Long non-coding RNA: A new paradigm for lung cancer

Beyond traditional translation: ncRNA derived peptides as modulators of tumor behaviors

Within the intricate tapestry of molecular research, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) were historically overshadowed by a pervasive presumption of their inability to encode proteins or peptides. However, groundbreaking revelations have challenged this notion, unveiling select ncRNAs that surprisingly encode peptides specifically those nearing a succinct 100 amino acids. At the forefront of this epiphany stand lncRNAs and circRNAs, distinctively characterized by their embedded small open reading frames (sORFs). Increasing evidence has revealed different functions and mechanisms of peptides/proteins encoded by ncRNAs in cancer, including promotion or inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, cellular metabolism (glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism), and promotion or concerted metastasis of cancer cells. The discoveries not only accentuate the depth of ncRNA functionality but also open novel avenues for oncological research and therapeutic innovations. The main difficulties in the study of these ncRNA-derived peptides hinge crucially on precise peptide detection and sORFs identification. Here, we illuminate cutting-edge methodologies, essential instrumentation, and dedicated databases tailored for unearthing sORFs and peptides. In addition, we also conclude the potential of clinical applications in cancer therapy.

Abnormal methylation mediated upregulation of LINC00857 boosts malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by modulating the miR-486-5p/NEK2 axis

LINC00857 is frequently dysregulated in varying cancers, which in turn exerts carcinogenic effects; however, its DNA methylation status in promoter region and molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain rarely understood. Through bioinformatics analysis, we examined the expression state and methylation site of LINC00857 in LUAD and further investigated the properties of LINC00857 as a competitive endogenous RNA in the cancer progression. The current study revealed that the overexpression of LINC00857 in LUAD tissue and cells was mainly caused by the hypomethylation of the promoter region. LINC00857 knockdown prominently reduced cell proliferation, impeded cell migration and invasion, and restrained lymph node metastasis, with enhancing radiosensitivity. The effects of LINC00857 on tumor growth were also investigated in nude mice models. Subsequently, the downstream factors, miR-486-5p and NEK2, were screened, and the putative regulatory axis was examined. Overall, the regulatory effect of methylation-mediated LINC00857 overexpression on miR-486-5p/NEK2 axis may be a new mechanism for LUAD progression.

Tocotrienol isoforms: The molecular mechanisms underlying their effects in cancer therapy and their implementation in clinical trials

Tocotrienols are found in a variety of natural sources, like rice bran, annatto seeds and palm oil, and have been shown to have several health-promoting properties, particularly against chronic diseases such as cancer. The incidence of cancer is rapidly increasing around the world, not only a result of continued aging and population growth, but also due to the adoption of aspects of the Western lifestyle, such as high-fat diets and low-physical activity. The literature provides strong evidence that tocotrienols are able to inhibit the growth of various cancers, including breast, lung, ovarian, prostate, liver, brain, colon, myeloma and pancreatic cancers. These findings, along with the reported safety profile of tocotrienols in healthy human volunteers, encourage further research into these compounds' potential use in cancer prevention and treatment. The current review provided detailed information about the molecular mechanisms of action of different tocotrienol isoforms in various cancer models and evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of different vitamin E analogues on important cancer hallmarks, such as cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases were used to identify recently published articles that investigated the anticancer effects of vitamin E derivatives in various types of cancer in vitro and in vivo along with clinical evidence of adjuvant chemopreventive benefits. Following an overview of pre-clinical studies, we describe several completed and ongoing clinical trials that are paving the way for the successful implementation of tocotrienols in cancer chemotherapy.

Epigenetic Alterations in DCIS Progression: What Can lncRNAs Teach Us?

Some transcripts that are not translated into proteins can be encoded by the mammalian genome. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that can function as decoys, scaffolds, and enhancer RNAs and can regulate other molecules, including microRNAs. Therefore, it is essential that we obtain a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs. In cancer, lncRNAs function through several mechanisms, including important biological pathways, and the abnormal expression of lncRNAs contributes to breast cancer (BC) initiation and progression. BC is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide and has a high mortality rate. Genetic and epigenetic alterations that can be regulated by lncRNAs may be related to early events of BC progression. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive BC that is considered an important preinvasive BC early event because it can progress to invasive BC. Therefore, the identification of predictive biomarkers of DCIS-invasive BC progression has become increasingly important in an attempt to optimize the treatment and quality of life of patients. In this context, this review will address the current knowledge about the role of lncRNAs in DCIS and their potential contribution to the progression of DCIS to invasive BC.

LncTUG1 contributes to the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via the miR-144-3p/RRAGD axis and mTOR/S6K pathway

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a symptomatic disease involed multi-stage program. Here, we elucidated the molecular mechanism of LncTUG1 in the regulation of HCC evolvement. And that may in all likelyhood supply a innovative latent target for HCC's diagnoses and prognosis. LncRNA TUG1, miR-144-3p, RRAGD and mTOR signaling pathway were screened as target genes in the database, and their expression levels at the cytological level were verified utilized qRT-PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. Then, we adopted CCK-8, Transwell and flow cytometry assays to estimate cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. By use of luciferase reporter assay, the relationships of LncRNA TUG1, miR-144-3p and RRAGD was confirmed. In addition, the LncRNA TUG1-miR-144-3p-RRAGD-mTOR signaling pathway in HCC cells was verified adopted rescue experiment and confirmed by xenotransplantation animal experiment. LncTUG1 in HCC tissues from three databases were identified and further verified through qRT-PCR in HCC cells (Huh7, Hep3B). Knockdown the LncTUG1 could increase apoptosis and inhibite invasion and proliferation in HCC cells. Using inhibitors and activators of the mTOR/S6K pathway, LncTUG1 was confirmed to regulate HCC progression by the mTOR/S6K pathway. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that TUG1 negatively regulates miR-144-3p. Furthermore, miR-144-3p negativly regulates RRAGD by way of interacting with the 3'UTR of the RRAGD mRNA in HCC utilized luciferase reporter assay. In vivo, we also discovered that neoplasm weight and tumor volume reduced significantly in subcutaneous xenograft nude mouse models derived from sh-LncTUG1-expressing Huh7 cells. And the expressions of p-mTOR, p-S6K and RRAGD were decreased obviously while the miR144-3p increased in subcutaneous xenograft nude mouse models. In a word, the research suggests that LncTUG1 targets miR-144-3p while miR-144-3p binds to RRAGD mRNA, which induces mTOR/S6K pathway activation and promotes the progression of HCC.

LncRNA VPS9D1-AS1 Sponging miR-520a-5p Contributes to the Development of Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma by Enhancing BIRC5 Expression

The pattern of VPS9D1-AS1 expression and its effects on uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) remained unclear. VPS9D1-AS1, miR-520a-5p, and BIRC5 mRNA levels were quantified by qRT-PCR. Bax, Bcl-2, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and BIRC5 protein levels were analyzed through western blotting. Cell migration, invasion, proliferation, as well as apoptosis of cells were checked after performing assay for wound-healing, Transwell, cell-counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and western blotting. VPS9D1-AS1 effects on UCEC were observed in nude mice. Through bioinformatics tools, we analyzed the association present among miR-520a-5p, BIRC5, and VPS9D1-AS1 along with RNA immunoprecipitation, and Dual-Luciferase verification reporter analysis. Our findings suggested VPS9D1-AS1 gene expression was up-regulated in both tissues as well as cells of UCEC. VPS9D1-AS1 knockdown suppressed migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) along with proliferation of UCEC cells, caused in vitro cell apoptosis initiation, and in vivo reduction of tumor growth. Mechanistically, it was verified that VPS9D1-AS1 targeted BIRC5 and caused miR-520a-5p sponging. Inhibitor of miR-520-5p markedly reversed the anti-tumor effects of VPS9D1-AS1 knockdown or BIRC5 knockdown on UCEC progression. Our studies revealed that VPS9D1-AS1 contributed to the UCEC development and progression by binding to miR-520a-5p competitively and inducing BIRC5 expression, indicating that VPS9D1-AS1 might act as a therapeutic target to develop new therapies for UCEC patients.

