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Taank Y, Randhawa V, Agnihotri N. Ergosterol and its metabolites as agonists of Liver X receptor and their anticancer potential in colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106572. [PMID: 38908720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant cholesterol homeostasis is a well-recognized hallmark of cancer and is implicated in metastasis as well as chemotherapeutic resistance, the two major causes of cancer associated mortality. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are the key transcription factors that induce cholesterol efflux via enhancing the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of several novel sterols namely ergosta-7,22,24(28)-trien-3β-ol (Erg1), ergosta-5,22,25-trien-3-ol (Erg2), ergosta-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraen-3β-ol (Erg3), and ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol (Erg4) as LXR agonists has been performed. Molecular docking studies have shown that these sterols possess higher binding affinities for LXRs as compared to the reference ligands (GW3965 and TO901317) and also formed critical activating interactions. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations further confirmed that docking complexes made of these sterols possess significant stability. To assess the extent of LXR activation, ABCA1 promoter was cloned into luciferase reporter plasmid and transfected into HCT116 cells. It was observed that treatment with Erg, Erg2 and Erg4 led to a significant LXR activation with an EC50 of 5.64 µM, 4.83 and 3.03 µM respectively. Furthermore, a significant increase in mRNA expression of NR1H2 and LXR target genes i.e. ABCA1, ABCG1 and ApoE was observed upon Erg treatment. Flow cytometric analysis have revealed a significant increase in the accumulation of ABCA1 upon Erg treatment. Cytotoxicity studies conducted on colorectal cancer cell and normal epithelial cell line showed that these sterols are selectively toxic towards cancer cells. Taken together, our findings suggests that ergosterol activates LXRs, have significant anticancer activity and could be a likely candidate to manage aberrant cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogain Taank
- Department of Biochemistry (Sector 25), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vinay Randhawa
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Navneet Agnihotri
- Department of Biochemistry (Sector 25), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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2
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Hara MA, Ramadan M, Abdelhameid MK, Taher ES, Mohamed KO. Pyroptosis and chemical classification of pyroptotic agents. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10987-6. [PMID: 39316325 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Pyroptosis, as a lytic-inflammatory type of programmed cell death, has garnered considerable attention due to its role in cancer chemotherapy and many inflammatory diseases. This review will discuss the biochemical classification of pyroptotic inducers according to their chemical structure, pyroptotic mechanism, and cancer type of these targets. A structure-activity relationship study on pyroptotic inducers is revealed based on the surveyed pyroptotic inducer chemotherapeutics. The shared features in the chemical structures of current pyroptotic inducer agents were displayed, including an essential cyclic head, a vital linker, and a hydrophilic tail that is significant for π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. The presented structural features will open the way to design new hybridized classes or scaffolds as potent pyroptotic inducers in the future, which may represent a solution to the apoptotic-resistance dilemma along with synergistic chemotherapeutic advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Hara
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University (Assiut), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ramadan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University (Assiut), Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed K Abdelhameid
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab S Taher
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University (Assiut), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Khaled O Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University (Arish Branch), ElArich, Egypt
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3
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Ning J, Lu X, Dong J, Xue C, Ou C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Gao F. Advanced Strategies for Strengthening the Immune Activation Effect of Traditional Antitumor Therapies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4701-4715. [PMID: 38959418 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of traditional therapies (TTS), such as chemotherapy, reactive oxygen species-based therapy, and thermotherapy, to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells has emerged as a promising strategy for the activation of the antitumor immune response. However, the limited effectiveness of most TTS in inducing the ICD effect of tumors hinders their applications in combination with immunotherapy. To address this challenge, various intelligent strategies have been proposed to strengthen the immune activation effect of these TTS, and then achieve synergistic antitumor efficacy with immunotherapy. These strategies primarily focus on augmenting the tumor ICD effect or facilitating the antigen (released by the ICD tumor cells) presentation process during TTS, and they are systematically summarized in this review. Finally, the existing bottlenecks and prospects of TTS in the application of tumor immune regulation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ning
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Jianhui Dong
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Chun Xue
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Changjin Ou
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Xianzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fan Gao
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
