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Wang X, Liu E, Hou C, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Guo J, Li M. Effects of natural products on angiogenesis in melanoma. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106100. [PMID: 38972550 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and originates from genetic mutations in melanocytes. The disease is multifactorial, but its main cause is overexposure to UV radiation. Currently, available chemotherapy expresses little to no results, which may justify the extensive use of natural products to treat this cancer. In this study, we reviewed the inhibition of melanoma angiogenesis by natural products and its potential mechanisms using literature from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Ovid, ScienceDirect and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. According to summarizes 27 natural products including alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids that effectively inhibit angiogenesis in melanoma. In addition to these there are 15 crude extracts that can be used as promising agents to inhibit angiogenesis, but their core components still deserve further investigation. There are current studies on melanoma angiogenesis involving oxidative stress, immune-inflammatory response, cell proliferation and migration and capillary formation. The above natural products can be involved in melanoma angiogenesis through core targets such as VE-cadherin, COX-2, iNOS, VEGF, bFGF, FGF2,MMP2,MMP9,IL-1β,IL-6 play a role in inhibiting melanoma angiogenesis. Effective excavation of natural products can not only clarify the mechanism of drug action and key targets, but also help to promote the preclinical research of natural products for melanoma treatment and further promote the development of new clinical drugs, which will bring the gospel to the vast number of patients who are deeply afflicted by melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurui Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu, China; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - E Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Changcheng Hou
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chongqing Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chongqing Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yijia Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Mingyue Li
- Special Needs Outpatient Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Radosavljevic T, Vukicevic D, Djuretić J, Gopcevic K, Labudovic Borovic M, Stankovic S, Samardzic J, Radosavljevic M, Vucevic D, Jakovljevic V. The Role of Macrophage Inhibitory Factor in TAA-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice: Modulatory Effects of Betaine. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1337. [PMID: 38927544 PMCID: PMC11201963 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multipotent cytokine, involved in the inflammatory response to infections or injuries. This study investigates the role of MIF in liver fibrosis and the modulating effect of betaine on MIF in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis. The wild-type and knockout MIF-/- C57BL/6 mice were divided into the following groups: control; Bet group, which received betaine; MIF-/-; MIF-/-+Bet; TAA group, which received TAA; TAA+Bet; MIF-/-+TAA; and MIF-/-+TAA+Bet group. After eight weeks of treatment, liver tissue was collected for further analysis. The results revealed that TAA-treated MIF-deficient mice had elevated levels of hepatic TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB, as well as MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 compared to TAA-treated wild-type mice. However, the administration of betaine to TAA-treated MIF-deficient mice reduced hepatic TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB levels and also the relative activities of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1, albeit less effectively than in TAA-treated mice without MIF deficiency. Furthermore, the antifibrogenic effect of MIF was demonstrated by an increase in MMP2/TIMP1 and MMP9/TIMP1 ratios. The changes in the hepatic levels of fibrogenic factors were confirmed by a histological examination of liver tissue. Overall, the dual nature of MIF highlights its involvement in the progression of liver fibrosis. Its prooxidant and proinflammatory effects may exacerbate tissue damage and inflammation initially, but its antifibrogenic activity suggests a potential protective role against fibrosis development. The study showed that betaine modulates the antifibrogenic effects of MIF in TAA-induced liver fibrosis, by decreasing TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the deposition of ECM (Coll1 and Coll3) in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Radosavljevic
- Institute of Pathophysiology “Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dusan Vukicevic
- Uniklinik Mannheim, Theodor-Kutyer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Jasmina Djuretić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Kristina Gopcevic
- Institute of Chemistry in Medicine “Prof. Dr. Petar Matavulj”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milica Labudovic Borovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Sanja Stankovic
- Centre for Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Janko Samardzic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Milica Radosavljevic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Danijela Vucevic
- Institute of Pathophysiology “Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Trubetskaya Street 8, Str. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Bouyahya A, Bakrim S, Aboulaghras S, El Kadri K, Aanniz T, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Abdallah AA, Ardianto C, Ming LC, El Omari N. Bioactive compounds from nature: Antioxidants targeting cellular transformation in response to epigenetic perturbations induced by oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116432. [PMID: 38520868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from a persistent imbalance in oxidation levels that promotes oxidants, playing a crucial role in the early and sustained phases of DNA damage and genomic and epigenetic instability, both of which are intricately linked to the development of tumors. The molecular pathways contributing to carcinogenesis in this context, particularly those related to double-strand and single-strand breaks in DNA, serve as indicators of DNA damage due to oxidation in cancer cases, as well as factors contributing to epigenetic instability through ectopic expressions. Oxidative stress has been considered a therapeutic target for many years, and an increasing number of studies have highlighted the promising effectiveness of natural products in cancer treatment. In this regard, we present significant research on the therapeutic targeting of oxidative stress using natural molecules and underscore the essential role of oxidative stress in cancer. The consequences of stress, especially epigenetic instability, also offer significant therapeutic prospects. In this context, the use of natural epi-drugs capable of modulating and reorganizing the epigenetic network is beginning to emerge remarkably. In this review, we emphasize the close connections between oxidative stress, epigenetic instability, and tumor transformation, while highlighting the role of natural substances as antioxidants and epi-drugs in the anti-tumoral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Sara Aboulaghras