Notch-associated lncRNAs profiling circuiting epigenetic modification in colorectal cancer

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent digestive cancers, ranking the 2nd cause of cancer-related fatality worldwide. The worldwide burden of CRC is predicted to rise by 60% by 2030. Environmental factors drive, first, inflammation and hence, cancer incidence increase.

Main

The Notch-signaling system is an evolutionarily conserved cascade, has role in the biological normal developmental processes as well as malignancies. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have become major contributors in the advancement of cancer by serving as signal pathways regulators. They can control gene expression through post-translational changes, interactions with micro-RNAs or down-stream effector proteins. Recent emerging evidence has emphasized the role of lncRNAs in controlling Notch-signaling activity, regulating development of several cancers including CRC.

Conclusion

Notch-associated lncRNAs might be useful prognostic biomarkers or promising potential therapeutic targets for CRC treatment.

Therefore, here-in we will focus on the role of “Notch-associated lncRNAs in CRC” highlighting “the impact of Notch-associated lncRNAs as player for cancer induction and/or progression.”

Graphical Abstract

Lnc-SELPLG-2:1 enhanced osteosarcoma oncogenesis via hsa-miR-10a-5p and the BTRC cascade

BACKGROUND

To investigate the potential role of Long Non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the progression of osteosarcoma.

METHODS

The candidate lncRNAs were screened with RNA-seq and confirmed with quantitative real-time PCR. Using MTS, transwell assay, and flow cytometric analysis, the effects of overexpressed lnc-SELPLG-2:1 on cell functions were determined. Immunohistochemical staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and luciferase reporter assay were used to evaluate the potential mechanism of lnc-SELPLG-2:1 in vivo and in vitro using a tumor model. Moreover, the effects of overexpression of hsa-miR-10a-5p on the functions of SaOS2 cells were determined using functional cell analysis. A response test was used to confirm the mechanism by which lnc-SELPLG-2:1 sponge hsa-miR-10a-5p promotes the expression of BTRC to regulate osteosarcoma.

RESULTS

Lnc-SELPLG-2:1 was highly expressed in osteosarcoma compared to normal cells and bone and marrow samples. Inhibition of lnc-SELPLG-2:1 accelerated cell apoptosis and suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas lnc-SELPLG-2:1 overexpression had the opposite effect. Moreover, inhibiting lnc-SELPLG-2:1 in an in vivo model decreased tumor size and suppressed the expression of cell migration-related proteins. The prediction, dual luciferase assay, and response test results indicated that hsa-miR-10-5p and BTRC were involved in the lnc-SELPLG-2:1 cascade. Unlike lnc-SELPLG-2:1, hsa-hsa-miR-10a-5p had opposite expression and function. Competitive binding of lnc-SELPLG-2:1 to hsa-hsa-miR-10a-5p prevented BTRC from miRNA-mediated degradation, thereby activating the expression of VIM, MMP9, and MMP2, promoting osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and inhibiting apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Lnc-SELPLG-2:1 is an oncogenesis activator in osteosarcoma, and its functions are performed via hsa-miR-10a-5p /BTRC cascade.

Interactome battling of lncRNA CCDC144NL-AS1: Its role in the emergence and ferocity of cancer and beyond

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were, once, viewed as "noise" for transcription. Recently, many lncRNAs are functionally linked to several human disorders, including cancer. Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 144 N-Terminal-Like antisense1 (CCDC144NL-AS1) is a newly discovered cytosolic lncRNA. Aberrant CCDC144NL-AS1 expression was discovered in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ovarian cancer (OC), gastric cancer (GC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and osteosarcoma. CCDC144NL-AS1 could be a promising prognostic biological marker and therapeutic target for cancer. In this review, we will collect and highlight the available information about CCDC144NL-AS1 role in various cancers. Moreover, we will discuss the diagnostic and prognostic utility of CCDC144NL-AS1 as a new molecular biomarker for several human malignancies, besides its potential therapeutic importance.

Ampelopsin targets in cellular processes of cancer: Recent trends and advances

Cancer is being considered as a serious threat to human health globally due to limited availability and efficacy of therapeutics. In addition, existing chemotherapeutic drugs possess a diverse range of toxic side effects. Therefore, more research is welcomed to investigate the chemo-preventive action of plant-based metabolites. Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) is one among the biologically active plant-based chemicals with promising anti-cancer actions. It modulates the expression of various cellular molecules that are involved in cancer progressions. For instance, ampelopsin enhances the expression of apoptosis inducing proteins. It regulates the expression of angiogenic and metastatic proteins to inhibit tumor growth. Expression of inflammatory markers has also been found to be suppressed by ampelopsin in cancer cells. The present review article describes various anti-tumor cellular targets of ampelopsin at a single podium which will help the researchers to understand mechanistic insight of this phytochemical.

Circulating Noncoding RNAs in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors-Two Sides of the Same Coin

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) are common intracranial neoplasms. While in case of hormone secreting tumors pituitary hormone measurements can be used for monitoring the disease, in non-functional tumors there is a need to discover non-invasive biomarkers. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are popular biomarker candidates due to their stability and tissue specificity. Among ncRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs have been investigated the most in pituitary tumor tissues and in circulation. However, it is still not known whether ncRNAs are originated from the pituitary, or whether they are casually involved in the pathophysiology. Additionally, there is strong diversity among different studies reporting ncRNAs in PitNET. Therefore, to provide an overview of the discrepancies between published studies and to uncover the reasons why despite encouraging experimental data application of ncRNAs in clinical routine has not yet taken hold, in this review available data are summarized on circulating ncRNAs in PitNET. The data on circulating miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs are organized according to different PitNET subtypes. Biological (physiological and pathophysiological) factors behind intra- and interindividual variability and technical aspects of detecting these markers, including preanalytical and analytical parameters, sample acquisition (venipuncture) and type, storage, nucleic acid extraction, quantification and normalization, which reveal the two sides of the same coin are discussed.

STAT signaling as a target for intervention: from cancer inflammation and angiogenesis to non-coding RNAs modulation

As a landmark, scientific investigation in cytokine signaling and interferon-related anti-viral activity, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of proteins was first discovered in the 1990s. Today, we know that the STAT family consists of several transcription factors which regulate various molecular and cellular processes, including proliferation, angiogenesis, and differentiation in human carcinoma. STAT family members play an active role in transducing signals from cell membrane to nucleus through intracellular signaling and thus activating gene transcription. Additionally, they are also associated with the development and progression of human cancer by facilitating inflammation, cell survival, and resistance to therapeutic responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that not all STAT proteins are associated with the progression of human malignancy; however, STAT3/5 are constitutively activated in various cancers, including multiple myeloma, lymphoma, breast cancer, prostate hepatocellular carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. The present review highlights how STAT-associated events are implicated in cancer inflammation, angiogenesis and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) modulation to highlight potential intervention into carcinogenesis-related cellular processes.