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4
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Pan H, Liu P, Zhao L, Pan Y, Mao M, Kroemer G, Kepp O. Immunogenic cell stress and death in the treatment of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:11-21. [PMID: 37977108 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The successful treatment of oncological malignancies which results in long-term disease control or the complete eradication of cancerous cells necessitates the onset of adaptive immune responses targeting tumor-specific antigens. Such desirable anticancer immunity can be triggered via the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells, thus converting malignant cells into an in situ vaccine that elicits T cell mediated adaptive immune responses and establishes durable immunological memory. The exploration of ICD for cancer treatment has been subject to extensive research. However, functional heterogeneity among ICD activating therapies in many cases requires specific co-medications to achieve full-blown efficacy. Here, we described the hallmarks of ICD and classify ICD activators into three distinct functional categories namely, according to their mode of action: (i) ICD inducers, which increase the immunogenicity of malignant cells, (ii) ICD sensitizers, which prime cellular circuitries for ICD induction by conventional cytotoxic agents, and (iii) ICD enhancers, which improve the perception of ICD signals by antigen presenting dendritic cells. Altogether, ICD induction, sensitization and enhancement offer the possibility to convert well-established conventional anticancer therapies into immunotherapeutic approaches that activate T cell-mediated anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Peng Liu
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Liwei Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Yuhong Pan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Misha Mao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France; Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France.
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Wang A, Wang Y, Du C, Yang H, Wang Z, Jin C, Hamblin MR. Pyroptosis and the tumor immune microenvironment: A new battlefield in ovarian cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189058. [PMID: 38113952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a less common tumor in women compared to cervical or breast cancer, however it is more malignant and has worse outcomes. Ovarian cancer patients still have a five-year survival rate < 50% despite advances in therapy. Due to recent developments in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer immunotherapy has attracted increased interest. Pyroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of cell death, which is essential for bridging innate and adaptive immunity, and is involved in immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent research has shown that pyroptosis can promote immunotherapy of ovarian cancer, including treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T) or ICIs. Moreover, inflammasomes, various signaling pathways and lncRNAs can all affect pyroptosis in ovarian cancer. Here we discuss how pyroptosis affects the development and progression of ovarian cancer as well as the TME. We also provide a summary of small molecule drugs that could target pyroptotic cell death processes and may be useful in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, PR China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, PR China
| | - Chenxiang Du
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, PR China
| | - Huilun Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, PR China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, PR China
| | - Canhui Jin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, PR China.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
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Manickasamy MK, Jayaprakash S, Girisa S, Kumar A, Lam HY, Okina E, Eng H, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Delineating the role of nuclear receptors in colorectal cancer, a focused review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38372868 PMCID: PMC10876515 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent form of cancer globally, causing a significant number of deaths, surpassing 0.9 million in the year 2020. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, CRC ranks third in incidence and second in mortality in both males and females. Despite extensive studies over the years, there is still a need to establish novel therapeutic targets to enhance the patients' survival rate in CRC. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) that regulate numerous essential biological processes such as differentiation, development, physiology, reproduction, and cellular metabolism. Dysregulation and anomalous expression of different NRs has led to multiple alterations, such as impaired signaling cascades, mutations, and epigenetic changes, leading to various diseases, including cancer. It has been observed that differential expression of various NRs might lead to the initiation and progression of CRC, and are correlated with poor survival outcomes in CRC patients. Despite numerous studies on the mechanism and role of NRs in this cancer, it remains of significant scientific interest primarily due to the diverse functions that various NRs exhibit in regulating key hallmarks of this cancer. Thus, modulating the expression of NRs with their agonists and antagonists, based on their expression levels, holds an immense prospect in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutical modalities of CRC. In this review, we primarily focus on the role and mechanism of NRs in the pathogenesis of CRC and emphasized the significance of targeting these NRs using a variety of agents, which may represent a novel and effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Manickasamy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sujitha Jayaprakash
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Hiu Yan Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Huiyan Eng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore.
