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Sim WJ, Kim Y, Jo DU, Seo JW, Chung S, Choi HK, Kim KT, Lim TG. Umbilicaria esculenta Extract Exhibits Antiwrinkle Activity by Suppressing ErbB2 Phosphorylation. J Med Food 2022; 25:770-777. [PMID: 35834632 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilicaria esculenta (UE), an edible lichen, is widespread in northeast Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Korea. In the present study, we examined the antiwrinkle activity of UE. We observed that the UE extract (UEE) suppressed ultraviolet (UV)-induced matrix metalloprotein-1 (MMP-1) expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and human skin tissue. In addition, UEE reversed the UV-induced decrease in collagen in the human skin tissue. Excessive and chronic UV exposure is a key factor underlying skin wrinkle formation via MMP-1 expression. As treatment with UEE disrupted the UV-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, we applied an antibody array to unveil the underlying mechanism of UEE. Interestingly, UEE treatment inhibited ErbB2 phosphorylation, but not epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation, a heterodimerization partner with ErbB2. Furthermore, UEE treatment enhanced UV-suppressed phosphatase activity via ROS suppression. Collectively, our findings indicate that UEE enhances ErbB2 dephosphorylation to suppress UV-induced MMP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Sim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongeun Kim
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Dong-Uk Jo
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangwon Chung
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
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Pham DL, Miller CR, Myers MS, Myers DM, Hansen LA, Nichols MG. Development and characterization of phasor-based analysis for FLIM to evaluate the metabolic and epigenetic impact of HER2 inhibition on squamous cell carcinoma cultures. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210187R. [PMID: 34628733 PMCID: PMC8501457 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.10.106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Deranged metabolism and dysregulated growth factor signaling are closely associated with abnormal levels of proliferation, a recognized hallmark in tumorigenesis. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of endogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a key metabolic coenzyme, offers a non-invasive, diagnostic indicator of disease progression, and treatment response. The model-independent phasor analysis approach leverages FLIM to rapidly evaluate cancer metabolism in response to targeted therapy. AIM We combined lifetime and phasor FLIM analysis to evaluate the influence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) inhibition, a prevalent cancer biomarker, on both nuclear and cytoplasmic NAD(P)H of two squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cultures. While better established, the standard lifetime analysis approach is relatively slow and potentially subject to intrinsic fitting errors and model assumptions. Phasor FLIM analysis offers a rapid, model-independent alternative, but the sensitivity of the bound NAD(P)H fraction to growth factor signaling must also be firmly established. APPROACH Two SCC cultures with low- and high-HER2 expression, were imaged using multiphoton-excited NAD(P)H FLIM, with and without treatment of the HER2 inhibitor AG825. Cells were challenged with mitochondrial inhibition and uncoupling to investigate AG825's impact on the overall metabolic capacity. Phasor FLIM and lifetime fitting analyses were compared within nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments to investigate epigenetic and metabolic impacts of HER2 inhibition. RESULTS NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime and bound fraction consistently decreased following HER2 inhibition in both cell lines. High-HER2 SCC74B cells displayed a more significant response than low-HER2 SCC74A in both techniques. HER2 inhibition induced greater changes in nuclear than cytoplasmic compartments, leading to an increase in NAD(P)H intensity and concentration. CONCLUSIONS The use of both, complementary FLIM analysis techniques together with quantitative fluorescence intensity revealed consistent, quantitative changes in NAD(P)H metabolism associated with inhibition of growth factor signaling in SCC cell lines. HER2 inhibition promoted increased reliance on oxidative phosphorylation in both cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L. Pham
- Creighton University, Department of Physics, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | | | - Molly S. Myers
- Creighton University, Department of Physics, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Dominick M. Myers
- Creighton University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Creighton University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Michael G. Nichols
- Creighton University, Department of Physics, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Creighton University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