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Kawtar El Kadri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Biotechnology Lab (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan PO Box: 114, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Abdallah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia; Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan, Tetouan, Morocco
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Letsoalo K, Nortje E, Patrick S, Nyakudya T, Hlophe Y. Decoding the synergistic potential of MAZ-51 and zingerone as therapy for melanoma treatment in alignment with sustainable development goals. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3950. [PMID: 38348768 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma, an invasive class of skin cancer, originates from mutations in melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells. Globally, approximately 132,000 new cases are reported each year, and in South Africa, the incidence stands at 2.7 per 100,000 people, signifying a worrisome surge in melanoma rates. Therefore, there is a need to explore treatment modalities that will target melanoma's signalling pathways. Melanoma metastasis is aided by ligand activity of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) which bind to their receptors and promote tumour cell survival, lymphangiogenesis and chemotaxis. (3-(4-dimethylaminonaphthelen-1-ylmethylene)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one) MAZ-51 is an indolinone-based molecule that inhibits VEGF-C induced phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). Despite the successful use of conventional cancer therapies, patients endure adverse side effects and cancer drug resistance. Moreover, conventional therapies are toxic to the environment and caregivers. The use of medicinal plants and their phytochemical constituents in cancer treatment strategies has become more widespread because of the rise in drug resistance and the development of unfavourable side effects. Zingerone, a phytochemical derived from ginger exhibits various pharmacological properties positioning it as a promising candidate for cancer treatment. This review provides an overview of melanoma biology and the intracellular signalling pathways promoting cell survival, proliferation and adhesion. There is a need to align health and environmental objectives within sustainable development goals 3 (good health and well-being), 13 (climate action) and 15 (life on land) to promote early detection of skin cancer, enhance sun-safe practices, mitigation of environmental factors and advancing the preservation of biodiversity, including medicinal plants. Thus, this review discusses the impact of cytostatic cancer drugs on patients and the environment and examines the potential use of phytochemicals as adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kganya Letsoalo
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Evangeline Nortje
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sean Patrick
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Trevor Nyakudya
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yvette Hlophe
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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5
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Wang Y, Yuan AJ, Wu YJ, Wu LM, Zhang L. Silymarin in cancer therapy: Mechanisms of action, protective roles in chemotherapy-induced toxicity, and nanoformulations. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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6
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Wu Z, Bian Y, Chu T, Wang Y, Man S, Song Y, Wang Z. The role of angiogenesis in melanoma: Clinical treatments and future expectations. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1028647. [PMID: 36588679 PMCID: PMC9797529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1028647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma has increased rapidly over the past few decades, with mortality accounting for more than 75% of all skin cancers. The high metastatic potential of Melanoma is an essential factor in its high mortality. Vascular angiogenic system has been proved to be crucial for the metastasis of melanoma. An in-depth understanding of angiogenesis will be of great benefit to melanoma treatment and may promote the development of melanoma therapies. This review summarizes the recent advances and challenges of anti-angiogenic agents, including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, human recombinant Endostatin, and traditional Chinese herbal medicine. We hope to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms, clinical research progress, and future research directions of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhu Wu
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yifei Bian
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuman Wang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Man
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Shuai Man, ; Yongmei Song, ; Zhenguo Wang,
| | - Yongmei Song
- Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Shuai Man, ; Yongmei Song, ; Zhenguo Wang,
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Shuai Man, ; Yongmei Song, ; Zhenguo Wang,
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7
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Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165327. [PMID: 36014565 PMCID: PMC9414257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are considered the reservoir of diverse therapeutic agents and have been traditionally employed worldwide to heal various ailments for several decades. Silymarin is a plant-derived mixture of polyphenolic flavonoids originating from the fruits and akenes of Silybum marianum and contains three flavonolignans, silibinins (silybins), silychristin and silydianin, along with taxifolin. Silybins are the major constituents in silymarin with almost 70–80% abundance and are accountable for most of the observed therapeutic activity. Silymarin has also been acknowledged from the ancient period and is utilized in European and Asian systems of traditional medicine for treating various liver disorders. The contemporary literature reveals that silymarin is employed significantly as a neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective and detoxification agent by targeting various cellular and molecular pathways, including MAPK, mTOR, β-catenin and Akt, different receptors and growth factors, as well as inhibiting numerous enzymes and the gene expression of several apoptotic proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the current review aims to recapitulate and update the existing knowledge regarding the pharmacological potential of silymarin as evidenced by vast cellular, animal, and clinical studies, with a particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action.
