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Seo E, Jang H, Kwon S, Kwon Y, Kim S, Lee S, Jeong AJ, Shin HM, Kim Y, Ma S, Kim H, Lee Y, Suh P, Ye S. Loss of phospholipase Cγ1 suppresses hepatocellular carcinogenesis through blockade of STAT3-mediated cancer development. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:3234-3246. [PMID: 36153805 PMCID: PMC9592768 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) plays an oncogenic role in several cancers, alongside its usual physiological roles. Despite studies aimed at identifying the effect of PLCγ1 on tumors, the pathogenic role of PLCγ1 in the tumorigenesis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. To investigate the function of PLCγ1 in HCC, we generated hepatocyte-specific PLCγ1 conditional knockout (PLCγ1f/f ; Alb-Cre) mice and induced HCC with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Here, we identified that hepatocyte-specific PLCγ1 deletion effectively prevented DEN-induced HCC in mice. PLCγ1f/f ; Alb-Cre mice showed reduced tumor burden and tumor progression, as well as a decreased incidence of HCC and less marked proliferative and inflammatory responses. We also showed that oncogenic phenotypes such as repressed apoptosis, and promoted proliferation, cell cycle progression and migration, were induced by PLCγ1. In terms of molecular mechanism, PLCγ1 regulated the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Moreover, PLCγ1 expression is elevated in human HCC and correlates with a poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Our results suggest that PLCγ1 promotes the pathogenic progression of HCC, and PLCγ1/STAT3 axis was identified as a potential therapeutic target pathway for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Bi Seo
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea,Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS)Seoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Jun Jang
- School of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanRepublic of Korea
| | - Sun‐Ho Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Jin Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea,Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS)Seoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Seul‐Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Song‐Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ae Jin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Wide River Institute of ImmunologySeoul National UniversityHongcheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Nyun Kim
- Division of Translational ScienceNational Cancer CenterGoyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Stephanie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Liver ResearchLi Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- Department of PathologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yun‐Han Lee
- Department of Molecular MedicineKeimyung University School of MedicineDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Pann‐Ghill Suh
- School of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanRepublic of Korea,Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI)DaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea,Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS)Seoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea,Wide River Institute of ImmunologySeoul National UniversityHongcheonRepublic of Korea,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea,Neuro‐Immune Information Storage Network Research CenterSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
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Okada M, Nakagawa-Saito Y, Mitobe Y, Sugai A, Togashi K, Suzuki S, Kitanaka C. Inhibition of the Phospholipase Cε-c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Axis Suppresses Glioma Stem Cell Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158785. [PMID: 35955917 PMCID: PMC9369372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs), the cancer stem cells of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), contribute to the malignancy of GBM due to their resistance to therapy and tumorigenic potential; therefore, the development of GSC-targeted therapies is urgently needed to improve the poor prognosis of GBM patients. The molecular mechanisms maintaining GSCs need to be elucidated in more detail for the development of GSC-targeted therapy. In comparison with patient-derived GSCs and their differentiated counterparts, we herein demonstrated for the first time that phospholipase C (PLC)ε was highly expressed in GSCs, in contrast to other PLC isoforms. A broad-spectrum PLC inhibitor suppressed the viability of GSCs, but not their stemness. Nevertheless, the knockdown of PLCε suppressed the survival of GSCs and induced cell death. The stem cell capacity of residual viable cells was also suppressed. Moreover, the survival of mice that were transplanted with PLCε knockdown-GSCs was longer than the control group. PLCε maintained the stemness of GSCs via the activation of JNK. The present study demonstrated for the first time that PLCε plays a critical role in maintaining the survival, stemness, and tumor initiation capacity of GSCs. Our study suggested that PLCε is a promising anti-GSC therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Okada
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-23-628-5214
| | - Yurika Nakagawa-Saito
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yuta Mitobe
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Asuka Sugai
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Keita Togashi
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Chifumi Kitanaka
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Research Institute for Promotion of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Liang S, Guo H, Ma K, Li X, Wu D, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhang S, Cui Y, Liu Y, Sun L, Zhang B, Xin M, Zhang N, Zhou H, Liu Y, Wang J, Liu L. A PLCB1-PI3K-AKT Signaling Axis Activates EMT to Promote Cholangiocarcinoma Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5889-5903. [PMID: 34580062 PMCID: PMC9397629 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the phospholipase family, phospholipase C beta 1 (PLCB1) is involved in phospholipid hydrolysis and is frequently upregulated in human cancer. However, little is known about the role of PLCB1 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In this study, we uncover a role for PLCB1 in CCA progression and identify the underlying mechanisms. Both human CCA tissues and CCA cell lines expressed high levels of PLCB1. PLCB1 promoted tumor development and growth in various CCA mouse models, including transposon-based tumorigenesis models. PLCB1 activated PI3K/AKT signaling to induce CCA cells to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, PABPC1 interacted with PLCB1 and PI3K to amplify PLCB1-mediated EMT via PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/Snail signaling. Ectopic PLCB1 induced resistance to treatment with gemcitabine combined with cisplatin, which could be reversed by the AKT inhibitor MK2206. PLCB1 expression was regulated by miR-26b-5p through direct interaction with PLCB1 3'UTR. Collectively, these data identify a PLCB1-PI3K-AKT signaling axis vital for CCA development and EMT, suggesting that AKT can be used as a therapeutic target to overcome chemotherapy resistance in CCA patients with high PLCB1 expression. SIGNIFICANCE: PLCB1 functions as an oncogenic driver in cholangiocarcinoma development that confers an actionable therapeutic vulnerability to AKT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhang Liang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Ma
