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Norris SA, Tian L, Williams EL, Perlmutter JS. Transient dystonia correlates with parkinsonism after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine in nonhuman primates. DYSTONIA 2023; 2:11019. [PMID: 37711667 PMCID: PMC10501383 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.11019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral internal carotid artery 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) infusion in non-human primates produces transient contralateral hemi-dystonia followed by stable contralateral hemi-parkinsonism; the relationship between dystonia and parkinsonism remains unclear. We hypothesized that transient dystonia severity following MPTP correlates with parkinsonism severity. In male Macaca nemestrina (n = 3) and M. fascicularis (n = 17) we administered unilateral intra-carotid MPTP, then correlated validated blinded ratings of transient peak dystonia and delayed parkinsonism. We also correlated dystonia severity with post-mortem measures of residual striatal dopamine and nigral neuron counts obtained a mean 53 ± 15 days following MPTP, after resolution of dystonia but during stable parkinsonism. Median latency to dystonia onset was 1 day, and peak severity 2.5 days after MPTP; total dystonia duration was 13.5 days. Parkinsonism peaked a median of 19.5 days after MPTP, remaining nearly constant thereafter. Peak dystonia severity highly correlated with parkinsonism severity (r[18] = 0.82, p < 0.001). Residual cell counts in lesioned nigra correlated linearly with peak dystonia scores (r[18] = -0.68, p=<0.001). Dystonia was not observed in monkeys without striatal dopamine depletion (n = 2); dystonia severity correlated with striatal dopamine depletion when residual nigral cell loss was less than 50% ([11] r = -0.83, p < 0.001) but spanned a broad range with near complete striatal dopamine depletion, when nigral cell loss was greater than 50%. Our data indicate that residual striatal dopamine may not reflect dystonia severity. We speculate on mechanisms of transient dystonia followed by parkinsonism that may be studied using this particular NHP MPTP model to better understand relationships of transient dystonia to nigrostriatal injury and parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Norris
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - L. Tian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - E. L. Williams
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - J. S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Bandopadhyay R, Mishra N, Rana R, Kaur G, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Mustafa G, Ahmad J, Alhakamy NA, Mishra A. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: A Perspective Through Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:805388. [PMID: 35462934 PMCID: PMC9021725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.805388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by severe locomotor abnormalities. Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment has been considered a mainstay for the management of PD; however, its prolonged treatment is often associated with abnormal involuntary movements and results in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Although LID is encountered after chronic administration of L-DOPA, the appearance of dyskinesia after weeks or months of the L-DOPA treatment has complicated our understanding of its pathogenesis. Pathophysiology of LID is mainly associated with alteration of direct and indirect pathways of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop, which regulates normal fine motor movements. Hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors has been involved in the development of LID; moreover, these symptoms are worsened by concurrent non-dopaminergic innervations including glutamatergic, serotonergic, and peptidergic neurotransmission. The present study is focused on discussing the recent updates in molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for the effective management of LID in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Nainshi Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Ruhi Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- College of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil. A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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Nishijima H, Mori F, Kimura T, Miki Y, Kinoshita I, Nakamura T, Kon T, Suzuki C, Wakabayashi K, Tomiyama M. Cabergoline, a long-acting dopamine agonist, attenuates L-dopa-induced dyskinesia without L-dopa sparing in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res 2022; 178:93-97. [PMID: 35150767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent administration of L-dopa in Parkinson's disease is associated with L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Long-acting dopamine agonists may reduce the risk of LID by continuous dopaminergic stimulation. We examined the LID-like behavior, preprodynorphin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the striatum (a neurochemical LID hallmark), and the volume of the entopeduncular nucleus (a pathological LID hallmark) in Parkinson's disease rat models that were treated with L-dopa and cabergoline. Cabergoline co-treatment with L-dopa reduced LID, striatal preprodynorphin mRNA expression, and hypertrophy of the entopeduncular nucleus, indicating that cabergoline has an anti-LID effect independent of the L-dopa-sparing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Nishijima
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kimura
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Aomori Hospital, 155-1 Namioka-Megasawa-Hirano, Aomori 038-1331, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Iku Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kon
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Chieko Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tomiyama
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Veyres N, Hamadjida A, Huot P. Predictive Value of Parkinsonian Primates in Pharmacologic Studies: A Comparison between the Macaque, Marmoset, and Squirrel Monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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5
