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Ramchatesingh B, Martínez Villarreal A, Arcuri D, Lagacé F, Setah SA, Touma F, Al-Badarin F, Litvinov IV. The Use of Retinoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Cancers: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012622. [PMID: 36293471 PMCID: PMC9603842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives that are effective for the prevention and the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). NMSCs constitute a heterogenous group of non-melanocyte-derived skin cancers that impose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems. They include entities such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (collectively called keratinocyte carcinomas), cutaneous lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma among others. The retinoid signaling pathway plays influential roles in skin physiology and pathology. These compounds regulate diverse biological processes within the skin, including proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and immune regulation. Collectively, retinoids can suppress skin carcinogenesis. Both topical and systemic retinoids have been investigated in clinical trials as NMSC prophylactics and treatments. Desirable efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials have prompted health regulatory bodies to approve the use of retinoids for NMSC management. Acceptable off-label uses of these compounds as drugs for skin cancers are also described. This review is a comprehensive outline on the biochemistry of retinoids, their activities in the skin, their effects on cancer cells and their adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Arcuri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - François Lagacé
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Samy Abu Setah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fadi Touma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Faris Al-Badarin
- Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0V6, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Harris G, Ghazallah RA, Nascene D, Wuertz B, Ondrey FG. PPAR Activation and Decreased Proliferation in Oral Carcinoma Cells With 4-HPR. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 133:695-701. [PMID: 16274795 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the mechanism of action of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR, fenretidine), a synthetic retinoid, involves the functional activation of the nuclear hormone receptor class known as PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors). Also, to examine whether anti-proliferative effects of this agent in head and neck cancer cells occur at biologically relevant concentrations. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: CA 9–22, NA, and UM SCC 11B cells were treated with 4-HPR during their log phase growth and functional activation of PPAR γ was evaluated by plate luminometry. Cellular proliferation was analyzed by standard MTT cell proliferation assays and cell counting. Student's t tests were performed for all experiments. RESULTS: Significant dose-dependent increases in PPAR γ activation occurred in response to 4-HPR treatment. Proliferation was significantly inhibited by 4-HPR in a dose-dependent manner as judged by MTT and cell counting assays. These effects occurred at equimolar concentrations in both types of experiments within a range of clinically achievable doses (1–4 μM) of 4-HPR. CONCLUSIONS: 4-HPR can functionally activate PPAR γ at clinically achievable doses. Decreased cancer cell proliferation secondary to PPAR γ activation has been observed in other malignancies as well as upper aerodigestive cancer. PPAR γ activation by 4-HPR represents another potential anti-cancer mechanism of action for this drug. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: PPAR γ activation represents a novel target for anti-cancer therapy for head and neck cancer and the current level of clinical toxicity of 4-HPR would be judged acceptable to utilize this agent alone or in combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Harris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Yu H, Valerio M, Bielawski J. Fenretinide inhibited de novo ceramide synthesis and proinflammatory cytokines induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:189-201. [PMID: 23139430 PMCID: PMC3520524 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides play an essential role in modulating immune signaling pathways and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to infectious pathogens, stress stimuli, or chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we demonstrated that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, the pathogen for aggressive periodontitis, induced de novo synthesis of ceramide in Raw 264.7 cells. In addition, we identified that fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid, suppressed the de novo synthesis of ceramide induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Moreover, fenretinide attenuated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Fenretinide also decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 proinflammatory cytokine levels in Raw 264.7 cells induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans. However, fenretinide had no significant effects on tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA or protein levels. Furthermore, we showed that fenretinide inhibited the janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, protein kinase C, and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways, whereas fenretinide up-regulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways after bacterial stimulation. This study emphasizes the de novo ceramide synthesis pathway in response to bacterial stimulation and demonstrates the anti-inflammatory role of fenretinide in the bacteria-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Riihimäki-Lampén LH, Vainio MJ, Vahermo M, Pohjala LL, Heikura JMS, Valkonen KH, Virtanen VT, Yli-Kauhaluoma JT, Vuorela PM. The Binding of Synthetic Retinoids to Lipocalin β-Lactoglobulins. J Med Chem 2009; 53:514-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901309r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H. Riihimäki-Lampén
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko J. Vainio
- Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Biocity, Tykistökatu 6 A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Vahermo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena L. Pohjala
- Centre for Drug Research (CDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna M. S. Heikura
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Salmelantie 43, FI-88600 Sotkamo, Finland
| | - Kaija H. Valkonen
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Salmelantie 43, FI-88600 Sotkamo, Finland