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianying Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dehai Wu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shugeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yifeng Cui
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Linmao Sun
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengyang Xin
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huanran Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Corresponding Authors: Lianxin Liu, Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China. E-mail: ; Jiabei Wang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, #1 Swan Lake Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui Province, China. E-mail: ; and Yao Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, #1 Swan Lake Road, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China. E-mail:
| | - Jiabei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Corresponding Authors: Lianxin Liu, Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China. E-mail: ; Jiabei Wang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, #1 Swan Lake Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui Province, China. E-mail: ; and Yao Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, #1 Swan Lake Road, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China. E-mail:
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Corresponding Authors: Lianxin Liu, Department of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China. E-mail: ; Jiabei Wang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, #1 Swan Lake Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui Province, China. E-mail: ; and Yao Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, #1 Swan Lake Road, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China. E-mail:
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Mittal S, Kamath A, Joseph AM, Rajala MS. PLCγ1‑dependent invasion and migration of cells expressing NSCLC‑associated EGFR mutants. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:989-1000. [PMID: 32945365 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased tyrosine kinase activity of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)‑associated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutants results in deregulated pathways that contribute to malignant cell survival, tumor progression and metastasis. Previous studies investigating lung cancer‑associated EGFR have focused on the prognostic implications of receptor kinase mutations in patients with NSCLC; however, the role of EGFR mutations in tumor cell invasion and migration remains undetermined. The present study was designed to investigate the role of NSCLC‑associated mutant EGFR‑driven signaling pathways in cell proliferation and invasion. Non‑endogenous EGFR‑expressing 293 cells stably expressing EGFR mutants that are sensitive or resistant to Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‑approved EGFR‑targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were used in the present study. The experiments demonstrated an increased phosphorylation of phospholipase (PLC)γ1, c‑Cbl, signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat), extracellular regulated kinase (Erk)1/2, Akt, Shc and Gab1 proteins in cells expressing a mutant form, rather than the wild‑type receptor. As PLCγ1 is a known regulator of metastatic development, mutant receptor‑mediated PLCγ1 activation was further evaluated. To examine the effects of EGFR and PLCγ1 phosphorylation, the metastatic potential of cells expressing mutants was investigated using wound healing, Transwell cell migration and invasion assays. The inhibition of receptor phosphorylation with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation TKIs, gefitinib, afatinib, osimertinib, respectively, reduced PLCγ1 phosphorylation, and reduced the invasive and migratory potential of 293 cells, confirming PLCγ1 as one of the probable downstream effectors of mutant EGFR signaling. However, the PLC inhibitor, U73122, inhibited cell migration and invasion without affecting EGFR signaling and PLCγ1 phosphorylation. Notably, U73122 reduced Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation within 25 min of its application; however, 100% cell viability was recorded even after 48 h. Upon further investigation, proliferative signaling pathways remained active at 48 h, in accordance with cell viability. Therefore, the present study concludes that mutant receptor‑mediated PLCγ1 activation may play a significant role in the migration and invasion of NSCLC tumors; however, its regulatory role in tumor cell proliferation warrants further investigation and validation in lung tumor cell lines harboring EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Mittal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Arpana Kamath
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ann M Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrisuur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - Maitreyi S Rajala
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Owusu Obeng E, Rusciano I, Marvi MV, Fazio A, Ratti S, Follo MY, Xian J, Manzoli L, Billi AM, Mongiorgi S, Ramazzotti G, Cocco L. Phosphoinositide-Dependent Signaling in Cancer: A Focus on Phospholipase C Isozymes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072581. [PMID: 32276377 PMCID: PMC7177890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PI) form just a minor portion of the total phospholipid content in cells but are significantly involved in cancer development and progression. In several cancer types, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] play significant roles in regulating survival, proliferation, invasion, and growth of cancer cells. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) catalyze the generation of the essential second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (InsP3) by hydrolyzing PtdIns(4,5)P2. DAG and InsP3 regulate Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation and the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol, respectively. This event leads to the control of several important biological processes implicated in cancer. PLCs have been extensively studied in cancer but their regulatory roles in the oncogenic process are not fully understood. This review aims to provide up-to-date knowledge on the involvement of PLCs in cancer. We focus specifically on PLCβ, PLCγ, PLCδ, and PLCε isoforms due to the numerous evidence of their involvement in various cancer types.