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Ju X, Zhang H, Wang J, Sun Z, Guo L, Wang Q. Shikonin triggers GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in tumours by regulating autophagy via the ROS-MAPK14/p38α axis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154596. [PMID: 36610142 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shikonin (SK), a botanical drug extracted from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been shown to inhibit tumour growth through apoptosis and necrosis. However, whether SK induces pyroptosis in cancer cells is still unknown. PURPOSE This study aims to investigated the mechanisms of SK-induced pyroptosis in tumour cells and mice. METHODS In vivo and in vitro methods were used in this study. Cell deaths were analysed by LDH and CCK-8 assay and western blotting. To investigated the signalling pathway of SK-induced pyroptosis, various genes expressions were supressed by shRNA or inhibitors. High-sensitivity mass spectrometry assay was used to identified potential factors that regulate GSDME-mediated pyroptosis. Finally, a mouse model was used to investigate the effect of SK administration on tumour growth in vivo. RESULTS The activation of BAX/caspase-3 signalling was essential for GSDME-mediated pyroptosis by SK. Mechanistically, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by SK treatment initiated GSDME-dependant pyroptosis. SK stimulation induced protective autophagy in a ROS-dependant manner, and repressed autophagy significantly enhanced SK-induced pyroptosis. Moreover, MAPK14/p38α, a ROS sensor, modulated SK-induced autophagy and ultimately affected GSDME-dependant pyroptosis. CONCLUSION Here, for the first time we demonstrated that SK treatment induced GSDME-dependant pyroptosis in tumour cells. Our results demonstrated that SK initiates ROS signalling to drive pyroptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhonghe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lanfang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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Yadollahvandmiandoab R, Jalalizadeh M, Buosi K, Garcia-Perdomo HA, Reis LO. Immunogenic Cell Death Role in Urothelial Cancer Therapy. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:6700-6713. [PMID: 36135095 PMCID: PMC9498148 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29090526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Bladder cancer is the 13th most common cause of cancer death with the highest lifetime cost for treatment of all cancers. This scoping review clarifies the available evidence on the role of a novel therapeutic approach called immunogenic cell death (ICD) in urothelial cancer of the bladder. Methods: In accordance with the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute, we searched MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, CENTRAL databases, and supplemented with manual searches through the conferences, Google scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov for published studies up to April 2022. We included literature that studied molecular mechanisms of ICD and the role of certain danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in generating ICD, safety and efficacy of different ICD inducers, and their contributions in combination with other urothelial cancer treatments. Results: Oncolytic viruses, radiotherapy, certain chemo/chemo radiation therapy combinations, photodynamic therapy, and novel agents were studied as ICD-inducing treatment modalities in the included studies. ICD was observed in vitro (murine or human urothelial carcinoma) in ten studies, eight studies were performed on mouse models (orthotopic or subcutaneous), and five clinical trials assessed patient response to ICD inducing agents. The most common studied DAMPs were Calreticulin, HMGB1, ATP, and Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) 70 and 90, which were either expressed on the cancer cells or released. Conclusion: ICD inducers were able to generate lasting antitumor immune responses with memory formation in animal studies (vaccination effect). In clinical trials these agents generally had low side effects, except for one trial, and could be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatment strategies in urothelial cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Yadollahvandmiandoab
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Mehrsa Jalalizadeh
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Keini Buosi
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Herney Andrés Garcia-Perdomo
- Division of Urology/Urooncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali 72824, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Reis
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Sao Paulo 13087-571, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-019-35217481
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Du T, Gao J, Li P, Wang Y, Qi Q, Liu X, Li J, Wang C, Du L. Pyroptosis, metabolism, and tumor immune microenvironment. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e492. [PMID: 34459122 PMCID: PMC8329701 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to a wide range of stimulations, host cells activate pyroptosis, a kind of inflammatory cell death which is provoked by the cytosolic sensing of danger signals and pathogen infection. In manipulating the cleavage of gasdermins (GSDMs), researchers have found that GSDM proteins serve as the real executors and the deterministic players in fate decisions of pyroptotic cells. Whether inflammatory characteristics induced by pyroptosis could cause damage the host or improve immune activity is largely dependent on the context, timing, and response degree. Here, we systematically review current points involved in regulatory mechanisms and the multidimensional roles of pyroptosis in several metabolic diseases and the tumor microenvironment. Targeting pyroptosis may reveal potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Du