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Coutinho TE, Souto EB, Silva AM. Selected Flavonoids to Target Melanoma: A Perspective in Nanoengineering Delivery Systems. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070290. [PMID: 35877341 PMCID: PMC9311564 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a complex type of cancer that depends on several metabolic factors, while the currently used therapies are not always effective and have unwanted side effects. In this review, the main factors involved in the etiology of cutaneous carcinoma are highlighted, together with the main genes and proteins that regulate cancer invasion and metastization. The role of five selected flavonoids, namely, apigenin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, kaempferol, naringenin, and silybin, in the modulating receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and Wnt pathways is reported with their relevance in the future design of drugs to mitigate and/or treat melanoma. However, as phenolic compounds have some difficulties in reaching the target site, the encapsulation of these compounds in nanoparticles is a promising strategy to promote improved physicochemical stabilization of the bioactives and achieve greater bioavailability. Scientific evidence is given about the beneficial effects of loading these flavonoids into selected nanoparticles for further exploitation in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago E. Coutinho
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-921
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Holasová K, Křížkovská B, Hoang L, Dobiasová S, Lipov J, Macek T, Křen V, Valentová K, Ruml T, Viktorová J. Flavonolignans from silymarin modulate antibiotic resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112806. [PMID: 35303568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is currently a serious health problem. Since the discovery of new antibiotics no longer seems to be a sufficient tool in the fight against multidrug-resistant infections, adjuvant (combination) therapy is gaining in importance as well as reducing bacterial virulence. Silymarin is a complex of flavonoids and flavonolignans known for its broad spectrum of biological activities, including its ability to modulate drug resistance in cancer. This work aimed to test eleven, optically pure silymarin flavonolignans for their ability to reverse the multidrug resistance phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and reduce its virulence. Silybin A, 2,3-dehydrosilybin B, and 2,3-dehydrosilybin AB completely reversed antibiotic resistance at concentrations of 20 µM or less. Both 2,3-dehydrosilybin B and AB decreased the antibiotic-induced gene expression of representative efflux pumps belonging to the major facilitator (MFS), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) families. 2,3-Dehydrosilybin B also inhibited ethidium bromide accumulation and efflux in a clinical isolate whose NorA and MdeA overproduction was induced by antibiotics. Most of the tested flavonolignans reduced cell-to-cell communication on a tetrahydrofuran-borate (autoinducer-2) basis, with isosilychristin leading the way followed by 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and AB, which halved communication at 10 µM. Anhydrosilychristin was the only compound that reduced communication based on acyl-homoserine lactone (autoinducer 1), with an IC50 of 4.8 µM. Except for isosilychristin and anhydrosilychristin, all of the flavonolignans inhibited S. aureus surface colonization, with 2,3-dehydrosilybin A being the most active (IC50 10.6 µM). In conclusion, the selected flavonolignans, particularly derivatives of 2,3-dehydrosilybin B, 2,3-dehydrosilybin AB, and silybin A are non-toxic modulators of S. aureus multidrug resistance and can decrease the virulence of the bacterium, which deserves further detailed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Holasová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Bára Křížkovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Lan Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Simona Dobiasová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Macek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Viktorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
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Bhari N, Schwaertz RA, Apalla Z, Salerni G, Akay BN, Patil A, Grabbe S, Goldust M. Effect of estrogen in malignant melanoma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:1905-1912. [PMID: 34416066 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is associated with poor prognosis in its advanced stages. Potential influence of estrogen and its metabolites on melanoma growth has been suggested. AIMS The objective of this review was to provide an overview on the evidence related to estrogen in malignant melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar and relevant cross-references of the retrieved articles was performed to review relevant published articles related to estrogen and its effects in malignant melanoma. RESULTS Effect of estrogen signaling on a tissue largely depends on the relative expression of estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. Gender differences in melanoma may be explained by the difference in expression of these receptors. ERβ is the principal ER in melanoma. DISCUSSION Although there is uncertainty about role of estrogen in pathogenensis and progression of melanoma, evidence suggests that its growth and metastasis are influenced by estrogen stimulation. Role ER on the proliferation of melanoma cells is well described. CONCLUSION There is a need of safe and effective therapy for melanoma, especially for advanced cases. After the establishment of specific role of estrogen and its receptor, analysis of specific genetic mutation can be performed for proper utilization of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Bhari
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Robert A Schwaertz
- Department of Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zoe Apalla
- Second Dermatology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gabriel Salerni