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Fox SH, Brotchie JM, Johnston TM. Primate Models of Complications Related to Parkinson Disease Treatment. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Morin N, Di Paolo T. Pharmacological Treatments Inhibiting Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP-Lesioned Monkeys: Brain Glutamate Biochemical Correlates. Front Neurol 2014; 5:144. [PMID: 25140165 PMCID: PMC4122180 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-glutamatergic drugs can relieve Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms and decrease l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesias (LID). This review reports relevant studies investigating glutamate receptor subtypes in relation to motor complications in PD patients and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys. Antagonists of the ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, display antidyskinetic activity in PD patients and animal models such as the MPTP monkey. Metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonists were shown to reduce the severity of LID in PD patients as well as in already dyskinetic non-human primates and to prevent the development of LID in de novo treatments in non-human primates. An increase in striatal post-synaptic NMDA, AMPA, and mGlu5 receptors is documented in PD patients and MPTP monkeys with LID. This increase can be prevented in MPTP monkeys with the addition of a specific glutamate receptor antagonist to the l-DOPA treatment and also with drugs of various pharmacological specificities suggesting multiple receptor interactions. This is yet to be well documented for presynaptic mGlu4 and mGlu2/3 and offers additional new promising avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Morin
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , Quebec City, QC , Canada ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University , Quebec City, QC , Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , Quebec City, QC , Canada ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University , Quebec City, QC , Canada
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Porras G, Li Q, Bezard E. Modeling Parkinson's disease in primates: The MPTP model. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a009308. [PMID: 22393538 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD) reproduce most, although not all, of the clinical and pathological hallmarks of PD. The present contribution presents the possibilities offered by the MPTP monkey models of PD to readers with minimal knowledge of PD, emphasizing the diversity of species, route and regimen of administration, symptoms and pathological features. Readers would eventually find out that there is not a single MPTP monkey model of PD but instead MPTP monkey models of PD, each addressing a specific experimental need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Porras
- University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladiesw Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France
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8
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Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:943159. [PMID: 23125942 PMCID: PMC3483732 DOI: 10.1155/2012/943159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dyskinetic disorders are characterized by excess of motor activity that may interfere with normal movement control. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the chronic levodopa treatment induces dyskinetic movements known as levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID). This paper analyzed the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, pharmacological treatments, and surgical procedures to treat hyperkinetic disorders. Surgery is currently the only treatment available for Parkinson's disease that may improve both parkinsonian motor syndrome and LID. However, this paper shows the different mechanisms involved are not well understood.
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9
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Iderberg H, Francardo V, Pioli E. Animal models of l-DOPA–induced dyskinesia: an update on the current options. Neuroscience 2012; 211:13-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Gottwald MD, Aminoff MJ. Therapies for dopaminergic-induced dyskinesias in parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2011; 69:919-27. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Riahi G, Morissette M, Parent M, Di Paolo T. Brain 5-HT(2A) receptors in MPTP monkeys and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1823-31. [PMID: 21501255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are abnormal involuntary movements induced by the chronic use of levodopa (l-Dopa) limiting the quality of life of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. We evaluated changes of the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors in control monkeys, in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys and in l-Dopa-treated MPTP monkeys, without or with adjunct treatments to inhibit the expression of LID: CI-1041, a selective NR1A/2B subunit antagonist of glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor, or Cabergoline, a long-acting dopamine D(2) receptor agonist. All treatments were administered for 1 month and animals were killed 24 h after the last dose of l-Dopa. Striatal concentrations of serotonin were decreased in all MPTP monkeys investigated, as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. [(3) H]Ketanserin-specific binding to 5-HT(2A) receptors was measured by autoradiography. l-Dopa treatment that induced dyskinesias increased 5-HT(2A) receptor-specific binding in the caudate nucleus and the anterior cingulate gyrus (AcgG) compared with control monkeys. Moreover, [(3) H]Ketanserin-specific binding was increased in the dorsomedial caudate nucleus in l-Dopa-treated MPTP monkeys compared with saline-treated MPTP monkeys. Nondyskinetic monkeys treated with CI-1041 or Cabergoline showed low 5-HT(2A) -specific binding in the posterior dorsomedial caudate nucleus and the anterior AcgG compared with dyskinetic monkeys. No significant difference in 5-HT(2A) receptor binding was observed in any brain regions examined in saline-treated MPTP monkeys compared with control monkeys. These results confirm the involvement of serotonergic pathways and the glutamate/serotonin interactions in LID. They also support targeting 5-HT(2A) receptors as a potential treatment for LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnasim Riahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