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Peilong Li
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Qiuchen Qi
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker DetectionJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical LaboratoryJinanShandongChina
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker DetectionJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical LaboratoryJinanShandongChina
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10
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Wang Q, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang H. Molecular mechanism of liver X receptors in cancer therapeutics. Life Sci 2021; 273:119287. [PMID: 33667512 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are receptors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily (NRs). It was originally called the "orphan receptor" when it was firstly discovered. Then it was found to be activated by oxysterol and it was officially named LXRs. LXRs are activated by ligands and bind to the retinol X receptor to form a heterodimer and regulate metabolism. Numerous studies have shown that LXRs are involved in regulating immune function and maintaining immune tolerance. Activating LXRs can also inhibit the tumorigenesis and promote apoptosis of tumor cells, which make LXRs as potential targets in cancer treatment. This review will discuss the recent progress of LXRs from the structure and function of LXRs, the signaling pathway of LXRs, the molecular mechanism of LXRs activation in cancers, and the potential targets of LXRs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Ju X, Yang Z, Zhang H, Wang Q. Role of pyroptosis in cancer cells and clinical applications. Biochimie 2021; 185:78-86. [PMID: 33746064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs usually inhibit tumor cell growth through the apoptosis pathway. However, tumor cells become resistant to chemotherapy drugs by evading apoptosis. It is necessary to find new ways to inhibit tumor growth through other types of death. Pyroptosis is a recently identified inflammatory cell death that plays an important role in a variety of diseases, including cancer. In this review, we will systematically review recent progress in the pyroptosis signaling pathway, the role of inflammasomes in cancer in the context of pyroptosis, the role of gasdermin proteins in cancer and the role of pyroptosis in tumor immunity. We will also discuss the application of the pyroptosis pathway in clinical studies. Finally, we hope to provide new strategies for pyroptosis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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12
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Wang Q, Wang J, Ren M, Ma S, Liu X, Chen K, Xia H. Peptidoglycan recognition protein-S1 acts as a receptor to activate AMP expression through the IMD pathway in the silkworm Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103903. [PMID: 33098855 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are the most important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in insects. PGRPs can recognize pathogenic microorganism peptidoglycans (PGs) and play an important role in innate immunity. Twelve PGRPs have been identified in silkworms. However, the specific roles played by these PGPRs in the silkworm innate immune system have not been elucidated to date. In this study, we systematically investigated the biological functions of BmPGRP-S1 in silkworms. We observed that BmPGRP-S1 was highly expressed in silkworm immune-related organs and was upregulated in response to bacterial challenges. Furthermore, we determined that BmPGRP-S1 can bind to bacteria or PGs and activate antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression. Inhibition of the expression of BmPGRP-S1 by siRNA reduced AMP gene expression in silkworms. Further experiments demonstrated that BmPGRP-S1 is involved in IMD pathway activation to induce AMP expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BmPGRP-S1 serves as a receptor to activate AMP gene expression through the IMD pathway to address bacterial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meijia Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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13
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Piccinin E, Cariello M, Moschetta A. Lipid metabolism in colon cancer: Role of Liver X Receptor (LXR) and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1). Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100933. [PMID: 33218679 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly occurring cancers worldwide. Although several genetic alterations have been associated with CRC onset and progression, nowadays the reprogramming of cellular metabolism has been recognized as a fundamental step of the carcinogenic process. Intestinal tumor cells frequently display an aberrant activation of lipid metabolism. Indeed, to satisfy the growing needs of a continuous proliferation, cancer cells can either increase the uptake of exogenous lipids or upregulate the endogenous lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis. Therefore, strategies aimed at limiting lipid accumulation are now under development in order to counteract malignancies. Two major players of lipids metabolism have been so far identified for their