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Provincial del Centenario de Rosario-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Anant Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Koltai T, Fliegel L. Role of Silymarin in Cancer Treatment: Facts, Hypotheses, and Questions. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X211068826. [PMID: 35018864 PMCID: PMC8814827 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211068826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid silymarin extracted from the seeds of Sylibum marianum is a mixture of 6 flavolignan isomers. The 3 more important isomers are silybin (or silibinin), silydianin, and silychristin. Silybin is functionally the most active of these compounds. This group of flavonoids has been extensively studied and they have been used as hepato-protective substances for the mushroom Amanita phalloides intoxication and mainly chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatitis C progression is not, or slightly, modified by silymarin. Recently, it has also been proposed for SARS COVID-19 infection therapy. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of these substances in cancer are subjects of ongoing research. Paradoxically, many of its identified actions such as antioxidant, promoter of ribosomal synthesis, and mitochondrial membrane stabilization, may seem protumoral at first sight, however, silymarin compounds have clear anticancer effects. Some of them are: decreasing migration through multiple targeting, decreasing hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression, inducing apoptosis in some malignant cells, and inhibiting promitotic signaling among others. Interestingly, the antitumoral activity of silymarin compounds is limited to malignant cells while the nonmalignant cells seem not to be affected. Furthermore, there is a long history of silymarin use in human diseases without toxicity after prolonged administration. The ample distribution and easy accessibility to milk thistle-the source of silymarin compounds, its over the counter availability, the fact that it is a weed, some controversial issues regarding bioavailability, and being a nutraceutical rather than a drug, has somehow led medical professionals to view its anticancer effects with skepticism. This is a fundamental reason why it never achieved bedside status in cancer treatment. However, in spite of all the antitumoral effects, silymarin actually has dual effects and in some cases such as pancreatic cancer it can promote stemness. This review deals with recent investigations to elucidate the molecular actions of this flavonoid in cancer, and to consider the possibility of repurposing it. Particular attention is dedicated to silymarin's dual role in cancer and to some controversies of its real effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Hospital del Centro Gallego de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kim SH, Choo GS, Yoo ES, Woo JS, Lee JH, Han SH, Jung SH, Kim HJ, Jung JY. Silymarin inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells via regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway and induction of apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:492. [PMID: 33968208 PMCID: PMC8100955 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a purified mixture of four isomeric flavonoids extracted from the seeds and fruit of the milk thistle plant, Silybum marianus (L.). Silymarin exhibits a wide variety of biological effects and is commonly used in traditional medicine. Therefore, the anticancer effects of silymarin on human breast cancer cells were investigated to determine its pharmacological mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. The viability and proliferation of MDA-MB- 231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were investigated using MTT and wound healing assays. Silymarin decreased the viability and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The number of apoptotic bodies, as shown by DAPI staining, was increased in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that silymarin induces apoptosis. Additionally, changes in the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were demonstrated in human breast cancer cells using western blotting. Silymarin increased the levels of Bax, cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase, cleaved caspase-9 and phosphorylated (p-)JNK, and decreased the levels of Bcl-2, p-P38 and p-ERK1/2. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of silymarin on MCF-7 tumor growth were investigated. In mice treated with silymarin for 3 weeks (25 and 50 mg/kg), MCF-7 tumor growth was inhibited without organ toxicity. In MCF-7 tumors, silymarin induced apoptosis and decreased p-ERK1/2 levels, as assessed using a TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry. These results indicated that silymarin inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, silymarin may potentially be used as a chemo-preventive or therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Sik Choo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seon Yoo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seok Woo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Lee
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Han
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jin Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungcheongnam 340-702, Republic of Korea
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Elyasi S. Silybum marianum, antioxidant activity, and cancer patients. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Wu SC. Health Benefits of Silybum marianum: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11644-11664. [PMID: 33045827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silybum marianum (SM), a well-known plant used as both a medicine and a food, has been widely used to treat various diseases, especially hepatic diseases. The seeds and fruits of SM contain a flavonolignan complex called silymarin, the active compounds of which include silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, dihydrosilybin, silydianin, and so on. In this review, we thoroughly summarize high-quality publications related to the pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms of SM. SM has antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular-protective, neuroprotective, skin-protective, antidiabetic, and other effects. Importantly, SM also counteracts the toxicities of antibiotics, metals, and pesticides. The diverse pharmacological activities of SM provide scientific evidence supporting its use in both humans and animals. Multiple signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress and inflammation are the common molecular targets of SM. Moreover, the flavonolignans of SM are potential agonists of PPARγ and ABCA1, PTP1B inhibitors, and metal chelators. At the end of the review, the potential and perspectives of SM are discussed, and these insights are expected to facilitate the application of SM and the discovery and development of new drugs. We conclude that SM is an interesting dietary medicine for health enhancement and drug discovery and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Cheng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Dai L, Miao X, Li B, Zhang J, Pan H, Shang X. The active compounds and AChE inhibitor of the methanol extract of Adonis coerulea maxim against Psoroptes cuniculi. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109247. [PMID: 32987229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adonis coerulea Maxim. presents acaricidal activity in vitro and in vivo, and inhibits AChE and other enzymes activities. However, the active compounds against Psoroptes cuniculi were still unclear. AChE, a common acaricidal and insecticidal target, plays a key role in neural conduction of mites. In this study, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, AChE was used as a target to capture the compounds from A. coerulea methanol extract (MEAC). After calculating the affinity with molecular docking, the inhibitory effect of compounds against AChE was studied. Results showed that 27 compounds were captured by AChE and identified from MEAC by LC-MS/MS. Among of these compounds, eight compounds presented the high affinity with AChE and high scores in molecular docking assay, especially for silibinin (-12.19 kcal/mol) and vitexin (-11.72 kcal/mol). Further studies showed that although these compounds have the weak cytotoxicity against C6/36 cells, silibinin, quercetin and corilagin could inhibit AChE activity with IC50 values of 40.11 μg/mL, 46.15 μg/mL and 50.98 μg/mL, respectively. These results indicated that silibinin, quercetin and corilagin may be responsible for AChE inhibition which contributes to the acaricidal properties of A coerulea. This study lays the foundation for developing sensitive and sustainability methods for active compound detection from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Dai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Xiaolou Miao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China.
| | - Hu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Shang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China.
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Silymarin and Cancer: A Dual Strategy in Both in Chemoprevention and Chemosensitivity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092009. [PMID: 32344919 PMCID: PMC7248929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin extracted from milk thistle consisting of flavonolignan silybin has shown chemopreventive and chemosensitizing activity against various cancers. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the potential targets of silymarin against various cancers. Silymarin may play on the system of xenobiotics, metabolizing enzymes (phase I and phase II) to protect normal cells against various toxic molecules or to protect against deleterious effects of chemotherapeutic agents on normal cells. Furthermore, silymarin and its main bioactive compounds inhibit organic anion transporters (OAT) and ATP-binding cassettes (ABC) transporters, thus contributing to counteracting potential chemoresistance. Silymarin and its derivatives play a double role, namely, limiting the progression of cancer cells through different phases of the cycle-thus forcing them to evolve towards a process of cell death-and accumulating cancer cells in a phase of the cell cycle-thus making it possible to target a greater number of tumor cells with a specific anticancer agent. Silymarin exerts a chemopreventive effect by inducing intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and reactivating cell death pathways by modulation of the ratio of proapoptotic/antiapoptotic proteins and synergizing with agonists of death domains receptors. In summary, we highlight how silymarin may act as a chemopreventive agent and a chemosensitizer through multiple pathways.
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El-Ashmawy NE, Khedr EG, El-Bahrawy HA, Helmy NN. Modulatory Effect of Silymarin on Apoptosis in Testosterone -Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:1947-1956. [PMID: 31902118 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is considered a normal part of the aging process in men, and is characterized by an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. Our study aimed to investigate the potential protective role of silymarin (SIL) against testosterone-induced BPH in rats and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SIL pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects. Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups: control group, BPH group (3 mg/kg testosterone propionate, s.c. for 14 days, SIL group (50 mg/kg SIL, orally, once daily concomitantly with 3 mg/kg testosterone propionate s.c.) and inhibitor group (50 mg/kg SIL orally concomitantly with 3 mg/kg testosterone, s.c. and 0.5 mg/rat Z-VAD-FMK, i.p.). Silymarin induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in BPH as SIL significantly reduced prostatic Bcl-2 protein and increased Bax protein concentration. Also, SIL down-regulated survivin (Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAPs) gene expression in rat prostate assisting mainly caspase-dependent pathway. Silymarin significantly decreased cytochrome-c cytosolic concentration and increased caspase 3 activity compared to BPH group. Silymarin significantly increased the content of p27/kip1 (Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKIs) promoting cell cycle arrest. The histological features of BPH such as hypertrophy, papillary projections formation, improved in SIL group. Silymarin showed a significant anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic role in BPH and accordingly it could be effectively and safely used as a treatment tool in cases of BPH or prostatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E El-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31527, Egypt
| | - Eman G Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31527, Egypt
| | - Hoda A El-Bahrawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31527, Egypt
| | - Nada N Helmy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31527, Egypt.