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Tang W, Zhou Y, Sun D, Dong L, Xia J, Yang B. Oncogenic role of phospholipase C-γ1 in progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:559-569. [PMID: 30623526 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCG1) was previously found to be involved in a variety of oncogenic behaviors such as cell motility, cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion. However, its function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was unknown. Here, we explored the expression pattern and function of PLCG1 in HCC progression. METHODS Expression of PLCG1 was examined by western blotting in hepatoma cells and human tumor tissues. Expression was also detected by immunohistochemistry in 150 HCC clinical samples, and its clinical significance was analyzed. The influence of PLCG1 on HCC carcinogenesis were determined in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanisms were explored by detecting the expression of critical molecules of signaling pathways. RESULTS The results showed that PLCG1 was overexpressed in hepatoma cell lines and clinical HCC tissues. Increased PLCG1 expression in tumor tissues was remarkably correlated with poor clinical features of HCC. Patients with positive PLCG1 expression in tumor tissues had shorter overall survival and relapse-free survival. Phospholipase C gamma 1 could substantially promote cell proliferation, anchor growth, and cell invasion in vitro. The in vivo study showed that inhibition of PLCG1 in hepatoma cells significantly repressed tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, we showed that PLCG1 might exert its function by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that PLCG1 could act as an oncogene in HCC carcinogenesis and could serve as a valuable prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dalong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinglin Xia
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biwei Yang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang D, Xu J, Li Y, Wang H, Li J, Mo S, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Fan X, Li E, Huang J, Fan H, Yi Y. Multidimensional Integration Analysis of Autophagy-related Modules in Colorectal Cancer. LETT ORG CHEM 2019; 16:340-346. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178615666180914113224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract occurring in the colon, which mainly divided into adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. However, autophagy is related to the occurrence and development of various kinds of human diseases such as cancer. There is little research on the relationship between CRC and autophagy. Hence, we performed multidimensional integration analysis to systematically explore potential relationship between autophagy and CRC. Based on gene expression datasets of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and protein-protein interactions (PPIs), we first identified 12 autophagy-related modules in COAD using WGCNA. Then, 9 module pairs which with significantly crosstalk were deciphered, a total of 6 functional modules. Autophagy-related genes in these modules were closely related with CRC, emphasizing that the important role of autophagy-related genes in CRC, including PPP2CA and EIF4E, etc. In addition to, by integrating transcription factor (TF)-target and RNA-associated interactions, a regulation network was constructed, in which 42 TFs (including SMAD3 and TP53, etc.) and 20 miRNAs (including miR-20 and miR-30a, etc.) were identified as pivot regulators. Pivot TFs were mainly involved in cell cycle, cell proliferation and pathways in cancer. And pivot miRNAs were demonstrated associated with CRC. It suggests that these pivot regulators might be have an effect on the development of CRC by regulating autophagy. In a word, our results suggested that multidimensional integration strategy provides a novel approach to discover potential relationships between autophagy and CRC, and further improves our understanding of autophagy and tumor in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaowen Mo
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuncong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunqing Lin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuzhao Fan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Enmin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Huihui Fan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Yi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Sreedhar A, Lefort J, Petruska P, Gu X, Shi R, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Zhao Y. UCP2 upregulation promotes PLCγ-1 signaling during skin cell transformation. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2290-2300. [PMID: 28574619 PMCID: PMC5582995 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), whose physiological role is to decrease mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, is often overexpressed in human cancers. UCP2 upregulation has recently been proposed as a novel survival mechanism for cancer cells. However, until now, how exactly UCP2 promotes tumorigenesis remains inconclusive. Based on a widely used skin cell transformation model, our data demonstrated that UCP2 differentially regulated ROS. UCP2 upregulation decreased superoxide whereas it increased hydrogen peroxide production with concomitant increase in the expression and activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), the primary mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide was responsible for induction of lipid peroxidation, and PLCγ-1 activation in UCP2 overexpressed cells. Additionally, PLCγ-1 activation enhanced skin cell transformation, and pharmacological, and siRNA mediated inhibition of PLCγ-1, markedly reduced colony formation, and 3D cell growth. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide scavenger, catalase, suppressed lipid peroxidation, and dampened PLCγ-1 activity. Taken together, our data suggest that (i) UCP2 is an important regulator of mitochondrial redox status and lipid signaling; (ii) hydrogen peroxide might mediate UCP2's tumor promoting activity; and (iii) pharmacological disruption of PLCγ-1 and/or hydrogen peroxide may have clinical utility for UCP2 overexpressed cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapoorna Sreedhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Julia Lefort
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Petra Petruska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Runhua Shi