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Teng Y, Yu Y, Li S, Huang Y, Xu D, Tao X, Fan Y. Ultraviolet Radiation and Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Environmental Perspective. Front Public Health 2021; 9:666528. [PMID: 34368047 PMCID: PMC8339433 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.666528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a known carcinogen participated for the development of skin cancers. Solar UVR exposure, particularly ultraviolet B (UVB), is the mostly significant environmental risk factor for the occurrence and progress of basal cell carcinoma(BCC). Both cumulative and intermittent high-grade UVR exposure could promote the uncontrolled replication of skin cells. There are also exsiting other contributing environmental factors that combine with the UVR exposure to promote the development of BCC. DNA damage in formation of skin cancers is considered to be a result of UVR toxicity. It is UVR that could activate a series of oncogenes simultaneously inactivating tumor suppressor genes and aberrant proliferation and survival of keratinocytes that repair these damages. Furthermore, mounting evidence demonstrates that inflammatory responses of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment plays crucial role in the skin tumorigenesis as well. In this chapter, we will follow the function of UVR in the onset and development of BCC. We describe the factors that influence BCC induced by UVR, and also review the recent advances of pathogenesis of BCC induced by UVR from the genetic and inflammatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujing Li
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Youming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Diversified Stimuli-Induced Inflammatory Pathways Cause Skin Pigmentation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083970. [PMID: 33921371 PMCID: PMC8070342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of melanin pigments by melanocytes and their quantity, quality, and distribution play a decisive role in determining human skin, eye, and hair color, and protect the skin from adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and oxidative stress from various environmental pollutants. Melanocytes reside in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and are compensated by melanocyte stem cells in the follicular bulge area. Various stimuli such as eczema, microbial infection, ultraviolet light exposure, mechanical injury, and aging provoke skin inflammation. These acute or chronic inflammatory responses cause inflammatory cytokine production from epidermal keratinocytes as well as dermal fibroblasts and other cells, which in turn stimulate melanocytes, often resulting in skin pigmentation. It is confirmed by some recent studies that several interleukins (ILs) and other inflammatory mediators modulate the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal melanocytes and also promote or inhibit expression of melanogenesis-related gene expression directly or indirectly, thereby participating in regulation of skin pigmentation. Understanding of mechanisms of skin pigmentation due to inflammation helps to elucidate the relationship between inflammation and skin pigmentation regulation and can guide development of new therapeutic pathways for treating pigmented dermatosis. This review covers the mechanistic aspects of skin pigmentation caused by inflammation.
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Role of PGE-2 and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Skin Aging and Their Inhibition by Topical Natural Anti-Inflammatories. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin aging is due to two types of aging processes, “intrinsic” (chronological) aging and “extrinsic” (external factor mediated) aging. While inflammatory events, triggered mainly by sun exposure, but also by pollutants, smoking and stress, are the principle cause of rapid extrinsic aging, inflammation also plays a key role in intrinsic aging. Inflammatory events in the skin lead to a reduction in collagen gene activity but an increase in activity of the genes for matrix metalloproteinases. Inflammation also alters proliferation rates of cells in all skin layers, causes thinning of the epidermis, a flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction, an increase in irregular pigment production, and, finally, an increased incidence of skin cancer. While a large number of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1, TNF-alpha and PGE-2, are responsible for many of these damaging effects, this review will focus primarily on the role of PGE-2 in aging. Levels of this hormone-like mediator increase quickly when skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), causing changes in genes needed for normal skin structure and function. Further, PGE-2 levels in the skin gradually increase with age, regardless of whether or not the skin is protected from UVR, and this smoldering inflammation causes continuous damage to the dermal matrix. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, PGE-2 is strongly linked to skin cancer. This review will focus on: (1) the role of inflammation, and particularly the role of PGE-2, in accelerating skin aging, and (2) current research on natural compounds that inhibit PGE-2 production and how these can be developed into topical products to retard or even reverse the aging process, and to prevent skin cancer.