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Hosseinabadi T, Lorigooini Z, Tabarzad M, Salehi B, Rodrigues CF, Martins N, Sharifi-Rad J. Silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects: Insights into its clinical impact in various types of cancer. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2849-2861. [PMID: 31407422 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a complex extract isolated from the plant Silybum marianum, widely known for its prominent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, although increasing evidences have reported extraordinary antiproliferative and apoptotic abilities. As a result, several signaling pathways involved in cell cycle control, cell proliferation, and cell death have been deconvoluted as critical mechanisms. In this regard, cyclin and cyclin-dependent pathways have been the most studied ones. Following that, apoptotic pathways, such as p53, Akt, STAT-3, Ras, and caspases pathways, have been extensively studied, although other mechanisms involved in inflammation and angiogenesis have also been highlighted as silymarin-likely targets in cancer therapy. Therefore, the main challenge of this review is to discuss the diverse molecular mechanisms for silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects; most of them largely studied in various types of cancers so far. Clinical trials and combination therapies related to silymarin application in cancer prevention and treatment are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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Kim SH, Choo GS, Yoo ES, Woo JS, Han SH, Lee JH, Jung JY. Silymarin induces inhibition of growth and apoptosis through modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in AGS human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1904-1914. [PMID: 31485597 PMCID: PMC6775811 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is regarded as a therapeutic target because it is typically disturbed in human cancer. Silymarin from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has been reported to exhibit anticancer properties via regulation of apoptosis as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. In the present study, the effects of silymarin on the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis were examined in human gastric cancer cells. The viability of AGS human gastric cancer cells was assessed by MTT assay. The migration of AGS cells was investigated by wound healing assay. Silymarin was revealed to significantly decrease viability and migration of AGS cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the number of apoptotic bodies and the rate of apoptosis were increased in a dose-dependent manner as determined by DAPI staining and Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining. The changes in the expression of silymarin-induced apoptosis proteins were investigated in human gastric cancer cells by western blotting analysis. Silymarin increased the expression of Bax, phosphorylated (p)-JNK and p-p38, and cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase, and decreased the levels of Bcl-2 and p-ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The in vivo tumor growth inhibitory effect of silymarin was investigated. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) significantly decreased the AGS tumor volume and increased apoptosis, as assessed by the TUNEL assay, confirming its tumor-inhibitory effect. Immunohistochemical staining revealed elevated expression of p-JNK and p-p38 as well as reduced expression of p-ERK1/2 associated with silymarin-treatment. Silymarin was revealed to reduce tumor growth through inhibition of p-ERK and activation of p-p38 and p-JNK in human gastric cancer cells. These results indicated that silymarin has potential for development as a cancer therapeutic due to its growth inhibitory effects and induction of apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Sik Choo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seon Yoo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seok Woo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Han
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Lee
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
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Zappavigna S, Vanacore D, Lama S, Potenza N, Russo A, Ferranti P, Dallio M, Federico A, Loguercio C, Sperlongano P, Caraglia M, Stiuso P. Silybin-Induced Apoptosis Occurs in Parallel to the Increase of Ceramides Synthesis and miRNAs Secretion in Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092190. [PMID: 31058823 PMCID: PMC6539179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silybin is a flavonolignan extracted from Silybum marianum (milk thistle) with hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. Several studies have shown that silybin is highly effective to prevent and treat different types of cancer and that its antitumor mechanisms involve the arrest of the cell cycle and/or apoptosis. An MTT assay was performed to study cell viability, lipid peroxidation, extracellular NO production, and scavenger enzyme activity were studied by Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Species (TBARS) assay, NO assay, and MnSOD assay, respectively. Cell cycle and apoptosis analysis were performed by FACS. miRNA profiling were evaluated by real time PCR. In this study, we demonstrated that Silybin induced growth inhibition blocking the Hepg2 cells in G1 phase of cell cycle and activating the process of programmed cell death. Moreover, the antiproliferative effects of silybin were paralleled by a strong increase of the number of ceramides involved in the modulation of miRNA secretion. In particular, after treatment with silybin, miR223-3p and miR16-5p were upregulated, while miR-92-3p was downregulated (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that silybin-Induced apoptosis occurs in parallel to the increase of ceramides synthesis and miRNAs secretion in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniela Vanacore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Lama
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", viale Lincoln, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Aniello Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", viale Lincoln, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Ferranti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Sperlongano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Stiuso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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Silibinin alleviates inflammation and induces apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes and has a therapeutic effect on arthritis in rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3241. [PMID: 29459717 PMCID: PMC5818498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of silibinin on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis-related cells and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and further explore the potential underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that silibinin suppressed cell viability and increased the percentage of apoptotic RA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Furthermore, the production of inflammatory cytokines in RA-FLS and a CIA rat model was effectively inhibited by silibinin. Silibinin also induced macrophage M2 polarization in RAW264.7 cells. We further demonstrated that silibinin inhibits Th17 cell differentiation in vitro. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was suppressed in RA-FLS. In addition, Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) was decreased after silibinin treatment, and RA-FLS transfection with a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) of SIRT1 enhanced silibinin-induced apoptosis. Autophagy was markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner following silibinin treatment. These findings indicate that silibinin inhibited inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, and SIRT1 may participate in silibinin-induced apoptosis. Silibinin also inhibited autophagy in RA-FLS. Thus, silibinin may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of RA.