contribution to CRC development: the nuclear receptor Liver X Receptor (LXRs) and the enzyme Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1). Whereas LXR is mainly recognized for its role as a cholesterol sensor, finally promoting the loss of cellular cholesterol and whole-body homeostasis, SCD1 acts as the major regulator of new fatty acids, finely tuning the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio. Intriguingly, SCD1 is directly regulated by LXRs. Despite LXRs agonists have elicited great interest as a promising therapeutic target for cancer, LXR's ability to induce SCD1 and new fatty acids synthesis represent a major obstacle in the development of new effective treatments. Thus, further investigations are required to fully dissect the concomitant modulation of both players, to develop specific therapies aimed at blocking intestinal cancer cells proliferation, eventually counteracting CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piccinin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy; National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
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14
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Silencing KIF18B enhances radiosensitivity: identification of a promising therapeutic target in sarcoma. EBioMedicine 2020; 61:103056. [PMID: 33038765 PMCID: PMC7648128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcomas are rare heterogeneous tumours, derived from primitive mesenchymal stem cells, with more than 100 distinct subtypes. Radioresistance remains a major clinical challenge for sarcomas, demanding urgent for effective biomarkers of radiosensitivity. Methods The radiosensitive gene Kinesin family member 18B (KIF18B) was mined through bioinformatics with integrating of 15 Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We used radiotherapy-sh-KIF18B combination to observe the anti-tumour effect in sarcoma cells and subcutaneous or orthotopic xenograft models. The KIF18B-sensitive drug T0901317 (T09) was further mined to act as radiosensitizer using the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database. Findings KIF18B mRNA was significantly up-regulated in most of the subtypes of bone and soft tissue sarcoma. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that KIF18B high expression was an independent risk factor for prognosis in sarcoma patients with radiotherapy. Silencing KIF18B or using T09 significantly improved the radiosensitivity of sarcoma cells, delayed tumour growth in subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft model, and elongated mice survival time. Furthermore, we predicted that T09 might bind to the structural region of KIF18B to exert radiosensitization. Interpretation These results indicated that sarcomas with low expression of KIF18B may benefit from radiotherapy. Moreover, the radiosensitivity of sarcomas with overexpressed KIF18B could be effectively improved by silencing KIF18B or using T09, which may provide promising strategies for radiotherapy treatment of sarcoma. Fundings A full list of funding can be found in the Funding Sources section.
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15
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Ju X, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Chen M, Wang Q. Tumor-associated macrophages induce PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer cells through IL-6 and TNF-ɑ signaling. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112315. [PMID: 33031808 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy has been widely used for the clinical treatment of cancer. However, recent clinical trials have shown that only a small proportion of cancer patients respond to PD1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. The tumor immune microenvironment plays an important regulatory role in PD1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Macrophages are one of the most important immune cells in the tumor immune microenvironment. In this study, we found a high correlation between macrophage infiltration and PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer (GC) specimens. Further study revealed that infiltrated macrophages released the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-ɑ and IL-6, which induced PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. The release of TNF-ɑ and IL-6 activated the NF-kB and STAT3 signaling pathway to regulate PD-L1 expression. TNF-α, p-65 and STAT3 expression in cancer patients has prognostic value in stomach adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, infiltrated macrophages can also promote GC cell proliferation by inducing PD-L1 expression in GC cells. Taken together, our results suggest that macrophages play a dual role in regulating the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells. On the one hand, macrophages induce PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, helping tumor cells escape cytotoxic T cell killing; on the other hand, they can promote the proliferation of tumor cells by regulating the expression of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211200, China
| | - Zidi Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Miao Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China; Department of Pathology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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16