Potential Roles of Long Noncoding RNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Organ Transplantation

Organ transplantation is the most preferred treatment option for end-stage organ diseases; however, allograft rejection is the major hurdle in successful long-term transplant survival. In spite of developing better HLA matching and more effective immunosuppressive regimen, one-year graft survival has been increased by nearly 90% and the incidence of acute rejection by one-year post-transplantation has been decreased by 12.2% in the last decades, chronic allograft rejection has remained as one of the major obstacles to the long-lasting survival of the transplanted allograft. Therefore, seemingly preventing the allograft rejection and inducing immunological tolerance against transplanted allografts is one of the primary goals in transplantation research to enable long-lasting graft survival. Various mechanisms such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed that induce immune tolerance by modulating the gene expression and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses during transplantation. Besides, because of involvement in regulating epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms, lncRNAs could affect allograft status. Therefore, these molecules could be considered as the potential targets for prediction, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of graft rejection. It is suggested that the noninvasive predictive biomarkers hold promise to overcome the current limitations of conventional tissue biopsy in the diagnosis of rejection. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of lncRNAs and their function to facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the risk of graft rejection, and the suggestive therapeutic choices after transplantation.

Comprehensive Analysis of Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma Expression Profiles Identifies Long Non-Coding RNA AKTIP as a Potential Biomarker

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression profile, potential functions, and diagnostic and clinical significance of lncRNAs in sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP). The expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed using a microarray. The potential functions and clinical implications of specific lncRNAs were further analyzed by bioinformatics and statistical methods. Microarray analysis identified 1,668 significantly upregulated and 1,767 downregulated lncRNAs in SNIP. Several mRNAs coexpressed with lncRNAs were enriched in some biological processes and cellular signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis. Lnc-AKTIP might interact with a variety of tumor-associated proteins and transcription factors, such as PCBP2, IRF-1, and p53. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for lnc-AKTIP showed an area under the curve of 0.939. Notably, its expression level was significantly decreased in SNIP tissues versus normal tissues and was associated with SNIP staging. Lnc-AKTIP may serve as a valuable diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for SNIP.

Circulating Long Non-Coding RNAs LINC00324 and LOC100507053 as Potential Liquid Biopsy Markers for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Pilot Study

Background

Despite the availability of advanced technology to detect and treat esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the 5-year survival rate of ESCC patients is still meager. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as essential players in the diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers.

Objective

This pilot study focused on identifying circulating lncRNAs as liquid biopsy markers for the ESCC.

Methodology

We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) to profile circulating lncRNAs in ESCC and healthy individuals’ blood samples. The expression of the top five upregulated and top five downregulated lncRNAs were validated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), including samples used for the NGS. Later, we explored the diagnostic/prognostic potential of lncRNAs and their impact on the clinicopathological parameters of patients. To unravel the molecular target and pathways of identified lncRNAs, we utilized various bioinformatics tools such as lncRnome, RAID v2.0, Starbase, miRDB, TargetScan, Gene Ontology, and KEGG pathways.

Results

Through NGS profiling, we obtained 159 upregulated, 137 downregulated, and 188 neutral lncRNAs in ESCC blood samples compared to healthy individuals. Among dysregulated lncRNAs, we observed LINC00324 significantly upregulated (2.11-fold; p-value = 0.0032) and LOC100507053 significantly downregulated (2.22-fold; p-value = 0.0001) in ESCC patients. Furthermore, we found LINC00324 and LOC100507053 could discriminate ESCC cancer patients’ from non-cancer individuals with higher accuracy of Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) = 0.627 and 0.668, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analysis revealed higher expression levels of LINC00324 and lower expression levels of LOC100507053 well correlated with the poor prognosis of ESCC patients with a Hazard ratio of LINC00324 = 2.48 (95% CI: 1.055 to 5.835) and Hazard ratio of LOC100507053 = 4.75 (95% CI: 2.098 to 10.76)]. Moreover, we also observed lncRNAs expression well correlated with the age (>50 years), gender (Female), alcohol, tobacco, and hot beverages consumers. Using bioinformatics tools, we saw miR-493-5p as the direct molecular target of LINC00324 and interacted with the MAPK signaling pathway in ESCC pathogenesis.

Conclusion

This pilot study suggests that circulating LINC00324 and LOC100507053 can be used as a liquid biopsy marker of ESCC; however, multicentric studies are still warranted.

Chemoresistance and resistance to targeted therapies in biliary tract cancer: What have we learned?

INTRODUCTION

Biliary tract cancer (BTC), including intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, is a rare and highly difficult to manage human malignancy. Besides late diagnosis and associated unresectability, frequently observed unresponsiveness towards and recurrence following chemotherapy or targeted therapy essentially contribute to the dismal prognosis of BTC patients.

AREAS COVERED

The review provides an update on individual mechanisms involved resistance of BTC towards conventional chemotherapy as well as targeted therapies. We review the distinct mechanisms of pharmacoresistance (MPRs) which have been defined in BTC cells on a molecular basis and examine the specific consequences for the various approaches of chemo-, targeted or immunomodulatory therapies.

EXPERT OPINION

Based on currently available experimental and clinical data, the present knowledge about these MPRs in BTCs are summarized. While some possible tactics for overcoming these mechanisms of resistance have been investigated, a BTC-specific and efficient approach based on comprehensive in vitro and in vivo experimental systems is not yet available. Additionally, a reliable monitoring of therapy-relevant cellular changes needs to be established which allows for choosing the optimal drug (combination) before and/or during pharmacological therapy.

LncRNA CASC9 promotes proliferation, migration and inhibits apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by down-regulating miR-424-5p

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

CASC9 and miR-424-5p are closely related with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CASC9 involved with miR-424-5p on the development of HCC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

qRT-PCR was performed to determine the mRNA expressions of CASC9 and miR-424-5p in HCC tissues/cells and adjacent normal tissues/human hepatic epithelial cells, and to analyze the relationship of CASC9 with the clinico-pathological characteristics and prognosis of HCC patients. Then, cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 and¹ clone formation assays. Apoptosis of HCC cells was measured by flow cytometry. Besides, cell migration and invasion were determined by scratch wound-healing and Transwell assays, respectively. DIANA-LncBase V2 and dual luciferase reporter gene assay were used to verify the targeted relationship between CASC9 and miR-424-5p. Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expressions were detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

Higher expression of CASC9 was observed in HCC tissues/ cells than in adjacent normal tissues/ human hepatic epithelial cells, and was closely linked to poor prognosis of HCC, tumor size, TNM stage, differentiation degree, lymph node metastasis and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Down-regulation of CASC9 decreased the proliferation, invasion and migration of HCC cells while enhancing apoptosis. Besides, CASC9 was negatively correlated with miR-424-5p. MiR-424-5p inhibitor enhanced cell proliferation, invasion and migration while decreasing apoptosis. Interestingly, siRNA-CASC9 partially offset the effects of miR-424-5p inhibitor on HCC cells.

CONCLUSION

CASC9 promoted proliferation, invasion and migration and inhibited apoptosis in HCC cells by inhibiting miR-424-5p.