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Tan J, Shen W, Shi W, Chen X, Sun D, Xu C, Yan Q, Cheng H, Lai Y, Ji H. ONTD induces growth arrest and apoptosis of human hepatoma Bel-7402 cells though a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-dependent pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:44-53. [PMID: 28834734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ONTD (3-Oxo-29-noroleana-1,9(11),12-trien-2,20-dicarbonitrile) is a novel synthetic derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), which has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities through its mechanisms are not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that ONTD induces apoptosis of human hepatoma cells via a MAPK-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Recently, ONTD was found to increase sub-G1 accumulation and Annexin-V positive staining, indicating apoptotic induction effect. It was also be found that ONTD increase the PPAR-γ activity, reduce the phosphorylation of Akt and increase phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Bel-7402 cells, and these were associated with the inhibition of cells proliferation. More importantly, these effects could be diminished by GW9662, a specific PPAR-γ antagonist, suggesting that ONTD can act as a ligand of PPAR-γ. Taken together, our novel observations suggested that ONTD may have potential implication in HCC prevention and treatment, and showed for the first time that the anti-tumor effect of ONTD may also be mediated through modulation of the PPAR-γ activation and mediated by the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. The present study also supports ONTD as a potential drug candidate for chemoprevention or chemotherapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Tan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weixing Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Changliang Xu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Qiuying Yan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Haibo Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China.
| | - Yisheng Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Belli V, Sforza V, Cardone C, Martinelli E, Barra G, Matrone N, Napolitano S, Morgillo F, Tuccillo C, Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C, Gravina AG, De Palma R, Ciardiello F, Troiani T. Regorafenib in combination with silybin as a novel potential strategy for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68305-68316. [PMID: 28978118 PMCID: PMC5620258 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Regorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, has demonstrated survival benefit in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients that have progressed after all standard therapies. However, novel strategies to improve tolerability and enhance anti-cancer efficacy are needed. Experimental design We have evaluated in vitro the effects of regorafenib in combination with silybin, a biologically active component extracted from the seeds of Silybum marianum, in a panel of human colon cancer cells. Furthermore, we have prospectively treated a cohort of 22 refractory mCRC patients with regorafenib plus silybin. Results Treatment with regorafenib determined a dose-dependent growth inhibition whereas treatment with silybin had no anti-proliferative effects among all cancer cells tested. The combined treatment with regorafenib and silybin induced synergistic anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects by blocking PI3K/AKT/mTOR intracellular pathway. Moreover, combined treatment with regorafenib and silybin increased the production of reactive oxygen species levels within cells. In an exploratory proof of concept clinical study in a cohort of 22 mCRC patients after failure of all standard therapies, the clinical activity of regorafenib in combination with silybin was assessed. A median progression-free survival of 10.0 months and a median overall survival of 17.6 months were observed in these patients. These results suggest that the combined treatment potentially increases the clinical efficacy of regorafenib. Moreover, due to its anti-oxidative properties, silybin could protect patients from drug-induced liver damages, allowing to continue an effective anti-cancer therapy. Conclusions The present study suggests that silybin in combination with regorafenib is a promising strategy for treatment of metastatic colorectal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Belli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sforza
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Cardone
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Medicina Interna, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Nunzia Matrone
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Floriana Morgillo
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Concetta Tuccillo