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12
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Sánchez MG, Estrada-Camarena E, Bélanger N, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Estradiol modulation of cortical, striatal and raphe nucleus 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors of female hemiparkinsonian monkeys after long-term ovariectomy. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:642-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Morissette M, Samadi P, Hadj Tahar A, Bélanger N, Di Paolo T. Striatal Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway in the development of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:446-54. [PMID: 20026151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
L-Dopa treatment, the gold standard therapy for Parkinson's disease, is hampered by motor complications such as dyskinesias. Recently, impairment of striatal Akt/GSK3 signaling was proposed to play a role in the mechanisms implicated in development of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. The present experiment investigated in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys, the effects on Akt/GSK3 of chronic L-Dopa treatment inducing dyskinesias compared to L-Dopa with CI-1041 (NMDA receptor antagonist) or a low dose of cabergoline (dopamine D2 receptor agonist) preventing dyskinesias. The extensive dopamine denervation induced by MPTP was associated with a decrease by about half of phosphorylated Akt(Ser473) levels in posterior caudate nucleus, anterior and posterior putamen; smaller changes were observed for phosphorylated Akt(Thr308) levels that did not reach statistical significance. Dopamine depletion reduced phosphorylated GSK3beta(Ser9) levels, mainly in posterior putamen whereas pGSK3beta(Tyr216) and pGSK3alpha(Ser21) were unchanged. In posterior caudate nucleus, anterior and posterior putamen of dyskinetic L-Dopa-treated MPTP monkeys, pAkt(Ser473) and pGSK3beta(Ser9) were elevated whereas L-Dopa+cabergoline treated MPTP monkeys without dyskinesias had lower values in posterior striatum as vehicle-treated MPTP monkeys. In non-dyskinetic MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa+CI-1041, putamen pAkt(Ser473) and pGSK3beta(Ser9) levels remained elevated as in dyskinetic monkeys while in posterior caudate nucleus, these levels were low as vehicle-treated and lower than L-Dopa treated MPTP monkeys. Extent of phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta in putamen correlated positively with dyskinesias scores of MPTP monkeys; these correlations were higher with dopaminergic drugs (L-Dopa, cabergoline) suggesting implication of additional mechanisms and/or signaling molecules in the NMDA antagonist antidyskinetic effect. In conclusion, our results showed that in MPTP monkeys, loss of striatal dopamine decreased Akt/GSK3 signaling and that increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta was associated with L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Morissette
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Centre, CHUQ, Laval University Medical Centre, Quebec, Canada
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Samadi P, Morissette M, Lévesque D, Di Paolo T. BDNF levels are not related with levodopa-induced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys. Mov Disord 2010; 25:116-21. [PMID: 20014115 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are frequent in parkinsonian patients and may result from an aberrant plasticity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) represents a likely candidate to subserve neuroadaptive processes encountered in LIDs. We compared striatal BDNF levels measured by ELISA in levodopa-treated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys having developed LIDs compared with animals where LIDs were prevented by the addition of CI-1041 (NR1A/2B NMDA receptor antagonist) or low doses of cabergoline (dopamine D2 receptor agonist). We observed reduced striatal BDNF concentrations in levodopa-treated MPTP monkeys with or without LIDs, suggesting that levodopa treatment is associated with reduced striatal BDNF levels and is independent of dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershia Samadi
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Centre, Laval University Medical Centre, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Changes of AMPA receptors in MPTP monkeys with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Neuroscience 2010; 167:1160-7. [PMID: 20303391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of glutamate neurotransmission is suspected to be implicated in Parkinson's disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. The fast glutamatergic transmission in the striatum from the cortex is mediated mainly by non-n-methyl-d-aspartate (non-NMDA) receptors. Animal models of Parkinson's disease reveal conflicting data concerning striatal glutamate AMPA receptors. The present study thus sought to shed light on the relationship of striatal AMPA receptors to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. [(3)H]Ro 48-8587, a highly potent and selective-specific antagonist ligand for AMPA receptors, was used to investigate, by autoradiography, striatal AMPA receptors in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys treated for 1 month with levodopa alone, levodopa+CI-1041 (NMDA receptor antagonist) or levodopa+cabergoline (D2 receptor agonist). Levodopa-treated MPTP monkeys developed dyskinesias while those that received levodopa+CI-1041 or levodopa+cabergoline did not. In the anterior caudate nucleus and putamen, specific binding of [(3)H]Ro 48-8587 was reduced in all MPTP-treated monkeys compared to control monkeys, but no significant effect of MPTP was measured in the posterior striatum. In dyskinetic monkeys, specific binding of [(3)H]Ro 48-8587 was elevated in subregions of the posterior caudate nucleus and putamen as compared to saline-treated MPTP monkeys. Levodopa+CI-1041 treatment left unchanged specific binding of [(3)H]Ro 48-8587 whereas levodopa+cabergoline treatment reduced it in subregions of the posterior caudate nucleus and putamen compared to control and levodopa-treated MPTP monkeys. Specific binding of [(3)H]Ro 48-8587 was low in the globus pallidus and remained unchanged following both lesion and treatments. In conclusion, the elevated values of AMPA receptors in dyskinetic monkeys (and their prevention through treatments) were only observed in subregions of the striatum.