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Runkel F, Hintze M, Griesing S, Michels M, Blanck B, Fukami K, Guénet JL, Franz T. Alopecia in a viable phospholipase C delta 1 and phospholipase C delta 3 double mutant. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39203. [PMID: 22723964 PMCID: PMC3378570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inositol 1,4,5trisphosphate (IP(3)) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are important intracellular signalling molecules in various tissues. They are generated by the phospholipase C family of enzymes, of which phospholipase C delta (PLCD) forms one class. Studies with functional inactivation of Plcd isozyme encoding genes in mice have revealed that loss of both Plcd1 and Plcd3 causes early embryonic death. Inactivation of Plcd1 alone causes loss of hair (alopecia), whereas inactivation of Plcd3 alone has no apparent phenotypic effect. To investigate a possible synergy of Plcd1 and Plcd3 in postnatal mice, novel mutations of these genes compatible with life after birth need to be found. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterise a novel mouse mutant with a spontaneously arisen mutation in Plcd3 (Plcd3(mNab)) that resulted from the insertion of an intracisternal A particle (IAP) into intron 2 of the Plcd3 gene. This mutation leads to the predominant expression of a truncated PLCD3 protein lacking the N-terminal PH domain. C3H mice that carry one or two mutant Plcd3(mNab) alleles are phenotypically normal. However, the presence of one Plcd3(mNab) allele exacerbates the alopecia caused by the loss of functional Plcd1 in Del(9)olt1Pas mutant mice with respect to the number of hair follicles affected and the body region involved. Mice double homozygous for both the Del(9)olt1Pas and the Plcd3(mNab) mutations survive for several weeks and exhibit total alopecia associated with fragile hair shafts showing altered expression of some structural genes and shortened phases of proliferation in hair follicle matrix cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The Plcd3(mNab) mutation is a novel hypomorphic mutation of Plcd3. Our investigations suggest that Plcd1 and Plcd3 have synergistic effects on the murine hair follicle in specific regions of the body surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Runkel
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maik Hintze
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Studiengang Molekulare Biomedizin, LIMES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Griesing
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Studiengang Molekulare Biomedizin, LIMES, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Blanck
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji-city, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jean-Louis Guénet
- Département de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Franz
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tomlinson DC, Baxter EW, Loadman PM, Hull MA, Knowles MA. FGFR1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition through MAPK/PLCγ/COX-2-mediated mechanisms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38972. [PMID: 22701738 PMCID: PMC3373505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour invasion and metastasis is the most common cause of death from cancer. For epithelial cells to invade surrounding tissues and metastasise, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is required. We have demonstrated that FGFR1 expression is increased in bladder cancer and that activation of FGFR1 induces an EMT in urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines. Here, we created an in vitro FGFR1-inducible model of EMT, and used this model to identify regulators of urothelial EMT. FGFR1 activation promoted EMT over a period of 72 hours. Initially a rapid increase in actin stress fibres occurred, followed by an increase in cell size, altered morphology and increased migration and invasion. By using site-directed mutagenesis and small molecule inhibitors we demonstrated that combined activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ) pathways regulated this EMT. Actin stress fibre formation was regulated by PLCγ activation, and was also important for the increase in cell size, migration and altered morphology. MAPK activation regulated migration and E-cadherin expression, indicating that combined activation of PLCγ and MAPK is required for a full EMT. We used expression microarrays to assess changes in gene expression downstream of these signalling cascades. COX-2 was transcriptionally upregulated by FGFR1 and caused increased intracellular prostaglandin E(2) levels, which promoted migration. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that FGFR1 activation in UC cells lines promotes EMT via coordinated activation of multiple signalling pathways and by promoting activation of prostaglandin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C. Tomlinson
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Euan W. Baxter
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Loadman
- Instititue of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Hull
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret A. Knowles
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Yang YR, Choi JH, Chang JS, Kwon HM, Jang HJ, Ryu SH, Suh PG. Diverse cellular and physiological roles of phospholipase C-γ1. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:138-151. [PMID: 21964416 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ryoul Yang
- School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kachroo P, Ivanov I, Davidson LA, Chowdhary BP, Lupton JR, Chapkin RS. Classification of diet-modulated gene signatures at the colon cancer initiation and progression stages. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2595-604. [PMID: 21409376 PMCID: PMC3139012 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of dietary polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on intestinal cytokinetics within the context of colon cancer initiation and progression have been extensively studied. n-3 PUFAs have received the most attention due to their potential protective role. However, further investigation of the epigenetic perturbations caused by fatty acids in the context of colon cancer development is needed. METHODS We used DNA microarrays to identify discriminative gene signatures (gene combinations) for the purpose of classifying n-3 PUFA-fed, carcinogen-injected, Sprague-Dawley rats at the initiation and progression stages. Animals were assigned to three dietary treatments differing only in the type of fat (corn oil/n-6 PUFA, fish oil/n-3 PUFA, or olive oil/n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid). RESULTS The effects of diet on colonic mucosal gene expression signatures during tumor initiation and progression were subsequently compared (12 h and 10 weeks after azoxymethane injection). Microarray analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed (DE) genes in each of the three diet comparisons increased with the progression of colon cancer. Each dietary lipid source exhibited its own unique transcriptional profile, as assessed by linear discriminant analysis. Applying this novel approach, we identified the single genes and the two- to three-gene combinations that best distinguished the dietary treatment groups. For the chemoprotective (fish oil) diet, mediators of stem cell homeostasis, e.g., ephrin B1 and bone morphogenic protein 4, were the top-performing gene classifiers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary chemoprotective n-3 PUFA impact genes that regulate the colon stem cell niche and tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kachroo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 422C VMR Bldg, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Laurie A. Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Bhanu P. Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