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Medicina Interna, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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Tůmová L, Tůma J, Doležal M, Dučaiová Z, Kubeš J. New synthetic pyrazine carboxamide derivatives as potential elicitors in production of secondary metabolite in In vitro cultures. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S57-62. [PMID: 27041860 PMCID: PMC4792001 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.176117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Silymarin, an active polyphenolic fraction of Silybum marianum, and high flavonoid content of Fagopyrum possess various interesting biological activities. The substituted pyrazine-2-carboxamides were previously used as effective elicitors of studied secondary metabolites. Objective: To study the effect of new synthetic pyrazine carboxamide derivatives, N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-tert-butylpyrazine-2-carboxamide (1) and 3-(3-((trifluoromethyl) benzyl) amino) pyrazine-2-carboxamide (2), on flavonolignan and flavonoid production in S. marianum and Fagopyrumes culentum in vitro cultures. Materials and Methods: Callus and suspension cultures were cultured on MS medium containing α-naphtaleneacetic acid or 2,4-D. Three elicitor concentrations for different exposure times were tested. Dried and powdered samples of callus and suspension cultures were extracted with methanol and analyzed by DAD-HPLC. Results: Compound 1 showed as a good elicitor of taxifolin production. The effect on silymarin complex was less visible with a maximum between 24 and 48 h after 3.292 ×10−4 mol/L concentration. The detailed analysis showed that silychristin was the most abundant. Compound 2 was effective in rutin production only in callus culture with maximum 24 h and 168 h after application of 3.3756 ×10−3 mol/L concentration and 48 and 72 h after 3.3756 ×10−4 mol/L concentration. Conclusion: From the results of the performed experiments, it can be concluded that compound 1 shows to be suitable elicitor for enhanced production of taxifolin and silychristin in S. marianum, mainly when 3.292 ×10−4 mol/L concentration was used, and compound 2 is suitable for increase rutin production in callus cultures and less appropriate for suspension cultures of F. esculentum. SUMMARY The influence of two new synthetic pyrazine-2-carboxamidesderivatives on secondary metabolite content of Silybum marianum and Fagopyrum esculentum in vitro cultures was tested. In S. marianum, the derivate N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-tert-butylpyrazine-2-carboxamide showed as a good elicitor of taxifolin production and less effective for silymarin complex production with silychristin as the most abundant. The derivate 3-(3-((trifluoromethyl) benzyl) amino) pyrazine-2-carboxamide is suitable for increase rutin production in callus cultures and less appropriate for suspension cultures of F. esculentum.
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Marzagalli M, Montagnani Marelli M, Casati L, Fontana F, Moretti RM, Limonta P. Estrogen Receptor β in Melanoma: From Molecular Insights to Potential Clinical Utility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:140. [PMID: 27833586 PMCID: PMC5080294 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive tumor; its incidence has been reported to increase fast in the past decades. Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumor, with most patients harboring mutations in the BRAF or NRAS oncogenes, leading to the overactivation of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. The current therapeutic approaches are based on therapies targeting mutated BRAF and the downstream pathway, and on monoclonal antibodies against the immune checkpoint blockade. However, treatment resistance and side effects are common events of these therapeutic strategies. Increasing evidence supports that melanoma is a hormone-related cancer. Melanoma incidence is higher in males than in females, and females have a significant survival advantage over men. Estrogens exert their effects through estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) that affect cancer growth in an opposite way: ERα is associated with a proliferative action and ERβ with an anticancer effect. ERβ is the predominant ER in melanoma, and its expression decreases in melanoma progression, supporting its role as a tumor suppressor. Thus, ERβ is now considered as an effective molecular target for melanoma treatment. 17β-estradiol was reported to inhibit melanoma cells proliferation; however, clinical trials did not provide the expected survival benefits. In vitro studies demonstrate that ERβ ligands inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells harboring the NRAS (but not the BRAF) mutation, suggesting that ERβ activation might impair melanoma development through the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. These data suggest that ERβ agonists might be considered as an effective treatment strategy, in combination with MAPK inhibitors, for NRAS mutant melanomas. In an era of personalized medicine, pretreatment evaluation of the expression of ER isoforms together with the concurrent oncogenic mutations should be considered before selecting the most appropriate therapeutic intervention. Natural compounds that specifically bind to ERβ have been identified. These phytoestrogens decrease the proliferation of melanoma cells. Importantly, these effects are unrelated to the oncogenic mutations of melanomas, suggesting that, in addition to their ERβ activating function, these compounds might impair melanoma development through additional mechanisms. A better identification of the role of ERβ in melanoma development will help increase the therapeutic options for this aggressive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Montagnani Marelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Patrizia Limonta,
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