A diagnostic and prognostic value of blood-based circulating long non-coding RNAs in Thyroid, Pancreatic and Ovarian Cancer

Several studies have demonstrated the potential of circulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as promising cancer biomarkers. Herein, we addressed the regulatory role of circulating lncRNAs and their potential value as diagnostic/prognostic markers for thyroid, pancreatic and ovarian cancers. Furthermore, we analyzed and measured the clinical implications and association of lncRNAs with sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve (AUC). Based on our meta-analysis, we found that GAS8-AS1 could discriminate thyroid cancer from non-cancer and other cancers with higher accuracy (AUC = 0.746; sensitivity = 61.70%, and specificity = 90.00%). Similarly, for ovarian cancer, lncRNA RP5-837J1.2 was found to have ideal diagnostic potential with critical clinical specifications of AUC = 0.996; sensitivity = 97.30% and specificity = 94.60%. Whereas we could not find any lncRNA having high diagnostic/prognostic efficiency in pancreatic cancer. We believe that lncRNAs mentioned above may explore clinical settings for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients.

lncRNA PCAT14 Is a Diagnostic Marker for Prostate Cancer and Is Associated with Immune Cell Infiltration

Objective

To investigate the relationship between the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Prostate cancer-associated transcription factors 14 (PCAT14) and the clinical characteristics of prostate cancer and immune cell infiltration.

Methods

The relationship between PCAT14 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer was analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the value of PCAT14 as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer. The relationship between PCAT14 and immune cell infiltration was analyzed to explore the effect of PCAT14 on the immune-related functions of prostate cancer.

Results

The ROC curve showed that PCAT14 had a significant diagnostic ability (area under curve = 0.818) for prostate cancer. A reduced expression of PCAT14 in prostate cancer was related to T stage, N stage, primary therapy outcome, residual tumor, Gleason score, and age. The expression of PCAT14 was independently associated with the progression-free interval in prostate cancer patients. The infiltration of immune cells in prostate cancer showed a significant negative correlation between the expression of PCAT14 and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, activated dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, and neutrophils.

Conclusions

PCAT14 is highly expressed in prostate cancer and is expected to be a diagnostic marker. PCAT14 might promote the development of prostate cancer through chemokines, antimicrobials, and cytokines that affect the infiltration of immune cells.

Differential Expression of Long Noncoding RNAs in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute the largest class of noncoding RNAs and play significant roles in the development of cardiovascular pathologies. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether 4 candidate lncRNAs - MIAT, MEG3, MALAT1, and MCM3AP-AS1 - have distinct expression levels in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and reveal the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of these lncRNAs for CAD. A total of 90 patients who subjected to coronary angiography were enrolled. Relative expression of lncRNAs were assayed using qRT-PCR methodology. As a result, MIAT was downregulated, while MEG3 was upregulated in CAD patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that these lncRNAs have a high potential to provide sensitive and specific diagnosis of CAD. The calculated area under curve levels indicated that MIAT and MEG3 have high diagnostic value for detecting the presence of significant CAD. However, MALAT1 and MCM3AP-AS1 levels were not sufficiently reliable for CAD development in our cases. Here, we demonstrate that MIAT and MEG3 were differentially expressed in our patients and might be promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CAD. These results indicate that MIAT and MEG3 could play chief roles in CAD development.

Knockdown of lncRNA NUTM2A-AS1 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell viability by regulating the miR-590-5p/METTL3 axis

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) NUT family member 2A antisense RNA 1 (NUTM2A-AS1) is dysregulated in LUAD; however, its role in this disease remains unclear. The present study aimed to identify the underlying molecular mechanism of the effect of lncRNA NUTM2A-AS1 in LUAD by exploring whether lncRNA NUTM2A-AS1 could affect LUAD cell proliferation and apoptosis through the microRNA (miR)-590-5p/methyltransferase 3, N6-adenosine-methyltransferase complex catalytic subunit (METTL3) axis. miR-590-5p was predicted and verified as the direct target of NUTM2A-AS1 using bioinformatics analysis and a dual luciferase reporter assay. The expression levels of NUTM2A-AS1 and miR-590-5p in lung cancer cells, and the effects of NUTM2A-AS1 on cell viability and apoptosis were determined using MTT assays and flow cytometry, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of NUTM2A-AS1 were significantly upregulated, while those of miR-590-5p were significantly downregulated, in lung cancer cells compared with the control epithelial cells. NUTM2A-AS1 knockdown inhibited NCI-H23 cell viability and induced apoptosis by upregulating miR-590-5p expression. Moreover, the function and regulatory mechanism of miR-590-5p in LUAD were also investigated. It was determined that miR-590-5p could interact with METTL3, and further analysis of the expression levels of METTL3 in lung cancer cells demonstrated that METTL3 was significantly upregulated in NCI-H23 and A549 cells compared with the control cells. In addition, miR-590-5p inhibited NCI-H23 cell viability and induced apoptosis by downregulating METTL3 expression. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that NUTM2A-AS1 knockdown may inhibit LUAD progression by regulating the miR-590-5p/METTL3 axis. These results may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the tumorigenesis of LUAD and offer a new treatment strategy for the disease.

(In)Distinctive Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Common and Rare Ovarian Cancers

Rare ovarian cancers (ROCs) are OCs with an annual incidence of fewer than 6 cases per 100,000 women. They affect women of all ages, but due to their low incidence and the potential clinical inexperience in management, there can be a delay in diagnosis, leading to a poor prognosis. The underlying causes for these tumors are varied, but generally, the tumors arise due to alterations in gene/protein expression in cellular processes that regulate normal proliferation and its checkpoints. Dysregulation of the cellular processes that lead to cancer includes gene mutations, epimutations, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) regulation, posttranscriptional and posttranslational modifications. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are defined as transcribed RNA molecules, more than 200 nucleotides in length which are not translated into proteins. They regulate gene expression through several mechanisms and therefore add another level of complexity to the regulatory mechanisms affecting tumor development. Since few studies have been performed on ROCs, in this review we summarize the mechanisms of action of lncRNA in OC, with an emphasis on ROCs.

Non-Coding RNAs in Preeclampsia-Molecular Mechanisms and Diagnostic Potential

Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Defects in trophoblast invasion, differentiation of extravillous trophoblasts and spiral artery remodeling are key factors in PE development. Currently there are no predictive biomarkers clinically available for PE. Recent technological advancements empowered transcriptome exploration and led to the discovery of numerous non-coding RNA species of which microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the most investigated. They are implicated in the regulation of numerous cellular functions, and as such are being extensively explored as potential biomarkers for various diseases. Altered expression of numerous lncRNAs and miRNAs in placenta has been related to pathophysiological processes that occur in preeclampsia. In the following text we offer summary of the latest knowledge of the molecular mechanism by which lnRNAs and miRNAs (focusing on the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC)) contribute to pathophysiology of PE development and their potential utility as biomarkers of PE, with special focus on sample selection and techniques for the quantification of lncRNAs and miRNAs in maternal circulation.

lncRNA HIF1A-AS2: A potential oncogene in human cancers (Review)

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts that are >200 nucleotides, but with no open reading frame. An increasing number of lncRNAs have been identified following the development of second-generation sequencing technologies, and they have since become a research hotspot. Functionally, they play a vital role in tumor progression, including in tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and acquisition of drug resistance. They regulate gene expression primarily through interaction with DNA, RNA and proteins at the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Endogenous hypoxia-inducible factor 1α antisense RNA 2 (lncRNA HIF1A-AS2) is aberrantly expressed and involved the development/progression of various types of tumors, such as bladder cancer, glioblastoma, breast cancer and osteosarcoma. It plays a vital role in the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of various tumor cells. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the biological functions and related molecular mechanisms of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 in the development/progression of human tumors and other diseases.