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Bogucki A, Sławek J. Ciągła stymulacja dopaminergiczna – doświadczenia kliniczne. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2010; 44:385-95. [DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Ouattara B, Grégoire L, Morissette M, Gasparini F, Vranesic I, Bilbe G, Johns DR, Rajput A, Hornykiewicz O, Rajput AH, Gomez-Mancilla B, Di Paolo T. Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 in levodopa-induced motor complications. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1286-95. [PMID: 20036444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors type 5 (mGluR5) are implicated in regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning, and were the focus of our investigation in human Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with dyskinesias and wearing-off, and in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys with dyskinesias. Using the selective mGluR5 ligand [(3)H]ABP688 autoradiography, we measured mGluR5 in brain slices from 11 normal and 14 PD patients and from MPTP monkeys, in relation to motor complications (dyskinesias and wearing-off) associated with treatment with l-dopa. In 16 monkeys with a bilateral MPTP lesion and four controls, [(3)H]ABP688 specific binding was elevated in the striatum of dyskinetic l-dopa-treated MPTP monkeys but not in MPTP monkeys without dyskinesias compared to controls. PD patients with motor complications (either dyskinesias or wearing-off) had higher [(3)H]ABP688 specific binding compared to those without motor complications and controls in putamen, external and internal globus pallidus. Elevated glutamatergic transmission as measured with increased mGluR5 specific binding was associated with motor complications and its antagonism could be targeted for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bazoumana Ouattara
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Laval University Medical Center, Quebec (QC), Canada
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Mahmoudi S, Samadi P, Gilbert F, Ouattara B, Morissette M, Grégoire L, Rouillard C, Di Paolo T, Lévesque D. Nur77 mRNA levels and L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys treated with docosahexaenoic acid. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:213-22. [PMID: 19635563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly reduced L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys (Samadi et al., Ann. Neurol. 59:282-288, 2006). In the present study, we measured for the first time mRNA levels of Nur77, an orphan nuclear receptor that participates to adaptive and/or aberrant dopamine-related behaviors, and retinoid X receptor gamma1 (RXRgamma1), a putative brain receptor for DHA and transcriptional partner of Nur77, in MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa and DHA. The RXRgamma1 mRNA is strongly expressed in monkey caudate nucleus and putamen, but no change in levels of RXRgamma1 was observed following MPTP and L-Dopa treatments. On the other hand, denervation reduced Nur77 mRNA levels, whereas chronic L-Dopa treatment strongly induced Nur77 transcripts. These modulations are taking place in substance P positive cells and are associated with both caudate-putamen matrix and striosome compartments. Interestingly, combination of L-Dopa with DHA further increases Nur77 mRNA levels in the anterior caudate-putamen, and mainly in striosomes. This is accompanied by a significant inverse correlation between Nur77 mRNA levels and dyskinetic scores. Taken together, our results show that Nur77 expression is modulated following dopamine denervation and chronic L-Dopa therapy in a non-human primate model of Parkinson's disease, and suggest that strong modulation of Nur77 expression might be linked to a reduced risk to develop LIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souha Mahmoudi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Larramendy C, Taravini IR, Saborido MD, Ferrario JE, Murer MG, Gershanik OS. Cabergoline and pramipexole fail to modify already established dyskinesias in an animal model of parkinsonism. Behav Brain Res 2008; 194:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Ouattara B, Belkhir S, Morissette M, Dridi M, Samadi P, Grégoire L, Meltzer LT, Di Paolo T. Implication of NMDA receptors in the antidyskinetic activity of cabergoline, CI-1041, and Ro 61-8048 in MPTP monkeys with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 38:128-42. [PMID: 18704766 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors of 1-methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys with levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesias (LID). In a first experiment, four MPTP monkeys receiving L-DOPA/Benserazide alone developed dyskinesias. Four MPTP monkeys received L-DOPA/Benserazide plus CI-1041 an NMDA antagonist selective for NR1/NR2B and four were treated with L-DOPA/Benserazide plus a small dose of cabergoline; one monkey of each group developed mild dyskinesias at the end of treatment. In a second experiment, a kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitor Ro 61-8048, combined with L-DOPA/Benserazide, reduced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys. Drug-treated