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Danielsen SA, Cekaite L, Ågesen TH, Sveen A, Nesbakken A, Thiis-Evensen E, Skotheim RI, Lind GE, Lothe RA. Phospholipase C isozymes are deregulated in colorectal cancer--insights gained from gene set enrichment analysis of the transcriptome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24419. [PMID: 21909432 PMCID: PMC3164721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer types in developed countries. To identify molecular networks and biological processes that are deregulated in CRC compared to normal colonic mucosa, we applied Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to two independent transcriptome datasets, including a total of 137 CRC and ten normal colonic mucosa samples. Eighty-two gene sets as described by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database had significantly altered gene expression in both datasets. These included networks associated with cell division, DNA maintenance, and metabolism. Among signaling pathways with known changes in key genes, the “Phosphatidylinositol signaling network”, comprising part of the PI3K pathway, was found deregulated. The downregulated genes in this pathway included several members of the Phospholipase C protein family, and the reduced expression of two of these, PLCD1 and PLCE1, were successfully validated in CRC biopsies (n = 70) and cell lines (n = 19) by quantitative analyses. The repression of both genes was found associated with KRAS mutations (P = 0.005 and 0.006, respectively), and we observed that microsatellite stable carcinomas with reduced PLCD1 expression more frequently had TP53 mutations (P = 0.002). Promoter methylation analyses of PLCD1 and PLCE1 performed in cell lines and tumor biopsies revealed that methylation of PLCD1 can contribute to reduced expression in 40% of the microsatellite instable carcinomas. In conclusion, we have identified significantly deregulated pathways in CRC, and validated repression of PLCD1 and PLCE1 expression. This illustrates that the GSEA approach may guide discovery of novel biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine A. Danielsen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lina Cekaite
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude H. Ågesen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita Sveen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Thiis-Evensen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Gastroenterology, and Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf I. Skotheim
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro E. Lind
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A. Lothe
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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14
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Lo Vasco VR, Fabrizi C, Panetta B, Fumagalli L, Cocco L. Expression pattern and sub-cellular distribution of phosphoinositide specific phospholipase C enzymes after treatment with U-73122 in rat astrocytoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:1005-12. [PMID: 20564200 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) enzymes interfere with the metabolism of inositol phospholipids (PI), molecules involved in signal transduction, a complex process depending on various components. Many evidences support the hypothesis that, in the glia, isoforms of PI-PLC family display different expression and/or sub cellular distribution under non-physiological conditions such as the rat astrocytes activation during neurodegeneration, the tumoural progression of some neoplasms and the inflammatory cascade activation after lipopolysaccharide administration, even if their role remains not completely elucidated. Treatment of a cultured established glioma cell line (C6 rat astrocytoma cell line) induces a modification in the pattern of expression and of sub cellular distribution of PI-PLCs compared to untreated cells. Special attention require PI-PLC beta3 and PI-PLC gamma2 isoforms, whose expression and sub cellular localization significantly differ after U-73122 treatment. The meaning of these modifications is unclear, also because the use of this N-aminosteroid compound remains controversial, inasmuch it has further actions which might contribute to the global effect recorded on the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Rita Lo Vasco
- Department of Otorinolaringoiatria, Audiologia and Foniatria "G. Ferreri", Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
There are numerous studies that suggest multiple links between the cellular phosphoinositide system and cancer. As key roles in cancer have been established for PI3K and PTEN - enzymes that regulate the levels of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate - compounds targeting this pathway are entering the clinic at a rapid pace. Several other phosphoinositide-modifying enzymes, including phosphoinositide kinases, phosphatases and phospholipase C enzymes, have been implicated in the generation and progression of tumours. Studies of these enzymes are providing new insights into the mechanisms and the extent of their involvement in cancer, highlighting new potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Bunney
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Section for Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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16
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Rohrbeck A, Borlak J. Cancer genomics identifies regulatory gene networks associated with the transition from dysplasia to advanced lung adenocarcinomas induced by c-Raf-1. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7315. [PMID: 19812696 PMCID: PMC2754338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity. To improve an understanding of molecular causes of disease a transgenic mouse model was investigated where targeted expression of the serine threonine kinase c-Raf to respiratory epithelium induced initially dysplasia and subsequently adenocarcinomas. This enables dissection of genetic events associated with precancerous and cancerous lesions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By laser microdissection cancer cell populations were harvested and subjected to whole genome expression analyses. Overall 473 and 541 genes were significantly regulated, when cancer versus transgenic and non-transgenic cells were compared, giving rise to three distinct and one common regulatory gene network. At advanced stages of tumor growth predominately repression of gene expression was observed, but genes previously shown to be up-regulated in dysplasia were also up-regulated in solid tumors. Regulation of developmental programs as well as epithelial mesenchymal and mesenchymal endothelial transition was a hall mark of adenocarcinomas. Additionally, genes coding for cell adhesion, i.e. the integrins and the tight and gap junction proteins were repressed, whereas ligands for receptor tyrosine kinase such as epi- and amphiregulin were up-regulated. Notably, Vegfr- 2 and its ligand Vegfd, as well as Notch and Wnt signalling cascades were regulated as were glycosylases that influence cellular recognition. Other regulated signalling molecules included guanine exchange factors that play a role in an activation of the MAP kinases while several tumor suppressors i.e. Mcc, Hey1, Fat3, Armcx1 and Reck were significantly repressed. Finally, probable molecular switches forcing dysplastic cells into malignantly transformed cells could be identified. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides insight into molecular pertubations allowing dysplasia to progress further to adenocarcinoma induced by exaggerted c-Raf kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Rohrbeck