Non-Coding RNA-Based Biosensors for Early Detection of Liver Cancer

Primary liver cancer is an aggressive, lethal malignancy that ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Its 5-year mortality rate is estimated to be more than 95%. This significant low survival rate is due to poor diagnosis, which can be referred to as the lack of sufficient and early-stage detection methods. Many liver cancer-associated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been extensively examined to serve as promising biomarkers for precise diagnostics, prognostics, and the evaluation of the therapeutic progress. For the simple, rapid, and selective ncRNA detection, various nanomaterial-enhanced biosensors have been developed based on electrochemical, optical, and electromechanical detection methods. This review presents ncRNAs as the potential biomarkers for the early-stage diagnosis of liver cancer. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of recent developments in nanobiosensors for liver cancer-related ncRNA detection is provided.

NOTCH signaling: Journey of an evolutionarily conserved pathway in driving tumor progression and its modulation as a therapeutic target

Notch signaling, an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade, is critical for normal biological processes of cell differentiation, development, and homeostasis. Deregulation of the Notch signaling pathway has been associated with tumor progression. Thus, Notch presents as an interesting target for a variety of cancer subtypes and its signaling mechanisms have been actively explored from the therapeutic viewpoint. However, besides acting as an oncogene, Notch pathway can possess also tumor suppressive functions, being implicated in inhibition of cancer development. Given such interesting dual and dynamic role of Notch, in this review, we discuss how the evolutionarily conserved Notch signaling pathway drives hallmarks of tumor progression and how it could be targeted for a promising treatment and management of cancer. In addition, the up-to-date information on the inhibitors currently under clinical trials for Notch targets is presented along with how NOTCH inhibitors can be used in conjunction with established chemotherapy/radiotherapy regimes.

Integrative profiling analysis identifies the oncogenic long noncoding RNA DUXAP8 in oral cancer

A growing number of studies have revealed the critical roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Recently, next-generation sequencing technologies combined with bioinformatic have demonstrated that a great number of dysregulated lncRNAs are associated with diverse cancers. However, lots of lncRNAs' function and their underlying molecular mechanisms in oral carcinoma (OC) cancer remain unclear. In this study, we performed integrative lncRNA profiling analysis using the TCGA RNA sequencing data and gene microarray data from Gene Expression Omnibus to identify more OC associated lncRNAs. A total of 619 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified between the five data sets, and only the double homeobox A pseudogene 8 (DUXAP8) was screened among the up-regulated lncRNAs in all the five groups. Meanwhile, univariate Cox regression analyses disclosed that some lncRNAs are associated with the outcome of OC patients, such as DUXAP8, LINC00152, MIR4435-2HG and LINC00582. Furthermore, we uncovered that silenced DUXAP8 expression exerted suppressive impact on the proliferation of OC cells through interacting with histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and repressing KLF2 expression. In a word, we identified a lot of unreported OC associated lncRNAs, which may provide a useful resource of lncRNAs for other studies.

Association between NEAT1 polymorphism and the risk of lung cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNAs play vital roles in development and progression of lung cancers. Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) polymorphisms were reported to be closely related to lung cancer susceptibility. Recently, numerous studies have been performed to detect the association between NEAT1 polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility. However, their results were inconsistent and controversial. So, we carried out a meta-analysis aiming to define the association exactly.

METHODS

Appropriate studies were retrieved from searching Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar databases, updated January 31, 2021. The pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the strength of the association between NEAT1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. All of the data were analyzed with Stata 16.0.

RESULTS

The results of this meta-analysis will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis will summarize the relationship between NEAT1 polymorphism and lung cancer.

MicroRNAs and Long Noncoding RNAs as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast and Ovarian Cancers

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) such as anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane have shown to prevent metastasis and angiogenesis in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast and ovarian tumors. They function primarily by reducing estrogen production in ER-positive post-menopausal breast and ovarian cancer patients. Unfortunately, current AI-based therapies often have detrimental side-effects, along with acquired resistance, with increased cancer recurrence. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify novel AIs with fewer side effects and improved therapeutic efficacies. In this regard, we and others have recently suggested noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), specifically microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), as potential molecular targets for utilization in modulating cancer hallmarks and overcoming drug resistance in several cancers, including ER-positive breast and ovarian cancer. Herein, we describe the disruptive functions of several miRNAs and lncRNAs seen in dysregulated cancer metabolism, with a focus on the gene encoding for aromatase (CYP19A1 gene) and estrogen synthesis as a novel therapeutic approach for treating ER-positive breast and ovarian cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles of several miRNAs (oncogenic miRNAs: MIR125b, MIR155, MIR221/222, MIR128, MIR2052HG, and MIR224; tumor-suppressive miRNAs: Lethal-7f, MIR27B, MIR378, and MIR98) and an oncogenic lncRNA (MIR2052HG) in aromatase-dependent cancers via transcriptional regulation of the CYP19A1 gene. Additionally, we discuss the potential effects of dysregulated miRNAs and lncRNAs on the regulation of critical oncogenic molecules, such as signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3, β-catenin, and integrins. The overall goal of this review is to stimulate further research in this area and to facilitate the development of ncRNA-based approaches for more efficacious treatments of ER-positive breast and ovarian cancer patients, with a slight emphasis on associated treatment–delivery mechanisms.

RNAs as Regulators of Cellular Matchmaking

RNA molecules are increasingly being identified as facilitating or impeding the interaction of proteins and nucleic acids, serving as so-called scaffolds or decoys. Long non-coding RNAs have been commonly implicated in such roles, particularly in the regulation of nuclear processes including chromosome topology, regulation of chromatin state and gene transcription, and assembly of nuclear biomolecular condensates such as paraspeckles. Recently, an increased awareness of cytoplasmic RNA scaffolds and decoys has begun to emerge, including the identification of non-coding regions of mRNAs that can also function in a scaffold-like manner to regulate interactions of nascently translated proteins. Collectively, cytoplasmic RNA scaffolds and decoys are now implicated in processes such as mRNA translation, decay, protein localization, protein degradation and assembly of cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates such as P-bodies. Here, we review examples of RNA scaffolds and decoys in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, illustrating common themes, the suitability of RNA to such roles, and future challenges in identifying and better understanding RNA scaffolding and decoy functions.