MPTP monkeys were compared to intact monkeys and saline-treated MPTP monkeys. Glutamate receptors were investigated by autoradiography using [(3)H]CGP-39653 (NR1/NR2A antagonist) and [(3)H]Ro25-6981 (NR1/NR2B antagonist). In general, striatal [(3)H]CGP-39653 specific binding was unaltered in all experimental groups. MPTP lesion decreased striatal [(3)H]Ro25-6981 specific binding; these levels were enhanced in the L-DOPA-alone-treated MPTP monkeys and decreased in antidyskinetic drugs treated monkeys. Maximal dyskinesias scores of the MPTP monkeys correlated significantly with [(3)H]Ro25-6981 specific binding in the rostral and caudal striatum. Hence, MPTP lesion, L-DOPA treatment and prevention of LID with CI-1041 and cabergoline, or reduction with Ro 61-8048 were associated with modulation of NR2B/NMDA glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bazoumana Ouattara
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
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Samadi P, Grégoire L, Morissette M, Calon F, Tahar AH, Bélanger N, Dridi M, Bédard PJ, Di Paolo T. Basal ganglia group II metabotropic glutamate receptors specific binding in non-human primate model of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54:258-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Samadi P, Grégoire L, Morissette M, Calon F, Hadj Tahar A, Dridi M, Belanger N, Meltzer LT, Bédard PJ, Di Paolo T. mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptors and dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:1040-51. [PMID: 17353071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of excessive glutamatergic transmission within the basal ganglia is considered as an alternative approach to reduce l-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study receptor binding autoradiography of [3H]MPEP, a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) selective radioligand, was used to investigate possible changes in mGluR5 in the basal ganglia of l-Dopa-treated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys having developed LIDs compared to animals in which LIDs was prevented by adjunct treatments. LIDs were associated with an increase of mGluR5 specific binding in the posterior putamen and pallidum (+41% and +56%) compared to controls. By contrast, prevention of dyskinesias was associated with an important decrease of mGluR5 specific binding in these areas (-37% and -48%) compared with dyskinetic animals. Moreover, an upregulation (+34%) of mGluR5 receptor binding was seen in the anterior caudate nucleus of saline treated MPTP monkeys. This study is the first to provide evidence that enhanced mGluR5 specific binding in the posterior putamen and pallidum may contribute to the pathogenesis of LIDs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershia Samadi
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Centre, Laval University Medical Centre, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Rose S, Scheller DKA, Breidenbach A, Smith L, Jackson M, Stockwell K, Jenner P. Plasma levels of rotigotine and the reversal of motor deficits in MPTP-treated primates. Behav Pharmacol 2007; 18:155-60. [PMID: 17351422 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3280ebb400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rotigotine is a nonergolinic dopamine D3/D2/D1-receptor agonist used clinically for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between peak antiparkinsonian activity and drug plasma levels after administration of rotigotine to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropytidine-treated primates. Using single subcutaneous injections of rotigotine and blood sampling at two subsequent time points, the relationship between improvement in motor activity and plasma rotigotine level was evaluated in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropytidine-treated common marmosets. Rotigotine (0.01875-0.3 mg/kg subcutaneously) produced an increase in locomotor activity even at the lowest dose tested. Total increase in motor activity and duration of drug effect were dose related. Motor disability was similarly improved by rotigotine in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest doses, hyperactivity and stereotypy were observed. Plasma concentrations of rotigotine were linearly related to dose over dosage range employed, but not to behavioral response. Results show that pulsatile administration of rotigotine effectively normalizes motor activity in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropytidine-treated marmosets. Although dose and plasma concentrations of rotigotine are closely related, drug effects in the brain measured as locomotion and improvement of disability dissociate from plasma levels. Plasma levels corresponding to the optimal dose range (0.01875-0.075 mg/kg) will guide a continuous administration regimen of rotigotine in a subsequent study using the same experimental model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rose
- aNeurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, UK