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Everett KL, Bunney TD, Yoon Y, Rodrigues-Lima F, Harris R, Driscoll PC, Abe K, Fuchs H, de Angelis MH, Yu P, Cho W, Katan M. Characterization of phospholipase C gamma enzymes with gain-of-function mutations. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23083-93. [PMID: 19531496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.019265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C gamma isozymes (PLC gamma 1 and PLC gamma 2) have a crucial role in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions. Both enzymes have also been implicated in signaling events underlying aberrant cellular responses. Using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis, we have recently identified single point mutations in murine PLC gamma 2 that lead to spontaneous inflammation and autoimmunity. Here we describe further, mechanistic characterization of two gain-of-function mutations, D993G and Y495C, designated as ALI5 and ALI14. The residue Asp-993, mutated in ALI5, is a conserved residue in the catalytic domain of PLC enzymes. Analysis of PLC gamma 1 and PLC gamma 2 with point mutations of this residue showed that removal of the negative charge enhanced PLC activity in response to EGF stimulation or activation by Rac. Measurements of PLC activity in vitro and analysis of membrane binding have suggested that ALI5-type mutations facilitate membrane interactions without compromising substrate binding and hydrolysis. The residue mutated in ALI14 (Tyr-495) is within the spPH domain. Replacement of this residue had no effect on folding of the domain and enhanced Rac activation of PLC gamma 2 without increasing Rac binding. Importantly, the activation of the ALI14-PLC gamma 2 and corresponding PLC gamma 1 variants was enhanced in response to EGF stimulation and bypassed the requirement for phosphorylation of critical tyrosine residues. ALI5- and ALI14-type mutations affected basal activity only slightly; however, their combination resulted in a constitutively active PLC. Based on these data, we suggest that each mutation could compromise auto-inhibition in the inactive PLC, facilitating the activation process; in addition, ALI5-type mutations could enhance membrane interaction in the activated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy L Everett
- Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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Rebecchi MJ, Raghubir A, Scarlata S, Hartenstine MJ, Brown T, Stallings JD. Expression and function of phospholipase C in breast carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 49:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Sala G, Dituri F, Raimondi C, Previdi S, Maffucci T, Mazzoletti M, Rossi C, Iezzi M, Lattanzio R, Piantelli M, Iacobelli S, Broggini M, Falasca M. Phospholipase C 1 Is Required for Metastasis Development and Progression. Cancer Res 2008; 68:10187-96. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Runkel F, Aubin I, Simon-Chazottes D, Büssow H, Stingl R, Miething A, Fukami K, Nakamura Y, Guénet JL, Franz T. Alopecia and male infertility in oligotriche mutant mice are caused by a deletion on distal chromosome 9. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:691-702. [PMID: 19002527 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recessive mutation oligotriche (olt) affects the coat and male fertility in the mouse. In homozygous (olt/olt) mutants, the coat is sparse, most notably in the inguinal and medial femoral region. In these regions, almost all hair shafts are bent and distorted in their course through the dermis and rarely penetrate the epidermis because the hair cortex is not fully keratinized. During hair follicle morphogenesis, mutant hair follicles exit from anagen one day before those of normal littermates and show a prolongation of the catagen stage. The oligotriche (olt) locus was mapped to distal chromosome 9 within a 5-Mbp interval distal to D9Mit279. Analysis of candidate gene expression revealed that olt/olt mutant mice do not express functional phospholipase C delta 1 (Plcd1) mRNA. This deficiency is the consequence of a 234-kbp deletion involving not only the Plcd1 locus but also the chromosomal segment harboring the genes Vill (villin-like), Dlec1 (deleted in lung and esophageal cancer 1), Acaa1b (acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1B, synonym thiolase B), and parts of the genes Ctdspl (carboxy-terminal domain RNA polymerase II polypeptide A small phosphatase-like) and Slc22a14 (solute carrier family 22 member 14). Offspring of olt/olt females, mated with Plcd1 ( -/- ) knockout males, exhibit coat defects similar to those observed in homozygous olt/olt mutant mice but the spermiogenesis in male offspring is normal. We conclude that the 234-kbp deletion from chromosome 9 harbors a gene involved in spermiogenesis and we propose that the oligotriche mutant be used as a model for the study of the putative tumor suppressor genes Dlec1, Ctdspl, and Vill. We also suggest that the oligotriche locus be named Del(9Ctdspl-Slc22a14)1Pas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Runkel
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 10, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Mi LY, Ettenson DS, Edelman ER. Phospholipase C-delta extends intercellular signalling range and responses to injury-released growth factors in non-excitable cells. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:671-90. [PMID: 18616695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intercellular communication in non-excitable cells is restricted to a limited range close to the signal source. Here, we have examined whether modification of the intracellular microenvironment could prolong the spatial proposition of signal generation and could increase cell proliferation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mathematical models and experimental studies of endothelial repair after controlled mechanical injury were used. The models predict the diffusion range of injury-released growth factors and identify important parameters involved in a signalling regenerative mode. Transfected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to validate model results, by examining intercellular calcium signalling range, cell proliferation and wound healing rate. RESULTS The models predict that growth factors have a limited capacity of extracellular diffusion and that intercellular signals are specially sensitive to cell phospholipase C-delta (PLCdelta) levels. As basal PLCdelta levels are increased by transfection, a significantly increased intercellular calcium range, enhanced cell proliferation, and faster wound healing rate were observed. CONCLUSION Our in silico and in vitro studies demonstrated that non-excitable endothelial cells respond to stimuli in a complex manner, in which intercellular communication is controlled by physicochemical properties of the stimulus and by the cell microenvironment. Such findings may have profound implications for our understanding of the tight nature of autocrine cell growth control, compensation to stress states and response to altered microenvironment, under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Mi
