurfactants in a slaughterhouse biofilm microbial community. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27035. [PMID: 27271534 PMCID: PMC4897644 DOI: 10.1038/srep27035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA derived from environmental samples is a rich source of novel bioactive molecules. The choice of the habitat to be sampled predefines the properties of the biomolecules to be discovered due to the physiological adaptation of the microbial community to the prevailing environmental conditions. We have constructed a metagenomic library in Escherichia coli DH10b with environmental DNA (eDNA) isolated from the microbial community of a slaughterhouse drain biofilm consisting mainly of species from the family Flavobacteriaceae. By functional screening of this library we have identified several lipases, proteases and two clones (SA343 and SA354) with biosurfactant and hemolytic activities. Sequence analysis of the respective eDNA fragments and subsequent structure homology modelling identified genes encoding putative N-acyl amino acid synthases with a unique two-domain organisation. The produced biosurfactants were identified by NMR spectroscopy as N-acyltyrosines with N-myristoyltyrosine as the predominant species. Critical micelle concentration and reduction of surface tension were similar to those of chemically synthesised N-myristoyltyrosine. Furthermore, we showed that the newly isolated N-acyltyrosines exhibit antibiotic activity against various bacteria. This is the first report describing the successful application of functional high-throughput screening assays for the identification of biosurfactant producing clones within a metagenomic library.
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Kida Y, Taira J, Kuwano K. EprS, an autotransporter serine protease, plays an important role in various pathogenic phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 162:318-329. [PMID: 26678838 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses an arsenal of both cell-associated (flagella, pili, alginate, etc.) and extracellular (exotoxin A, proteases, type III secretion effectors, etc.) virulence factors. Among them, secreted proteases that damage host tissues are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infections. We previously reported that EprS, an autotransporter protease of P. aeruginosa, induces host inflammatory responses through protease-activated receptors. However, little is known about the role of EprS as a virulence factor of P. aeruginosa. In this study, to investigate whether EprS participates in the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa, we characterized various pathogenic phenotypes of the wild-type PAO1 strain and its eprS-disrupted mutant. The growth assays demonstrated that the growth of the eprS mutant was somewhat lower than that of the wild-type strain in a minimal medium containing BSA as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Thus, these results indicate that eprS would have a role in the growth of P. aeruginosa in the presence of limited nutrients, such as a medium containing proteinaceous materials as a sole nutrient source. Furthermore, disruption of eprS resulted in a decreased production of elastase, pigments, autoinducers and surfactants, and a reduction of swimming and swarming motilities. In addition, the eprS mutant exhibited a reduction in the ability to associate with A549 cells and an attenuation of virulence in leucopenic mice as compared with the wild-type strain. Collectively, these results suggest that EprS exerts pleiotropic effects on various pathogenic phenotypes of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kida
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine,Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011,Japan
| | - J Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics,Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502,Japan
| | - K Kuwano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine,Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011,Japan
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Couto N, Schooling SR, Dutcher JR, Barber J. Proteome Profiles of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Extracellular Matrix of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4207-22. [PMID: 26303878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, two different proteomic platforms, gel-based and gel-free, were used to map the matrix and outer membrane vesicle exoproteomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms. These two proteomic strategies allowed us a confident identification of 207 and 327 proteins from enriched outer membrane vesicles and whole matrix isolated from biofilms. Because of the physicochemical characteristics of these subproteomes, the two strategies showed complementarity, and thus, the most comprehensive analysis of P. aeruginosa exoproteome to date was achieved. Under our conditions, outer membrane vesicles contribute approximately 20% of the whole matrix proteome, demonstrating that membrane vesicles are an important component of the matrix. The proteomic profiles were analyzed in terms of their biological context, namely, a biofilm. Accordingly relevant metabolic processes involved in cellular adaptation to the biofilm lifestyle as well as those related to P. aeruginosa virulence capabilities were a key feature of the analyses. The diversity of the matrix proteome corroborates the idea of high heterogeneity within the biofilm; cells can display different levels of metabolism and can adapt to local microenvironments making this proteomic analysis challenging. In addition to analyzing our own primary data, we extend the analysis to published data by other groups in order to deepen our understanding of the complexity inherent within biofilm populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Princess Road, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Sarah R Schooling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Physics, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John R Dutcher
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jill Barber
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Princess Road, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K.,Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester , Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
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Pelzer A, Schwarz C, Knapp A, Wirtz A, Wilhelm S, Smits S, Schmitt L, Funken H, Jaeger KE. Functional expression, purification, and biochemical properties of subtilase SprP from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:743-52. [PMID: 26175208 PMCID: PMC4618607 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome encodes a variety of different proteolytic enzymes several of which play an important role as virulence factors. Interestingly, only two of these proteases are predicted to belong to the subtilase family and we have recently studied the physiological role of the subtilase SprP. Here, we describe the functional overexpression of SprP in Escherichia coli using a novel expression and secretion system. We show that SprP is autocatalytically activated by proteolysis and exhibits optimal activity at 50°C in a pH range of 7-8. We also demonstrate a significant increase in sprP promoter activity upon growth of P. aeruginosa at 43°C indicating a role for SprP in heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pelzer
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52426, Juelich, Germany
| | - Christian Schwarz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Knapp
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52426, Juelich, Germany
| | - Astrid Wirtz
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52426, Juelich, Germany
| | - Susanne Wilhelm
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52426, Juelich, Germany
| | - Sander Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Horst Funken
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52426, Juelich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52426, Juelich, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, D-52426, Juelich, Germany
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Llamas MA, Imperi F, Visca P, Lamont IL. Cell-surface signaling inPseudomonas: stress responses, iron transport, and pathogenicity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:569-97. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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