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Shen X, Zhang S, Guo Z, Xing D, Chen W. The crosstalk of ABCA1 and ANXA1: a potential mechanism for protection against atherosclerosis. Mol Med 2020; 26:84. [PMID: 32894039 PMCID: PMC7487582 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, characterized by the formation of fat-laden plaques, is a chronic inflammatory disease. ABCA1 promotes cholesterol efflux, reduces cellular cholesterol accumulation, and regulates anti-inflammatory activities in an apoA-I- or ANXA1-dependent manner. The latter activity occurs by mediating the efflux of ANXA1, which plays a critical role in anti-inflammatory effects, cholesterol transport, exosome and microparticle secretion, and apoptotic cell clearance. ApoA-I increases ANXA1 expression via the ERK, p38MAPK, AKT, and PKC pathways. ApoA-I regulates the signaling pathways by binding to ABCA1, suggesting that apoA-I increases ANXA1 expression by binding to ABCA1. Furthermore, ANXA1 may increase ABCA1 expression. ANXA1 increases PPARγ expression by modulating STAT6 phosphorylation. PPARγ also increases ANXA1 expression by binding to the promoter of ANXA1. Therefore, ABCA1, PPARγ, and ANXA1 may form a feedback loop and regulate each other. Interestingly, the ANXA1 needs to be externalized to the cell membrane or secreted into the extracellular fluids to exert its anti-inflammatory properties. ABCA1 transports ANXA1 from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane by regulating lipidization and serine phosphorylation, thereby mediating ANXA1 efflux, likely by promoting microparticle and exosome release. The direct role of ABCA1 expression and ANXA1 release in atherosclerosis has been unclear. In this review, we focus on the role of ANXA1 in atheroprogression and its novel interaction with ABCA1, which may be useful for providing basic knowledge for the development of novel therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Zhu Guo
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
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17
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Ruan H, Leibowitz BJ, Zhang L, Yu J. Immunogenic cell death in colon cancer prevention and therapy. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:783-793. [PMID: 32215970 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The colonic mucosa constitutes a critical barrier and a major site of immune regulation. The immune system plays important roles in cancer development and treatment, and immune activation caused by chronic infection or inflammation is well-known to increase cancer risk. During tumor development, neoplastic cells continuously interact with and shape the tumor microenvironment (TME), which becomes progressively immunosuppressive. The clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade therapies is limited to a small set of CRCs with high tumor mutational load and tumor-infiltrating T cells. Induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), a type of cell death eliciting an immune response, can therefore help break the immunosuppressive TME, engage the innate components, and prime T cell-mediated adaptive immunity for long-term tumor control. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of ICD induced by antineoplastic agents, the influence of driver mutations, and recent developments to harness ICD in colon cancer. Mechanism-guided combinations of ICD-inducing agents with immunotherapy and actionable biomarkers will likely offer more tailored and durable benefits to patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ruan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lin Zhang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Chemical Biology and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Pavan A, Attili I, Pasello G, Guarneri V, Conte PF, Bonanno L. Immunotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: from molecular promises to clinical challenges. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:205. [PMID: 31383005 PMCID: PMC6683488 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has not changed over the last decades. In more recent years, alterations of DNA repair machinery and other molecular pathways have been identified in SCLC and preclinical data suggest that dysregulation of these pathways might offer new therapeutic opportunities.While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have had a major impact on the clinical outcome of several solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer, the potential role of ICIs is currently under investigation in SCLC and some promising data are available. However, several clinical and biological hurdles have to be overcome and predictive markers are still eagerly needed. Knowledge of molecular pathways specifically involved in SCLC growth and treatment resistance is essential for a more rational planning of new combinations including ICIs.The present manuscript summarizes the current clinical evidence on immunotherapy in SCLC, describes the molecular bases underlying treatment resistance and discusses the potentialities and the rationale of different therapeutic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pavan
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35100, Padova, Italia
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italia
| | - I Attili
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35100, Padova, Italia
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italia
| | - G Pasello
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35100, Padova, Italia
| | - V Guarneri
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35100, Padova, Italia
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italia
| | - P F Conte
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35100, Padova, Italia
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italia
| | - L Bonanno
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35100, Padova, Italia.