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Chang J, Nicolau MM, Cox TR, Wetterskog D, Martens JWM, Barker HE, Erler JT. LOXL2 induces aberrant acinar morphogenesis via ErbB2 signaling. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R67. [PMID: 23971878 PMCID: PMC3978831 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a matrix-remodeling enzyme that has been shown to play a key role in invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells. However, very little is known about its role in normal tissue homeostasis. Here, we investigated the effects of LOXL2 expression in normal mammary epithelial cells to gain insight into how LOXL2 mediates cancer progression. METHODS LOXL2 was expressed in MCF10A normal human mammary epithelial cells. The 3D acinar morphogenesis of these cells was assessed, as well as the ability of the cells to form branching structures on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated surfaces. Transwell-invasion assays were used to assess the invasive properties of the cells. Clinically relevant inhibitors of ErbB2, lapatinib and Herceptin (traztuzumab), were used to investigate the role of ErbB2 signaling in this model. A retrospective study on a previously published breast cancer patient dataset was carried out by using Disease Specific Genomic Analysis (DSGA) to investigate the correlation of LOXL2 mRNA expression level with metastasis and survival of ErbB2-positive breast cancer patients. RESULTS Fluorescence staining of the acini revealed increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and disrupted polarity, leading to abnormal lumen formation in response to LOXL2 expression in MCF10A cells. When plated onto ECM, the LOXL2-expressing cells formed branching structures and displayed increased invasion. We noted that LOXL2 induced ErbB2 activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ErbB2 inhibition by using Herceptin or lapatinib abrogated the effects of LOXL2 on MCF10A cells. Finally, we found LOXL2 expression to be correlated with decreased overall survival and metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients with ErbB2-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LOXL2 expression in normal epithelial cells can induce abnormal changes that resemble oncogenic transformation and cancer progression, and that these effects are driven by LOXL2-mediated activation of ErbB2. LOXL2 may also be a beneficial marker for breast cancer patients that could benefit most from anti-ErbB2 therapy.
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Kim I, He YY. Ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer: Regulation of DNA damage repair and inflammation. Genes Dis 2014; 1:188-198. [PMID: 25642450 PMCID: PMC4307792 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with approximately 65% of melanoma cases, and 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While the incidence of most other malignancies has either stabilized or declined, that of NMSC has increased and is developing even in younger age groups. NMSCs account for nearly 15,000 deaths, 3.5 million new cases, and more than 3 billion dollars a year in medical costs in the United States alone, representing a major public health concern. As sun protection efforts have not been proven effective, targeted chemoprevention strategies are much needed. Skin carcinogenesis by DNA damage is considered a predominant paradigm for UV toxicity. Exposure to UV radiation can activate various oncogenes while inactivating tumor suppressor genes, resulting in inappropriate survival and proliferation of keratinocytes that harbor these damages. Moreover, increasing evidence demonstrate that inflammatory responses by the immune cells within the tumor microenvironment also contribute significantly to skin tumorigenesis. Initiation and progression of skin carcinogenesis mediated by UV radiation involve complex pathways, including those of apoptosis, proliferation, autophagy, DNA repair, checkpoint signaling, metabolism, and inflammation. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in two of these key molecular processes that result in UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis. In particular, we discuss 1) pathways that regulate DNA damage repair and 2) the regulation of the inflammatory process its crosstalk with DNA repair potentially leading to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- InYoung Kim
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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CHA HWAJUN, LEE GHANGTAI, LEE KWANGSIK, LEE KUNKOOK, HONG JINTAE, LEE NAKYEONG, KIM SOOYEON, LEE BOMI, AN INSOOK, HAHN HYUNGJIN, AHN KYUJOONG, LEE SUJAE, AN SUNGKWAN, BAE SEUNGHEE. Photoprotective effect of arctiin against ultraviolet B-induced damage in HaCaT keratinocytes is mediated by microRNA expression changes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1363-70. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Holley AK, Xu Y, Noel T, Bakthavatchalu V, Batinic-Haberle I, St Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase-mediated inside-out signaling in HaCaT human keratinocytes and SKH-1 mouse skin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2347-60. [PMID: 24635018 PMCID: PMC4005487 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Inside-out signaling occurs when changes in organellar activity lead to alterations in cell signaling that culminate at the cell surface. Mitochondria are vital signaling platforms in cells that participate in radiation-induced inside-out signaling. However, the importance of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging ability of mitochondria through manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is not established. Here, we used MnSOD heterozygous knockout and transgenic SKH-1 hairless, albino mice and MnSOD knockdown and overexpressing HaCaT human keratinocytes to study