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Levin M. Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere: An Experimentally-Grounded Framework for Understanding Diverse Bodies and Minds. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:768201. [PMID: 35401131 PMCID: PMC8988303 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.768201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology and bioengineering provide the opportunity to create novel embodied cognitive systems (otherwise known as minds) in a very wide variety of chimeric architectures combining evolved and designed material and software. These advances are disrupting familiar concepts in the philosophy of mind, and require new ways of thinking about and comparing truly diverse intelligences, whose composition and origin are not like any of the available natural model species. In this Perspective, I introduce TAME-Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere-a framework for understanding and manipulating cognition in unconventional substrates. TAME formalizes a non-binary (continuous), empirically-based approach to strongly embodied agency. TAME provides a natural way to think about animal sentience as an instance of collective intelligence of cell groups, arising from dynamics that manifest in similar ways in numerous other substrates. When applied to regenerating/developmental systems, TAME suggests a perspective on morphogenesis as an example of basal cognition. The deep symmetry between problem-solving in anatomical, physiological, transcriptional, and 3D (traditional behavioral) spaces drives specific hypotheses by which cognitive capacities can increase during evolution. An important medium exploited by evolution for joining active subunits into greater agents is developmental bioelectricity, implemented by pre-neural use of ion channels and gap junctions to scale up cell-level feedback loops into anatomical homeostasis. This architecture of multi-scale competency of biological systems has important implications for plasticity of bodies and minds, greatly potentiating evolvability. Considering classical and recent data from the perspectives of computational science, evolutionary biology, and basal cognition, reveals a rich research program with many implications for cognitive science, evolutionary biology, regenerative medicine, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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2
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Islam J, So KH, Kc E, Moon HC, Kim A, Hyun SH, Kim S, Park YS. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cells alleviates motor dysfunction in AAV2-Htt171-82Q transfected rat model of Huntington's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:585. [PMID: 34809707 PMCID: PMC8607638 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) transplantation had shown to provide a potential source of cells in neurodegenerative disease studies and lead to behavioral recovery in lentivirus transfected or, toxin-induced Huntington's disease (HD) rodent model. Here, we aimed to observe if transplantation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-labeled hESCs could migrate in the neural degenerated area and improve motor dysfunction in an AAV2-Htt171-82Q transfected Huntington rat model. METHODS All animals were randomly allocated into three groups at first: HD group, sham group, and control group. After six weeks, the animals of the HD group and sham group were again divided into two subgroups depending on animals receiving either ipsilateral or contralateral hESCs transplantation. We performed cylinder test and stepping test every two weeks after AAV2-Htt171-82Q injection and hESCs transplantation. Stem cell tracking was performed once per two weeks using T2 and T2*-weighted images at 4.7 Tesla MRI. We also performed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining to detect the presence of hESCs markers, huntingtin protein aggregations, and iron in the striatum. RESULTS After hESCs transplantation, the Htt virus-injected rats exhibited significant behavioral improvement in behavioral tests. SPION labeled hESCs showed migration with hypointense signal in MRI. The cells were positive with βIII-tubulin, GABA, and DARPP32. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results suggested that hESCs transplantation can be a potential treatment for motor dysfunction of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisan Islam
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ha So
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Elina Kc
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheol Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gammaknife Icon Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Aryun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Hyun
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochong Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gammaknife Icon Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 776, 1 Sunhwanro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Kim HJ, Cho KR, Jang H, Lee NK, Jung YH, Kim JP, Lee JI, Chang JW, Park S, Kim ST, Moon SW, Seo SW, Choi SJ, Na DL. Intracerebroventricular injection of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells in patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia: a phase I clinical trial. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:154. [PMID: 34521461 PMCID: PMC8439008 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, and currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment. Favorable functional outcomes and reduction of amyloid levels were observed following transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in animal studies. Objectives We conducted a phase I clinical trial in nine patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease dementia to evaluate the safety and dose-limiting toxicity of three repeated intracerebroventricular injections of human umbilical cord blood–derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs). Methods We recruited nine mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease dementia patients from Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Four weeks prior to MSC administration, the Ommaya reservoir was implanted into the right lateral ventricle of the patients. Three patients received a low dose (1.0 × 107 cells/2 mL), and six patients received a high dose (3.0 × 107 cells/2 mL) of hUCB-MSCs. Three repeated injections of MSCs were performed (4-week intervals) in all nine patients. These patients were followed up to 12 weeks after the first hUCB-MSC injection and an additional 36 months in the extended observation study. Results After hUCB-MSC injection, the most common adverse event was fever (n = 9) followed by headache (n = 7), nausea (n = 5), and vomiting (n = 4), which all subsided within 36 h. There were three serious adverse events in two participants that were considered to have arisen from the investigational product. Fever in a low dose participant and nausea with vomiting in another low dose participant each required extended hospitalization by a day. There were no dose-limiting toxicities. Five participants completed the 36-month extended observation study, and no further serious adverse events were observed. Conclusions Three repeated administrations of hUCB-MSCs into the lateral ventricle via an Ommaya reservoir were feasible, relatively and sufficiently safe, and well-tolerated. Currently, we are undergoing an extended follow-up study for those who participated in a phase IIa trial where upon completion, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the clinical efficacy of MSC AD therapy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02054208. Registered on 4 February 2014. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03172117. Registered on 1 June 2017 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00897-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 80 Ilwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Rae Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 80 Ilwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Kyung Lee