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19
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Wu KH, Lee WJ, Cheng TC, Chang HW, Chen LC, Chen CC, Lien HM, Lin TN, Ho YS. Study of the antitumor mechanisms of apiole derivatives (AP-02) from Petroselinum crispum through induction of G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human COLO 205 cancer cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:188. [PMID: 31351461 PMCID: PMC6660667 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Apiole was isolated from the leaves of various plants and vegetables and has been demonstrated to inhibit human colon cancer cell (COLO 205 cells) growth through induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. This study further explored the antitumor effects of apiole derivatives AP-02, 04, and 05 in COLO 205 cancer cells. Methods Human breast (MDA-MB-231, ZR75), lung (A549, PE089), colon (COLO 205, HT 29), and hepatocellular (Hep G2, Hep 3B) cancer cells were treated with apiole and its derivatives in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis was subsequently performed to determine the mechanism of AP-02-induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The in vivo antitumor effect of AP-02 (1 and 5 mg/kg, administered twice per week) was examined by treating athymic nude mice bearing COLO 205 tumor xenografts. The molecular mechanisms of AP-02-induced antitumor effects were determined using western blot analysis. Results AP-02 was the most effective compound, especially for inhibition of COLO 205 colon cancer cell growth. The cytotoxicity of AP-02 in normal colon epithelial (FHC) cells was significantly lower than that in other normal cells derived from the breast, lung or liver. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that AP-02-induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in COLO 205 cells but not in HT 29 cells (< 5 μM for 24 h, **p < 0.01). Tumor growth volume was also significantly inhibited in AP-02 (> 1 mg/kg)-treated athymic nude mice bearing COLO 205 tumor xenografts compared to control mice (*p < 0.05). Furthermore, G0/G1 phase regulatory proteins (p53 and p21/Cip1) and an invasion suppressor protein (E-cadherin) were significantly upregulated, while cyclin D1 was significantly downregulated, in AP-02-treated tumor tissues compared to the control group (> 1 mg/kg, *p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results provide in vitro and in vivo molecular evidence of AP-02-induced anti-proliferative effects on colon cancer, indicating that this compound might have potential clinical applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2590-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Zhou J, Wang G, Chen Y, Wang H, Hua Y, Cai Z. Immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy: Present and emerging inducers. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4854-4865. [PMID: 31210425 PMCID: PMC6653385 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumour microenvironment (TME), immunogenic cell death (ICD) plays a major role in stimulating the dysfunctional antitumour immune system. Chronic exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) attracts receptors and ligands on dendritic cells (DCs) and activates immature DCs to transition to a mature phenotype, which promotes the processing of phagocytic cargo in DCs and accelerates the engulfment of antigenic components by DCs. Consequently, via antigen presentation, DCs stimulate specific T cell responses that kill more cancer cells. The induction of ICD eventually results in long-lasting protective antitumour immunity. Through the exploration of ICD inducers, recent studies have shown that there are many novel modalities with the ability to induce immunogenic cancer cell death. In this review, we mainly discussed and summarized the emerging methods for inducing immunogenic cancer cell death. Concepts and molecular mechanisms relevant to antitumour effects of ICD are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Fourth Clinical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Gangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinze Chen
- Fourth Clinical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yingqi Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdong Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Wang Q, Feng F, Wang J, Ren M, Shi Z, Mao X, Zhang H, Ju X. Liver X receptor activation reduces gastric cancer cell proliferation by suppressing Wnt signalling via LXRβ relocalization. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:789-797. [PMID: 30338932 PMCID: PMC6349166 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are involved in various diseases associated with lipid disorders, and in regulating cancer cell proliferation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially those in gastric cancer (GC) remain to be clarified. In this study, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that LXRβ was mainly expressed in GC tissue, with less expression in adjacent normal tissues. The LXRβ agonist T0901317 efficiently suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of various GC cell lines. We further showed that LXRβ translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus when activated by T0901317. LXRβ nuclear localization suppressed the activation of Wnt signalling and decreased the expression of target genes such as MYC, BMP4, and MMP7 through binding to their promoters. Moreover, we demonstrated that the LXR agonist efficiently suppressed GC tumour growth in a nude mouse xenograft model. Taken together, these results revealed that LXRβ agonist inhibited GC cells proliferation by suppressing Wnt signalling via LXRβ relocalization. The results strongly suggest that LXRβ could be a promising target in GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fan Feng
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Meijia Ren
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhonggang Shi
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Mao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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22
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Wang Q, Ju X, Wang J, Fan Y, Ren M, Zhang H. Immunogenic cell death in anticancer chemotherapy and its impact on clinical studies. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:17-23. [PMID: 30217563 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view holds that apoptosis is non-immunogenic and does not induce an inflammatory response. However, recent studies have suggested that certain chemotherapeutic drugs that induce tumor cell apoptosis can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. This process is characterized by not only up-regulation of a series of signaling molecules in cancer cells, including expose of calreticulin (CRT), secretion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). In this review, we summarize recent progress in identifying and classifying ICD inducers; concepts and molecular mechanisms of ICD; and the impact and potential applications of ICD in clinical studies. We also discuss the contributions of ICD inducers in combination with other anticancer drugs in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Meijia Ren
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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