Long non-coding RNA PVT1 regulates the migration of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells via miR-3619-5p/MKL1 axis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common malignant tumor of the digestive system. Plasma cell tumor heterotopic gene 1 (PVT1) is an intergenic long non-coding RNA that is aberrantly expressed in different cancers. Myocardin-related transcription factor A or megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) is a transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor that has been shown to promote cancer cell migration and invasion. In this study, we investigated the relationship between PVT1 and MKL1 as a novel regulatory mechanism underlying HCC progression. We used HepG2 and Cos-7 cell lines. Transfection experiments with miR-3619-5p mimics/inhibitor, PVT1, siRNA-PVT1, MKL1, or siRNA-MKL1 were performed. RNA and protein levels were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell migration was assessed by transwell assay. Luciferase assays, RNA-FISH, RNA immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to confirm the interaction between PVT1, miR-3619-5p, and MKL1 in HCC cells. Overexpression of PVT1 was positively correlated with MKL1 upregulation, which promoted HepG2 cell migration. miR-3619-5p inhibited MKL1 expression in HCC cells by acting on its 3′-UTR. Furthermore, PVT1 promoted MKL1 expression and migration in HCC cells by directly binding to miR-3619-5p. In a positive feedback loop, MKL1 could activate PVT1 transcription by binding to the CArG box in the promoter region. Our findings may provide a basis for the development of novel targeted therapies in HCC.

SNHG12 promotes carcinogenesis of human renal cell cancer via functioning as a competing endogenous RNA and sponging miR-30a-3p

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) has been indicated in the tumorigenesis of various human cancers, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the underlying mechanisms of SNHG12 driving progression of ccRCC remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we discovered that SNHG12 is up-regulated in ccRCC and that overexpression of SNHG12 predicted poor clinical outcome of ccRCC patients. SNHG12 knockdown notably inhibited proliferation and migration of RCC cells. Furthermore, we discovered that miR-30a-3p, a putative ccRCC inhibitor, was competitively sponged by SNHG12. Via the crosstalk network, SNHG12 was capable of up-regulating multiple target genes of miR-30a-3p, namely, RUNX2, WNT2 and IGF-1R, which have been identified to facilitate tumorigenesis of ccRCC. Taken together, our present study suggested a novel ceRNA network, in which SNHG12 could promote the malignancy of ccRCC although competitively binding with miR-30a-3p and consequently release the expression of its downstream cancer-related genes.

A novel biosensor for the ultrasensitive detection of the lncRNA biomarker MALAT1 in non-small cell lung cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed as diagnostic biomarkers for the screening of non-small cell lung cancer and monitoring disease progression. Accordingly, new, rapid, and cost-effective lncRNA biosensors that can be used clinically are urgently needed. Herein, a novel effective and ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor was developed based on a gold nanocage coupled with an amidated multi-walled carbon nanotube (Au NCs/MWCNT-NH₂)-decorated screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Because of its large surface area, superior conductivity, and excellent biocompatibility, this SPCE Au NCs/MWCNT-NH₂ lncRNA biosensor showed a wide linear range (10^–7–10^–14 M) and low limit of detection limit (42.8 fM) coupled with satisfactory selectivity and stability. Compared to traditional RT-PCR, the proposed method exhibits acceptable stability, good selectivity, is simpler to operate, has faster detection, and uses less costly raw materials. In summary, this biosensor may be a powerful tool for detecting lncRNAs for efficient clinical prognosis and cancer diagnosis.

LncRNA ZFAS1 inhibits triple-negative breast cancer by targeting STAT3

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer with fewer treatment options than other types of invasive breast cancer due to the loss of the estrogen, progesterone receptors and low levels of the HER2 protein, resulting in a poor prognosis for these patients. Here, we found that the expression of the lncRNA, ZFAS1, was significantly downregulated (∼3.0-fold) in blood samples of TNBC patients (n=40) compared to matched healthy controls (n=40). Functionally, silencing of ZFAS1 promoted cell proliferation and colonization of human MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells by inhibiting the expression levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 (CDKN1A) and p27 (CDKN1B) compared to the scrambled siRNA control cells. Further, we found that downregulation of ZFAS1 led to decreased protein levels of the epithelial markers, E-cadherin, Claudin-1, and Zo-1, with increased protein levels of the mesenchymal markers, Slug and ZEB1. In addition, by utilizing the bioinformatic tools such as RAID v2.0 (RNA Interactome Database Version 2.0), AnnoLnc (Annotate human lncRNA database), and GEPIA (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis), we identified a strong negative correlation between ZFAS1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene expression (R = -0.11, p-value = 0.0002). Further, we observed that decreased ZFAS1 expression significantly (p < 0.05) increased STAT3 and phosphorylated STAT3 (at Ser727 residue) protein levels in TNBC cells. The composite data indicate that ZFAS1 may function as a tumor-suppressor lncRNA with potential as a diagnostic/prognostic marker and may offer a new target for the treatment of TNBC patients.

Pathogenetic Role and Clinical Implications of Regulatory RNAs in Biliary Tract Cancer

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is characterised by poor prognosis and low overall survival in patients. This is generally due to minimal understanding of its pathogenesis, late diagnosis and limited therapeutics in preventing or treating BTC patients. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) are small RNAs (mRNA) that are not translated to proteins. ncRNAs were considered to be of no importance in the genome, but recent studies have shown they play essential roles in biology and oncology such as transcriptional repression and degradation, thus regulating mRNA transcriptomes. This has led to investigations into the role of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of BTC, and their clinical implications. In this review, the mechanisms of action of ncRNA are discussed and the role of microRNAs in BTC is summarised. The scope of this review will be limited to miRNA as they have been shown to play the most significant roles in BTC progression. There is huge potential in miRNA-based biomarkers and therapeutics in BTC, but more studies, research and technological advancements are required before it can be translated into clinical practice for patients.

Characterization and validation of long noncoding RNAs as new candidates in prostate cancer

Background

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proved to be an important regulator in gene expression. In almost all kinds of cancers, lncRNAs participated in the process of pathogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Meanwhile, compared with the large amounts of patients, there is rare knowledge about the role of lncRNAs in prostate cancer (PCa).

Material/Method

In this study, lncRNA expression profiles of prostate cancer were detected by Agilent microarray chip, 5 pairs of case and control specimens were involved in. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were screened out by volcano plot for constructing lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA central network. Then, the top ten up-regulated and down-regulated lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR in another 5 tumor specimens and 7 para-cancerous/benign contrasts. Furthermore, we searched for the survival curve of the top 10 upregulated and downregulated lncRNAs.

Results

A total of 817 differentially expressed lncRNAs were filtered out by the criteria of fold change (FC) and t-test p < 0.05. Among them, 422 were upregulated, whereas 395 were downregulated in PCa tissues. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses showed that many lncRNAs were implicated in carcinogenesis. lnc-MYL2-4:1 (FC = 0.00141, p = 0.01909) and NR_125857 (FC = 59.27658, p = 0.00128) had the highest magnitude of change. The subsequent qPCR confirmed the expression of NR_125857 was in accordance with the clinical samples. High expression of PCA3, PCAT14 and AP001610.9 led to high hazard ratio while low expression of RP11-279F6.2 led to high hazard ratio.

Conclusions

Our study detected a relatively novel complicated map of lncRNAs in PCa, which may have the potential to investigate for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up in PCa. Our study revealed the expression of NR_125857 in human PCa tissues was most up-regulated. Further studies are needed to investigate to figure out the mechanisms in PCa.