the effects of MnSOD on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced inside-out signaling. RESULTS AND INNOVATION There is an inverse correlation between MnSOD expression and UV-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as determined by phosphorylation at Tyr1068, both in vitro and in vivo, which correlates with increased ROS production (as measured by dihydroethidium fluorescence). EGFR activation is dependent on Nox4 expression and Src kinase activation, with Src activation upstream of Nox4 in regulation of EGFR activation. Enhanced EGFR activation in MnSOD knockdown cells is abrogated by treatment with the SOD mimetic MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the ROS-scavenging ability of mitochondria, through the expression of MnSOD, is important for UV-induced inside-out signaling. Decreased MnSOD expression enhances UV-induced activation of different oncogenic signaling pathways through an inside-out signaling-mediated mechanism. Inhibition of inside-out signaling by MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+) mimics the effect of endogenous MnSOD, suggesting that pharmacological intervention by SOD mimetics could play an important role in the prevention of aberrant cell signaling, which may contribute to carcinogenesis and may prove valuable for the treatment or prevention of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- 1 Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Rao VH, Vogel K, Yanagida JK, Marwaha N, Kandel A, Trempus C, Repertinger SK, Hansen LA. Erbb2 up-regulation of ADAM12 expression accelerates skin cancer progression. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1026-36. [PMID: 24798404 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause severe damage to the skin and is the primary cause of most skin cancer. UV radiation causes DNA damage leading to mutations and also activates the Erbb2/HER2 receptor through indirect mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species. We hypothesized that Erbb2 activation accelerates the malignant progression of UV-induced skin cancer. Following the induction of benign squamous papillomas by UV exposure of v-ras(Ha) transgenic Tg.AC mice, mice were treated topically with the Erbb2 inhibitor AG825 and tumor progression monitored. AG825 treatment reduced tumor volume, increased tumor regression, and delayed the development of malignant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Progression to malignancy was associated with increased Erbb2 and ADAM12 (A Disintegin And Metalloproteinase 12) transcripts and protein, while inhibition of Erbb2 blocked the increase in ADAM12 message upon malignant progression. Similarly, human SCC and SCC cell lines had increased ADAM12 protein and transcripts when compared to normal controls. To determine whether Erbb2 up-regulation of ADAM12 contributed to malignant progression of skin cancer, Erbb2 expression was modulated in cultured SCC cells using forced over-expression or siRNA targeting, demonstrating up-regulation of ADAM12 by Erbb2. Furthermore, ADAM12 transfection or siRNA targeting revealed that ADAM12 increased both the migration and invasion of cutaneous SCC cells. Collectively, these results suggest Erbb2 up-regulation of ADAM12 as a novel mechanism contributing to the malignant progression of UV-induced skin cancer. Inhibition of Erbb2/HER2 reduced tumor burden, increased tumor regression, and delayed the progression of benign skin tumors to malignant SCC in UV-exposed mice. Inhibition of Erbb2 suppressed the increase in metalloproteinase ADAM12 expression in skin tumors, which in turn increased migration and tumor cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velidi H Rao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kristen Vogel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jodi K Yanagida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Nitin Marwaha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Amrit Kandel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carol Trempus
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Laura A Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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Soluble E-cadherin: a critical oncogene modulating receptor tyrosine kinases, MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:225-35. [PMID: 23318419 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin, a cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein, is frequently downregulated with tumorigenic progression. The extracellular domain of E-cadherin is cleaved by proteases to generate a soluble ectodomain fragment, termed sEcad, which is elevated in the urine or serum of cancer patients. In this study, we explored the functional role of sEcad in the progression of skin squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). We found that full-length E-cadherin expression was decreased and sEcad increased in human clinical tumor samples as well as in ultraviolet (UV)-induced SCCs in mice. Interestingly, sEcad associated with members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1R) family of receptors in human and UV-induced mouse tumors. Moreover, in both E-cadherin-positive (E-cadherin(+)) and -negative (E-cadherin(-)) cells in vitro, sEcad activated downstream mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and enhanced tumor growth, motility and invasion, the latter via activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. To this end, HER, PI3K or MEK inhibitors suppressed sEcad's tumorigenic effects, including proliferation, migration and invasion. Taken together, our data suggest that sEcad contributes to skin carcinogenesis via association with the HER/IGF-1R-family of receptors and subsequent activation of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, thereby implicating sEcad as a putative therapeutic target in cutaneous SCCs.