| | - Vesa T. Virtanen
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Salmelantie 43, FI-88600 Sotkamo, Finland
| | - Jari T. Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia M. Vuorela
- Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Biocity, Tykistökatu 6 A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Davies M, Paterson IC, Ganapathy A, Prime SS. Cell death induced by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in human epidermal keratinocytes is modulated by TGF-beta and diminishes during the progression of squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2803-11. [PMID: 17044020 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the chemopreventive agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) induces apoptotic cell death, but recent data has suggested that late stage/recurrent tumours lose their response to 4-HPR-induced cell death by mechanisms that are unknown. Our study investigated the ability of 4-HPR to induce cell death in keratinocyte cell lines that represent different stages of carcinogenesis and the role of TGF-beta signalling in the induction of cell death by 4-HPR. We show that treatment of the immortalised keratinocyte cell line HaCaT with 10(-5) M 4-HPR induced cell death by apoptosis and caused an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Using a genetically related series of human skin keratinocytes derived from HaCaT that reflect tumour progression and metastasis in vivo, we demonstrate that 4-HPR-induced cell death and apoptosis is attenuated in the more aggressive tumour cell lines but that a reduced level of response is retained. Response to TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition was also reduced in the more aggressive cell lines. Treatment of HaCaT cells with 4-HPR induced TGF-beta2 expression and an increase in the amount of active TGF-beta in the culture medium. The inhibition of TGF-beta signalling attenuated 4-HPR-induced apoptosis and both TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 potentiated 4-HPR-induced apoptosis and enhanced 4-HPR-induced growth inhibition. Our results demonstrate that loss of response to 4-HPR correlates with a loss of response to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-beta and that adjuvant therapies that upregulate TGF-beta may enhance the chemopreventive effects of 4-HPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Davies
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Riihimäki L, Aitio O, Vahermo M, Heikura J, Valkonen K, Virtanen V, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Vuorela P. Microplate screening assay for binding of ligands to bovine or reindeer β-lactoglobulins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:75-85. [PMID: 16766039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several analytical methods have been used to determine whether ligands bind to bovine beta-lactoglobulin (betaLG). The most common methods are based on fluorescence quenching. We have miniaturised this method from a quartz cell to a 96-well plate. The miniaturisation was evaluated using retinol. The binding constants between the two methods demonstrated a good correlation. The 96-well plate method is much faster and allows many references to be used in the same analysis. The miniaturised method was used to study the binding of three different ligands (4-HPR, arotinoid, warfarinyl palmitate) modelled to bind to betaLG. The binding data showed that all of these ligands bound to betaLG. The method was further used to demonstrate that reindeer betaLG could also bind the four ligands in the same way as bovine betaLG. Because one aim is to use bovine and reindeer betaLG as a binder molecule for aliments in e.g. functional food or for drugs, the influence of pH was also studied and demonstrated that short-term acidic conditions had only a slight effect on the binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riihimäki
- Drug Discovery and Development Technology Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Goranov BB, Campbell Hewson QD, Pearson ADJ, Redfern CPF. Overexpression of RARgamma increases death of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in response to retinoic acid but not fenretinide. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:676-9. [PMID: 16341128 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Shishodia S, Gutierrez AM, Lotan R, Aggarwal BB. N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Retinamide Inhibits Invasion, Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis, and Potentiates Apoptosis through Down-regulation of IκBα Kinase and Nuclear Factor-κB–Regulated Gene Products. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9555-65. [PMID: 16230421 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide [4-HPR], a synthetic retinoid, has been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis by a mechanism that is not fully understood. Because the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has also been shown to regulate proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells, we postulated that 4-HPR modulates the activity of NF-kappaB. To test this postulate, we examined the effect of this retinoid on NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene products. We found that 4-HPR potentiated the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemotherapeutic agents, suppressed TNF-induced invasion, and inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, all of which are known to require NF-kappaB activation. We found that 4-HPR suppressed both inducible and constitutive NF-kappaB activation without interfering with the direct DNA binding of NF-kappaB. 4-HPR was found to be synergistic with Velcade, a proteasome inhibitor. Further studies showed that 4-HPR blocked the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha through the inhibition of activation of IkappaBalpha kinase (IKK), and this led to suppression of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. 4-HPR also inhibited TNF-induced Akt activation linked with IKK activation. NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression was also suppressed by 4-HPR, as was NF-kappaB reporter activity induced by TNFR1, TRADD, TRAF2, NIK, and IKK but not that induced by p65 transfection. The expression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products involved in antiapoptosis (IAP1, Bfl-1/A1, Bcl-2, cFLIP, and TRAF1), proliferation (cyclin D1 and c-Myc), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9) were also down-regulated by 4-HPR. This correlated with potentiation of apoptosis induced by TNF and chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Shishodia
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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