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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22
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Antitumour effects on human colorectal carcinomas cells by stable silencing of phospholipase C-gamma 1 with lentivirus-delivered siRNA. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200705010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Bertagnolo V, Benedusi M, Brugnoli F, Lanuti P, Marchisio M, Querzoli P, Capitani S. Phospholipase C-β2 promotes mitosis and migration of human breast cancer-derived cells. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:1638-45. [PMID: 17429106 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Like most human neoplasm, breast cancer has aberrations in signal transduction elements that can lead to increased proliferative potential, apoptosis inhibition, tissue invasion and metastasis. Due to the high heterogeneity of this tumor, currently, no markers are clearly associated with the insurgence of breast cancer, as well as with its progression from in situ lesion to invasive carcinoma. We have recently demonstrated an altered expression of the beta2 isoform of the phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipase C (PLC) in invasive breast tumors with different histopathological features. In primary breast tumor cells, elevated amounts of this protein are closely correlated with a poor prognosis of patients with mammary carcinoma, suggesting that PLC-beta2 may be involved in the development and worsening of the malignant phenotype. Here we demonstrate that PLC-beta2 may improve some malignant characteristics of tumor cells, like motility and invasion capability, but it fails to induce tumorigenesis in non-transformed breast-derived cells. We also report that, compared with the G(0)/G(1) phases of the cell cycle, the cells in S/G(2)/M phases show high PLC-beta2 expressions that reach the greatest levels during the late mitotic stages. In addition, even if unable to modify the proliferation rate and the expression of cell cycle-related enzymes of malignant cells, PLC-beta2 may promote the G(2)/M progression, a critical event in cancer evolution. Since phosphoinositides, substrates of PLC, are involved in regulating cytoskeleton architecture, PLC-beta2 in breast tumor cells may mediate the modification of cell shape that characterizes cell division, motility and invasion. On the basis of these data, PLC-beta2 may constitute a molecular marker of breast tumor cells able to monitor the progression to invasive cancers and a target for novel therapeutic breast cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bertagnolo
- Signal Transduction Unit, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Lo Vasco VR, Fabrizi C, Artico M, Cocco L, Billi AM, Fumagalli L, Manzoli FA. Expression of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C isoenzymes in cultured astrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:952-9. [PMID: 17063484 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction from plasma membrane to cell nucleus is a complex process depending on various components including lipid signaling molecules, in particular phosphoinositides and their related enzymes, which act at cell periphery and/or plasma membrane as well as at nuclear level. As far as the nervous system may concern the inositol lipid cycle has been hypothesized to be involved in numerous neural as well as glial functions. In this context, however, a precise panel of glial PLC isoforms has not been determined yet. In the present experiments we investigated astrocytic PLC isoforms in astrocytes obtained from foetal primary cultures of rat brain and from an established cultured (C6) rat astrocytoma cell line, two well known cell models for experimental studies on glia. Identification of PLC isoforms was achieved by using a combination of RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry experiments. While in both cell models the most represented PI-PLC isoforms were beta4, gamma1, delta4, and epsilon, isoforms PI-PLC beta2 and delta3 were not detected. Moreover, in primary astrocyte cultures PI-PLC delta3 resulted well expressed in C6 cells but was absent in astrocytes. Immunocytochemistry performed with antibodies against specific PLC isoforms substantially confirmed this pattern of expression both in astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. In particular while some isoenzymes (namely isoforms beta3 and beta4) resulted mainly nuclear, others (isoforms delta4 and epsilon) were preferentially localized at cytoplasmic and plasma membrane level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Rita Lo Vasco
- Department of Fisiologia e Farmacologia V Erspamer, Respiratorie e Morfologiche, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Tomar A, George S, Kansal P, Wang Y, Khurana S. Interaction of Phospholipase C-γ1 with Villin Regulates Epithelial Cell Migration. J Biol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Tomar A, George S, Kansal P, Wang Y, Khurana S. Interaction of phospholipase C-gamma1 with villin regulates epithelial cell migration. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:31972-86. [PMID: 16921170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604323200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine-phosphorylated villin regulates actin dynamics, cell morphology, and cell migration. Previously, we identified four tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the amino-terminal domain of villin. In this study we report six new sites in the carboxyl-terminal region of the villin core. With this study we document all phosphorylatable tyrosine residues in villin and map them to functions of villin. In this study, we identify for the first time the functional relevance of the carboxyl-terminal domains of the villin core. Expression of the carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation site mutant, as well as the villin truncation mutant S1-S3, inhibited cell migration in HeLa and Madin-Darby canine kidney Tet-Off cells, confirming the role of the carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation sites in villin-induced cell migration. The carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation sites were found to be critical for the interaction of villin with its ligand phospholipase C-gamma1 and for its localization to the developing lamellipodia in a motile cell. The results presented here elucidate the molecular basis for tyrosine-phosphorylated villin-induced changes in cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Tomar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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27