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Markó L, Paragh G, Ugocsai P, Boettcher A, Vogt T, Schling P, Balogh A, Tarabin V, Orsó E, Wikonkál N, Mandl J, Remenyik É, Schmitz G. Keratinocyte ATP binding cassette transporter expression is regulated by ultraviolet light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 116:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Individualizing therapy of monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins: emerging potential in the age of personalized medicine. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:369-81. [PMID: 22834007 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine is an emerging and promising alternative to standard therapy regimens with the potential to significantly influence therapeutic interventions for many diseases. An extensive literature review of studies that focused on pharmacogenomics of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and immunoglobulin-containing fusion proteins (igFPs) was conducted. A comprehensive survey of the US FDA-approved labels revealed that pharmacogenomics information has also been incorporated into the label of some mAbs to guide therapy. In addition, treatment-emergent adverse events for mAbs and igFPs were analyzed that showed an association with the drugs' individual mechanism of action as well as molecular nature. The identification of the signaling pathways linked to the specific target of each mAb or igFP may help accelerate clinical successes in predicting and managing treatment-associated severe adverse events in individual patients. Incorporating pharmacogenomics into drug development of mAbs and igFPs will improve treatment efficacy, and may allow prediction of adverse events. Thus, a promising future of personalized medicine for these therapeutics is predicted.
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Siiskonen H, Törrönen K, Kumlin T, Rilla K, Tammi MI, Tammi RH. Chronic UVR causes increased immunostaining of CD44 and accumulation of hyaluronan in mouse epidermis. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:908-17. [PMID: 21832148 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411417874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic intense UV radiation is the main cause of epidermal tumors. Because hyaluronan (HA), a large extracellular polysaccharide, is known to promote malignant growth, hyaluronan expression was studied in a model in which long-term UV radiation (UVR) induces epidermal tumors. Mouse back skin was exposed three times a week for 10.5 months to UVR corresponding to one minimal erythema dose, processed for histology, and stained for hyaluronan and the hyaluronan receptor CD44. This exposure protocol caused epidermal hyperplasia in most of the animals; tumors, mainly squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), were found in ~20% of the animals. Specimens exposed to UVR showed increased hyaluronan and CD44 staining throughout the epidermal tissue. In hyperplastic areas, hyaluronan and CD44 stainings correlated positively with the degree of hyperplasia. Well-differentiated SCCs showed increased hyaluronan and CD44 staining intensities, whereas poorly differentiated tumors and dysplastic epidermis showed areas where HA and CD44 were locally reduced. The findings indicate that HA and CD44 increase in epidermal keratinocytes in the premalignant hyperplasia induced by UV irradiation and stay elevated in dysplasia and SCC, suggesting that the accumulation of hyaluronan and CD44 is an early marker for malignant transformation and may be a prerequisite for tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Siiskonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, Finland.
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Kiguchi K, Kitamura T, Moore T, Rumi M, Chang HC, Treece D, Ruffino L, Connolly K, DiGiovanni J. Dual inhibition of both the epidermal growth factor receptor and erbB2 effectively inhibits the promotion of skin tumors during two-stage carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:940-52. [PMID: 20682802 PMCID: PMC2940063 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The erbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases are known to play important roles in normal epithelial development and epithelial neoplasia. Considerable evidence also suggests that signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in multistage skin carcinogenesis in mice; however, less is known about the role of erbB2. In this study, to further examine the role of both erbB2 and EGFR in epithelial carcinogenesis, we examined the effect of a dual erbB2/EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, GW2974, given in the diet on skin tumor promotion during two-stage carcinogenesis in wild-type and BK5.erbB2 mice. In BK5.erbB2 mice, erbB2 is overexpressed in the basal layer of epidermis and leads to heightened sensitivity to skin tumor development. GW2974 effectively inhibited skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in wild-type and BK5.erbB2 mice, although a more marked effect was seen in BK5.erbB2 mice. In addition, this inhibitory effect was reversible when GW2974 treatment was withdrawn. GW2974 inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced epidermal hyperproliferation, which correlated with reduced activation of both the EGFR and erbB2. These results support the hypothesis that both the EGFR and erbB2 play an important role in the development of skin tumors during two-stage skin carcinogenesis, especially during the tumor promotion stage. Furthermore, the marked sensitivity of BK5.erbB2 mice to the inhibitory effects of GW2974 during tumor promotion suggest greater efficacy for this compound when erbB2 is overexpressed or amplified as an early event in the carcinogenic process.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Quinazolines/therapeutic use
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kiguchi
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
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