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Jackson MJ, Smith LA, Al-Barghouthy G, Rose S, Jenner P. Decreased expression of l-dopa-induced dyskinesia by switching to ropinirole in MPTP-treated common marmosets. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:162-70. [PMID: 17113078 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Current concepts suggest that pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors following L-dopa administration leads to priming for dyskinesia in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP)-treated primates, while continuous dopaminergic stimulation with long-acting dopamine agonists does not. We investigated whether L-dopa-induced dyskinesia is reduced by switching to a dopamine agonist. MPTP-treated marmosets received chronic treatment with L-dopa or ropinirole in doses producing equivalent motor activity and reversal of motor deficits. Administration of L-dopa led to the rapid onset of moderate to severe dyskinesia, whereas ropinirole produced only mild dyskinesia. Animals initially treated with L-dopa were switched to an equivalent dose of ropinirole and those treated with ropinirole were switched to an equivalent dose of L-dopa for 56 days. L-dopa-primed animals that were switched to ropinirole showed a trend towards a reduction of dyskinesia intensity, whereas animals initially treated with ropinirole and switched to L-dopa showed a trend toward increased dyskinesia intensity. A subsequent, acute L-dopa challenge reversed motor deficits and induced intense dyskinesia in both groups. This suggests that L-dopa leads to the priming and expression of dyskinesia, but that expression is not maintained when switching to a long-acting dopamine agonist. In contrast, dopamine agonists may prime for dyskinesia, but do not lead to its full expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Jackson
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Samadi P, Morissette M, Calon F, Tahar AH, Dridi M, Belanger N, Meltzer LT, Bédard PJ, Di Paolo T. Normalization of GABAA receptor specific binding in the substantia nigra reticulata and the prevention ofL-dopa-induced dyskinesias in MPTP parkinsonian monkeys. Synapse 2007; 62:101-9. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bélanger N, Grégoire L, Bédard PJ, Di Paolo T. DHEA improves symptomatic treatment of moderately and severely impaired MPTP monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:1684-93. [PMID: 16253392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is abundant in men and women and decreases rapidly during aging. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder just behind Alzheimer. l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-Dopa) therapy remains the most effective treatment but many patients develop motor complications. This study investigated the acute effect of DHEA alone and with l-Dopa in 12 females monkeys lesioned with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to model PD. DHEA administration alone improved the mean parkinsonian score at 1, 5 and 15mg/kg in moderately and severely impaired MPTP monkeys and increased blood DHEA concentrations. DHEA with a low dose of l-Dopa increased the l-Dopa effect in moderately and severely impaired MPTP monkeys. DHEA lengthened duration of the effect of the low dose of l-Dopa by 15-45min. DHEA at 1, 5 and 15mg/kg combined with a high dose of l-Dopa did not increase dyskinesias. DHEA could act by reducing inhibitory GABAergic activity in the striatal output pathways. DHEA could also be metabolized into estradiol in the brain and increase acutely dopamine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Bélanger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Que., Canada G1V 4G2
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Linazasoro G. New ideas on the origin of L-dopa-induced dyskinesias: age, genes and neural plasticity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 26:391-7. [PMID: 16009432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
More than 50% of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients treated with L-dopa develop L-dopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) in the long term. Some patients exhibit severe dyskinesias soon after starting low doses of L-dopa, whereas other patients remain free of this disabling complication despite treatment with L-dopa. Avoiding or delaying the appearance of LIDs is one of the main objectives of the management of PD. Plasticity of the brain to adapt to a progressive disease, together with a non-physiological treatment strategy, might be the key physiopathological element that underlies LIDs. Neural plasticity varies among patients according to age and genetics. Thus, I propose that this variation explains the observed differences in the occurrence of LIDs in PD patients. Furthermore, I suggest that denervation and L-dopa treatment act as modulating and triggering factors of LIDs, respectively. In this article, the practical implications of these ideas and the role of pharmacogenetics in PD treatment are discussed. Treatment decisions are likely to rely on this information, challenging the relevance of current 'hot' debates about how to start treatment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurutz Linazasoro
- Centro de Investigación Parkinson, Policlínica Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain.