Path of Silibinin from diet to medicine: A dietary polyphenolic flavonoid having potential anti-cancer therapeutic significance

In the last few decades, targeting cancer by the use of dietary phytochemicals has gained enormous attention. The plausible reason and believe or mind set behind this fact is attributed to either lesser or no side effects of natural compounds as compared to the modern chemotherapeutics, or due to their conventional use as dietary components by mankind for thousands of years. Silibinin is a naturally derived polyphenol (a flavonolignans), possess following biochemical features; molecular formula C₂₅H₂₂O₁₀, Molar mass: 482.44 g/mol, Boiling point 793 °C, with strikingly high antioxidant and anti-tumorigenic properties. The anti-cancer properties of Silibinin are determined by a variety of cellular pathways which include induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. In addition, Silibinin controls modulation of the expression of aberrant miRNAs, inflammatory response, and synergism with existing anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, modulation of a vast array of cellular responses and homeostatic aspects makes Silibinin an attractive chemotherapeutic agent. However, like other polyphenols, the major hurdle to declare Silibinin a translational chemotherapeutic agent, is its lesser bioavailability. After summarizing the chemistry and metabolic aspects of Silibinin, this extensive review focuses on functional aspects governed by Silibinin in chemoprevention with an ultimate goal of summarizing the evidence supporting the chemopreventive potential of Silibinin and clinical trials that are currently ongoing, at a single platform.

Cancer Susceptibility Candidate 9 (CASC9): A Novel Targetable Long Noncoding RNA in Cancer Treatment

Based on epidemiological data provided by the World Health Organization (2018), cancer is the second most prevalent cause of death worldwide. Several factors are thought to contribute to the high mortality rate in cancer patients, including less-than-optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify accurate biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic, and potential therapeutic applications. In this regard, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) hold immense potential due to their regulatory roles in cancer development and associated cancer hallmarks. Recently, CASC9 transcripts have attracted significant attention due to their altered expression during the pathogenesis of cancer and their apparent contributions to various cancer-associated phenotypes involving a broad spectrum of molecular mechanisms. Here, we have provided an in-depth review describing the known functions of the lncRNA CASC9 in cancer development and progression.

Emerging neo adjuvants for harnessing therapeutic potential of M1 tumor associated macrophages (TAM) against solid tumors: Enusage of plasticity

Macrophages are a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of most tumors. They are characterized by a high degree of functional plasticity which enable these cells to both promote and eliminate established tumors. Under the influence of immunosuppressive TME, tumor infiltrating iNOS+ and CD11b+ M-1 effector macrophages get polarized towards tumor associated macrophages (TAM) which are tropic to variety of tumors. Increased infiltration and density of TAM is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in the plethora of tumors due to their angiogenetic and tissue re-modelling nature. Importantly, TAMs are also responsible for developing endothelium anergy, a major physical barrier for majority of cancer directed immune/chemotherapies. Therefore, functional retuning/re-educating TAM to M-1 phenotypic macrophages is paramount for effective immunotherapy against established tumors. In this review, we discuss and provide comprehensive update on TAM-targeted approaches for enhancing immunity against various solid tumors.

Long non-coding RNA TINCR as potential biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer

Despite the recent scientific advances made in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, cancer still remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, there is a need to identify new potential biomarkers/molecular targets to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. In this regard, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of non-coding RNA molecule, have been found to play important roles in diverse biological processes, including tumorigenesis, and may provide new biomarkers and/or molecular targets for the improved detection of treatment of cancer. For example, one lncRNA, tissue differentiation-inducing non-protein coding RNA (TINCR) has been found to be significantly dysregulated in many cancers, and has an impact on tumor development and progression through targeting pivotal molecules in cancer-associated signaling pathways. Hence, based on recent discoveries, herein, we discuss the regulatory functions and the underlying mechanisms of how TINCR regulates signaling pathways attributed to cancer hallmarks associated with the pathogenesis of various human cancers. We also highlight studies assessing its potential clinical utility as a biomarker/target for early detection, cancer risk stratification, and personalized cancer therapies.

A novel molecular-clinicopathologic nomogram to improve prognosis prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Emerging evidence suggests that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a crucial part in the development and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective was to develop novel molecular-clinicopathological prediction methods for overall survival (OS) and recurrence of HCC.

RESULTS

An 8-lncRNA-based classifier for OS and a 14-lncRNA-based classifier for recurrence were developed by LASSO COX regression analysis, both of which had high accuracy. The tdROC of OS-nomogram and recurrence-nomogram indicates the satisfactory accuracy and predictive power. The classifiers and nomograms for predicting OS and recurrence of HCC were validated in the Test and GEO cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS

These two lncRNA-based classifiers could be independent prognostic factors for OS and recurrence. The molecule-clinicopathological nomograms based on the classifiers could increase the prognostic value.

METHODS

HCC lncRNA expression profiles from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) were randomly divided into 1:1 training and test cohorts. Based on least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method (LASSO) COX regression model, lncRNA-based classifiers were established to predict OS and recurrence, respectively. OS-nomogram and recurrence-nomogram were developed by combining lncRNA-based classifiers and clinicopathological characterization to predict OS and recurrence, respectively. The prognostic value was accessed by the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (tdROC) and the concordance index (C-index).

Long Non-Coding RNAs in Biliary Tract Cancer-An Up-to-Date Review

The term long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) describes non protein-coding transcripts with a length greater than 200 base pairs. The ongoing discovery, characterization and functional categorization of lncRNAs has led to a better understanding of the involvement of lncRNAs in diverse biological and pathological processes including cancer. Aberrant expression of specific lncRNA species was demonstrated in various cancer types and associated with unfavorable clinical characteristics. Recent studies suggest that lncRNAs are also involved in the development and progression of biliary tract cancer, a rare disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the manifold roles of lncRNAs in biliary tract cancer and give an overview of the clinical and molecular consequences of aberrant lncRNA expression as well as of underlying regulatory functions of selected lncRNA species in the context of biliary tract cancer.

Circulating microRNA-590-5p functions as a liquid biopsy marker in non-small cell lung cancer

Despite the availability of various diagnostic procedures, a tissue biopsy is still indispensable for the routine diagnosis of lung cancer. However, inaccurate diagnoses can occur, leading to inefficient cancer management. In this context, use of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as diagnostic tools as liquid biopsies, and as biomarkers to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of cancer. We identified miR‐590‐5p as a potential prognostic marker in the progression of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We were able to detect this miRNA in blood plasma samples of NSCLC patients through quantitative real‐time PCR. Our data showed an ~7.5‐fold downregulation of miR‐590‐5p in NSCLC patients compared to healthy controls, which correlated with several clinicopathological features. Further, overexpression of miR‐590‐5p led to decreased cell viability, proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion potential of lung cancer cells, whereas its knockdown showed the opposite effect. In addition, the levels of several proteins involved in the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition negatively correlated with miR‐590‐5p levels in lung adenocarcinoma cells and tumors of NSCLC patients. Further, dual‐luciferase reporter assays identified STAT3 as a direct target of miR‐590‐5p, which negatively regulated STAT3 activation and its downstream signaling molecules (eg, Cyclin D1, c‐Myc, Vimentin, and β‐catenin) involved in tumorigenesis. Taken together, our study suggests that miR‐590‐5p functions as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC through regulating the STAT3 pathway, and may serve as a useful biomarker for the diagnosis/prognosis of NSCLC, and as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC.

LncRNA SNHG16 promotes non-small cell lung cancer development through regulating EphA2 expression by sponging miR-520a-3p

BACKGROUND

Recent evidence has found that lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) was associated with cell carcinogenesis in NSCLC. Here, we further investigated the precise functions and mechanisms of SNHG16 in NSCLC progression.