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Li X, Hua L, Deng F, Bai X, Zeng W, Lu D, Su Y, Luo S. NF-kappaB and Hsp70 are involved in the phospholipase Cgamma1 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Life Sci 2006; 77:2794-803. [PMID: 15996687 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 02/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The majority of deaths from colorectal cancer are due to tumor invasion and metastasis. Induced migration of tumor cell is generally considered to be one critical step in cancer progression to the invasive and metastatic stage. Phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) is a key molecular switch in the process. But, the mechanism and function of PLCgamma1 in colorectal cancer motility are unclear. We showed first in this report that epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulated the phosphorylation of PLCgamma1 in human colorectal cancer cell line LoVo. Inhibition of PLCgamma1 with the pharmacologic agent U73122 decreased the migration of LoVo cells in a dose-dependent manner while EGF treatment reversed it partially. PLCgamma1 signaling pathway also upregulated the activity of NF-kappaB. Furthermore, expression of Hsp70 was increased by treatment with U73122 or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a NF-kappaB inhibitor. These data indicated that PLCgamma1 played a pivotal role in the migration of human colorectal cancer cell and first demonstrated that upregulation of NF-kappaB binding activity and downregulation of Hsp70 expression were PLCgamma1-dependent in LoVo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
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28
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Piccolo E, Innominato PF, Mariggio MA, Maffucci T, Iacobelli S, Falasca M. The mechanism involved in the regulation of phospholipase Cgamma1 activity in cell migration. Oncogene 2002; 21:6520-9. [PMID: 12226755 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2001] [Revised: 06/19/2002] [Accepted: 06/28/2002] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC) leads to the formation of second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Tyrosine kinase receptors activate this reaction through PLCgamma isoenzymes. PLCgamma activity involves its activation with, and phosphorylation by, receptor tyrosine kinases. Recently, it has been shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) may regulate PLCgamma activity through the interaction of the PI 3-K product phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns-3,4,5-P(3)) and the PLCgamma pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. In an effort to understand the signalling pathway that involves PI 3-K regulation of PLCgamma, we found that EGF induces a PI 3-K-dependent translocation of PLCgamma1 at the leading edge of migrating cells in a wound healing assay. Similarly, the isolated PH, but not the Src-homology (SH) domains, N-SH2 or SH3, of PLCgamma1, translocates at the leading edge. Our experiments also showed that stable PH PLCgamma1 expression blocks epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and serum-induced cell motility and increases cell adhesion in MDA-MB-231 cells. This may suggest that influence of PI 3-K on PLCgamma1 could be relevant in cell migration, where PLCgamma1 seems to play a key role by modulating a series of events involved in actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Piccolo
- Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, Section of Medical Oncology, Universita 'G. D'Annunzio', Via dei Vestini 1, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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29
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Lymn JS, Hughes AD. Phospholipase C Isoforms, Cytoskeletal Organization, and Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiation. NEWS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY PRODUCED JOINTLY BY THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2000; 15:41-45. [PMID: 11390874 DOI: 10.1152/physiologyonline.2000.15.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The function of differentiated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vivo is the regulation of contractility. Following injury or disease, however, VSMC lose their contractile function and take on a synthetic, proliferative phenotype. This dedifferentiation is generally accompanied by a change in the expression profile of phospholipase C isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne S. Lymn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, QEQM Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London W2 1NY, England
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Nomoto K, Tomita N, Miyake M, Xhu DB, LoGerfo PR, Weinstein IB. Growth inhibition, enhancement of intercellular adhesion, and increased expression of carcinoembryonic antigen by overexpression of phosphoinositides-specific phospholipase C beta 1 in LS174T human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:1257-66. [PMID: 10081486 PMCID: PMC5921740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
By using a retrovirus-derived system we generated derivatives of the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line LS174T (ATCC CL 188) that stably overexpress a full-length cDNA encoding the beta 1 isoform of bovine phosphoinositides-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). This was confirmed by the elevated levels of catalytic activity to release phosphoinositides from phosphatidylinositol (PI-PLC) or phosphatidylinositol-bis-phosphate (PIP2-PLC), and the enhanced expressions of messenger RNA and protein. PI-PLC beta 1 overexpresser clones grew to form cell clumps floating in liquid medium, whereas the pMV7-introduced control clones displayed morphologic characteristics that were very similar to those of the parent LS174T cell line. Three individual PI-PLC beta 1 overexpresser cell lines displayed increased doubling time (18.0 h, 21.5 h, and 23.8 h) when compared with 4 individual pMV7-introduced control cell lines (13.1 h, 10.7 h, 12.9 h, and 9.3 h). Anchorage-independent growth ability in soft agar medium was dramatically suppressed by overexpression of PLC beta 1, and the ability of PLC-overproducer clones to form aggregates when cultured in liquid medium was dramatically enhanced when compared with that of pMV7-introduced control clones. Tumorigenicity of PLC beta 1-overproducers was much weaker than that of vector-transduced control clones. The spontaneous release of carcinoembryonic antigen from PLC beta 1-overproducer clones was much higher than that from pMV7 control clones. The ability of PLC beta 1-overproducer clones to form aggregates during suspension culture was much stronger than that of the control clones. These results provide the first evidence that elevated levels of endogenous PI-PLC beta 1 suppress tumor cell growth, but enhance the ability to form cell aggregates and to release carcinoembryonic antigen, an intercellular adhesion molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nomoto
- Columbia-Presbyterian Cancer Center, Columbia University Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Weinstein
- Columbia-Presbyterian Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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