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Smith LA, Jackson MJ, Johnston L, Kuoppamaki M, Rose S, Al-Barghouthy G, Del Signore S, Jenner P. Switching from Levodopa to the Long-acting Dopamine D2/D3 Agonist Piribedil Reduces the Expression of Dyskinesia While Maintaining Effective Motor Activity in MPTP-treated Primates. Clin Neuropharmacol 2006; 29:112-25. [PMID: 16772809 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnf.0000220818.71231.df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of motor complications following dopaminergic medication in late-stage Parkinson disease remains problematic. OBJECTIVE We now investigate the potential of oral administration of the long-acting dopamine D2/D3 agonist piribedil to decrease the expression of dyskinesia induced by prior exposure to levodopa in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP)-treated primates. METHODS MPTP-treated common marmosets were treated with equieffective doses of levodopa (10.0-12.5 mg/kg PO, twice daily) or piribedil (3.0-4.0 mg/kg PO, once daily) for 30 days and then switched to the alternative treatment for a further 35 days. RESULTS Levodopa administration markedly improved motor function, but dyskinesia rapidly appeared and intensified as treatment progressed. Administration of piribedil produced a similar reversal of MPTP-induced motor deficits but with comparatively mild dyskinesia. On switching from levodopa to piribedil, the intensity of dyskinesia decreased without altering the improvement in motor deficits. However, on switching from piribedil to levodopa, the rapid increase in dyskinesia despite the improvement in motor function being maintained suggests that piribedil also primes for but does not markedly express dyskinesia. CONCLUSION The study confirms the low dyskinesia expression resulting from piribedil treatment compared with an equieffective dose of levodopa. Importantly, the results show that switching from levodopa to piribedil rapidly results in a sustained decrease in dyskinesia intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Smith
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College, London, UK
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Abstract
Loss of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) initiates a complex stream of effects that results in the development of tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. While levodopa remains the most effective drug for the symptomatic treatment of PD, its chronic administration is associated with the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. The risk of developing motor fluctuations has been linked to disease severity, dosage of levodopa, and the age of the patient. A recent body of preclinical data has demonstrated that alterations in dopaminergic tone as well as in treatment patterns results in cellular adaptations, including alterations in gene expression. This body of preclinical data suggests that nonphysiological, pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors induces the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias and raises the possibility that nonpulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors (continuous dopaminergic stimulation) might induce fewer fluctuations. We discuss the theory of continuous dopaminergic stimulation and its implications for the management of motor fluctuations in patients with advanced and early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Widnell
- Regional Parkinson Center, Aurora Sinai Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Blanchet PJ, Calon F, Morissette M, Hadj Tahar A, Bélanger N, Samadi P, Grondin R, Grégoire L, Meltzer L, Di Paolo T, Bédard PJ. Relevance of the MPTP primate model in the study of dyskinesia priming mechanisms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004; 10:297-304. [PMID: 15196509 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For nearly 20 years, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) primate model has allowed great strides to be made in our understanding of the maladaptive changes underlying the levodopa-related motor response complications occurring in most parkinsonian patients. Studies indicate that sustained dopamine D2 receptor occupancy can prevent and reverse existing dyskinesias. Recent experiments in levodopa-treated MPTP animals, co-administered either a threshold dose of cabergoline or a glutamate NMDA NR2B-selective antagonist (CI-1041), have afforded protection against dyskinesia, perhaps through presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release and blockade of supersensitive postsynaptic NMDA receptors in the striatum, respectively. Some of the biochemical events that have correlated with dyskinesias, namely upregulated GABA(A) receptors in the internal pallidum, rise in pre-proenkephalin-A gene expression in the striatum, and upregulated striatal glutamate ionotropic receptors and adenosine A(2a) receptors, may be counteracted by these preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Blanchet
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montreal, Que., Canada
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Abstract
Cabergoline is a synthetic ergoline dopamine agonist with a high affinity for dopamine D2 receptors and a long elimination half-life. This agent provides continuous dopaminergic stimulation with once-daily administration. Adjuvant oral cabergoline is usually well tolerated and effective in controlling symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease experiencing response fluctuations to long-term levodopa therapy. In patients with early Parkinson's disease, cabergoline (with or without levodopa) is well tolerated and effective in controlling disease symptoms, and may reduce the risk of developing drug-induced motor complications. Data from two pharmacoeconomic analyses suggest that cabergoline may be a cost-effective treatment option versus levodopa in patients with early Parkinson's disease, and highlight the need for further evaluation of the drug in this indication.
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