METHODS

The expression of SNHG16, microRNA (miR)-520a-3p and EPH Receptor A2 (EphA2) was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined using 3-(4, 5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3, 5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay. The migrated and invaded cells were measured by Transwell assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptotic cells. The interaction between miR-520a-3p and SNHG16 or EphA2 was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

We found that SNHG16 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, knockdown of SNHG16 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro as well as suppressed tumor growth in vivo. MiR-520a-3p directly bound to SNHG16 and miR-520a-3p, and SNHG16 acted as a ceRNA in regulating EphA2 through competitively binding to miR-520a-3p. Additionally, rescue assay exhibited the anticancer activity mediated by SNHG16 knockdown on NSCLC could be reversed by miR-520a-3p inhibition or EphA2 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

SNHG16 promoted NSCLC development by regulating the miR-520a-3p/EphA2 axis, suggesting novel insights for the pathogenesis of NSCLC and new potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of NSCLC.

KEY POINTS

Knockdown of SNHG16 inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro as well as suppressed tumor growth in vivo. SNHG16 directly interacted with miR-520a-3p. EphA2 was a target of miR-520a-3p. SNHG16 could regulate the expression of EphA2 by binding to miR-520a-3p. SNHG16 promoted NSCLC development by regulating the miR-520a-3p/EphA2 axis.

SNHG12: An LncRNA as a Potential Therapeutic Target and Biomarker for Human Cancer

Limitations in current diagnostic procedures warrant identification of new methodologies to improve diagnoses of cancer patients. In this context, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as stable biomarkers which are expressed abundantly in tumors. Importantly, these can be detected at all stages of tumor development, and thus may provide potential biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. Recently, we suggested that aberrant levels of lncRNAs can be used to determine the invasive and metastatic potential of tumor cells. Further, direct correlations of lncRNAs with cancer-derived inflammation, metastasis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and other hallmarks of cancer indicate their potential as biomarkers and targets for cancer. Thus, in this review we have discussed the importance of small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12), a lncRNA, as a potential biomarker for a variety of cancers. A meta-analysis of a large cohort of cancer patients revealed that SNHG12 may also serve as a potential target for cancer-directed interventions due to its involvement in unfolded protein responses, which many tumor cells exploit to both evade immune-mediated attack and enhance the polarization of effector immune cells (e.g., macrophages and T cells). Thus, we propose that SNHG12 may serve as both a biomarker and a druggable therapeutic target with promising clinical potential.

Long non-coding RNA TUG1 enhances chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by impairing microRNA-221-dependent PTEN inhibition

Long non-coding RNA taurine up-regulated gene 1 (TUG1) emerges as new players in gene regulation in several cancers; however, its mechanism of action in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been well-studied. Herein, we determined expression pattern of TUG1 in NSCLC and further identified its effect on the chemosensitivity of NSCLC. Low expression of TUG1 was found in NSCLC tissues obtained from non-responders to platinum-based chemotherapy and reflected poor overall survival. TUG1 overexpression was shown to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, invasion, but facilitate apoptosis and autophagy in NSCLC cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP). Smaller size of tumor xenografts of DDP resistant NSCLC cells in the presence of TUG1 demonstrated enhancement of chemosensitivity by TUG1 in vivo. High expression of miR-221 and low expression of PTEN were determined in cancer tissues obtained from non-responders to platinum-based chemotherapy and reflected poor overall survival. TUG1 inhibited miR-221 that targeted PTEN, as evidenced by an elevated expression of PTEN in the presence of miR-221 or the absence of TUG1. Our present study reveals a model of enhancement of chemosensitivity that consists of TUG1, miR-221 and PTEN. Modulation of their levels may offer a new approach for improving anti-tumor efficacy for chemotherapeutic agents in NSCLC.

Molecular mechanisms of circular RNAs, transforming growth factor-β, and long noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma

At the heart of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lies disruption of signaling pathways at the level of molecules, genes, and cells. Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been implicated in the disease progression of HCC. For instance, dysregulated expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) has been observed in patients with HCC. As such, these RNAs are potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for HCC. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of ncRNA, have also been recognized to participate in the initiation and progression of HCC. Transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) is another element which is now recognized to play crucial roles in HCC. It has been implicated in many biological processes such as survival, immune surveillance, and cell proliferation. In HCC, TGF‐β promotes disease progression by two mechanisms: an intrinsic signaling pathway and the extrinsic pathway. Through these pathways, it modulates various microenvironment factors such as inflammatory mediators and fibroblasts. An interesting yet‐to‐be resolved concept is whether the HCC‐promoting role of TGF‐β pathways is limited to a subset of HCC patients or it is involved in the whole process of HCC development. This review summarizes recent advancements to highlight the roles of circRNAs, lncRNAs, and TGF‐β in HCC.

The Role of Non-Coding RNAs Involved in Nickel-Induced Lung Carcinogenic Mechanisms

Nickel is a naturally occurring element found in the Earth’s crust and an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)-classified human carcinogen. While low levels found in the natural environment pose a minor concern, the extensive use of nickel in industrial settings such as in the production of stainless steel and various alloys complicate human exposure and health effects. Notably, interactions with nickel macromolecules, primarily through inhalation, have been demonstrated to promote lung cancer. Mechanisms of nickel-carcinogenesis range from oxidative stress, DNA damage, and hypoxia-inducible pathways to epigenetic mechanisms. Recently, non-coding RNAs have drawn increased attention in cancer mechanistic studies. Specifically, nickel has been found to disrupt expression and functions of micro-RNAs and long-non-coding RNAs, resulting in subsequent changes in target gene expression levels, some of which include key cancer genes such as p53, MDM2, c-myc, and AP-1. Non-coding RNAs are also involved in well-studied mechanisms of nickel-induced lung carcinogenesis, such as the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair, DNA hypermethylation, and alterations in tumor suppressors and oncogenes. This review provides a summary of the currently known epigenetic mechanisms involved in nickel-induced lung carcinogenesis, with a particular focus on non-coding RNAs.

LncRNA-UCA1 modulates progression of colon cancer through regulating the miR-28-5p/HOXB3 axis

Emerging evidence has shown that the long noncoding RNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) plays a tumor-promoting role in colorectal cancer, while miR-28-5p shows tumor-inhibitory activity in several tumor types. However, the mechanisms both of these in colon cancer progression are still unknown. In this work, the detailed roles and mechanisms of UCA1 and its target genes in colon cancer were studied. The results showed that UCA1 was upregulated in colon cancer tissues when compared with the adjacent nonhumorous tissues, as well as in the various colon cancer cell lines, but the expression of miR-28-5p showed an opposite trend. Furthermore, a high UCA1 level in colon cancer tissues is positively associated with the tumor size and advanced tumor stages. Functional assays revealed that both UCA1 knockdown and miR-28-5p overexpression could inhibit colon cancer cell growth and migration. Further mechanistic studies indicated that UCA1 knockdown played tumor suppressive roles in SW480 and HT116 cells through binding with miR-28-5p. We also, for the first time, identified HOXB3 as the target gene of miR-28-5p and that HOXB3 overexpression could mediate the functions of UCA1 in cell proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells. In conclusion, our data provided evidence for the regulatory network of UCA1/miR-28-5p/HOXB3 in colon cancer, suggesting that UCA1, miR-28-5p, and HOXB3 are the potential targets for colon cancer therapy.