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Jung
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Pyo Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongbeom Park
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 80 Ilwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Whan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 80 Ilwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, R&D Center, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 80 Ilwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea. .,Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Drew CJG, Sharouf F, Randell E, Brookes-Howell L, Smallman K, Sewell B, Burrell A, Kirby N, Mills L, Precious S, Pallmann P, Gillespie D, Hood K, Busse M, Gray WP, Rosser A. Protocol for an open label: phase I trial within a cohort of foetal cell transplants in people with Huntington's disease. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcaa230. [PMID: 33543141 PMCID: PMC7850012 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Currently, no disease-modifying therapies are available to slow or halt disease progression. Huntington's disease is characterized by relatively focal and specific loss of striatal medium spiny neurons, which makes it suitable for cell-replacement therapy, a process involving the transplantation of donor cells to replace those lost due to disease. TRIal DEsigns for delivery of Novel Therapies in neurodegeneration is a phase I Trial Within a Cohort designed to assess safety and feasibility of transplanting human foetal striatal cells into the striatum of people with Huntington's disease. A minimum of 18 participants will be enrolled in the study cohort, and up to five eligible participants will be randomly selected to undergo transplantation of 12-22 million foetal cells in a dose escalation paradigm. Independent reviewers will assess safety outcomes (lack of significant infection, bleeding or new neurological deficit) 4 weeks after surgery, and ongoing safety will be established before conducting each subsequent surgery. All participants will undergo detailed clinical and functional assessment at baseline (6 and 12 months). Surgery will be performed 1 month after baseline, and transplant participants will undergo regular clinical follow-up for at least 12 months. Evaluation of trial processes will also be undertaken. Transplant participants and their carers will be interviewed ∼1 month before and after surgery. Interviews will also be conducted with non-transplanted participants and healthcare staff delivering the intervention and involved in the clinical care of participants. Evaluation of clinical and functional efficacy outcomes and intervention costs will be carried out to explore plausible trial designs for subsequent randomized controlled trials aimed at evaluating efficacy and cost-effectiveness of cell-replacement therapy. TRIal DEsigns for delivery of Novel Therapies in neurodegeneration will enable the assessment of the safety, feasibility, acceptability and cost of foetal cell transplants in people with Huntington's disease. The data collected will inform trial designs for complex intra-cranial interventions in a range of neurodegenerative conditions and facilitate the development of stable surgical pipelines for delivery of future stem cell trials. Trial Registration: ISRCTN52651778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheney J G Drew
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Feras Sharouf
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Elizabeth Randell
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | | | - Kim Smallman
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Bernadette Sewell
- Swansea Centre for Health Economics, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Astrid Burrell
- Public and Patient Representative, BRAIN Involve, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Laura Mills
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Sophie Precious
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Ave, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Philip Pallmann
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - David Gillespie
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Kerry Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Monica Busse
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Anne Rosser
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Ave, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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5
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Sénécal V, Barat C, Tremblay MJ. The delicate balance between neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in the context of HIV-1 infection. Glia 2020; 69:255-280. [PMID: 32910482 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) causes a spectrum of neurological impairments, termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), following the infiltration of infected cells into the brain. Even though the implementation of antiretroviral therapy reduced the systemic viral load, the prevalence of HAND remains unchanged and infected patients develop persisting neurological disturbances affecting their quality of life. As a result, HAND have gained importance in basic and clinical researches, warranting the need of developing new adjunctive treatments. Nonetheless, a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms remains necessary. Several studies consolidated their efforts into elucidating the neurotoxic signaling leading to HAND including the deleterious actions of HIV-1 viral proteins and inflammatory mediators. However, the scope of these studies is not sufficient to address all the complexity related to HAND development. Fewer studies focused on an altered neuroprotective capacity of the brain to respond to HIV-1 infection. Neurotrophic factors are endogenous polyproteins involved in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. Any defects in the processing or production of these crucial factors might compose a risk factor rendering the brain more vulnerable to neuronal damages. Due to their essential roles, they have been investigated for their diverse interplays with HIV-1 infection. In this review, we present a complete description of the neurotrophic factors involved in HAND. We discuss emerging concepts for their therapeutic applications and summarize the complex mechanisms that down-regulate their production in favor of a neurotoxic environment. For certain factors, we finally address opposing roles that rather lead to increased inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sénécal
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Yousefi N, Abdollahii S, Kouhbanani MAJ, Hassanzadeh A. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as game-changing tools in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease: Mirage or reality? J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9166-9184. [PMID: 32437029 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on investigations, there exist tight correlations between neurodegenerative diseases' incidence and progression and aberrant protein aggregreferates in nervous tissue. However, the pathology of these diseases is not well known, leading to an inability to find an appropriate therapeutic approach to delay occurrence or slow many neurodegenerative diseases' development. The accessibility of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in mimicking the phenotypes of various late-onset neurodegenerative diseases presents a novel strategy for in vitro disease modeling. The iPSCs provide a valuable and well-identified resource to clarify neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, as well as prepare a promising human stem cell platform for drug screening. Undoubtedly, neurodegenerative disease modeling using iPSCs has established innovative opportunities for both mechanistic types of research and recognition of novel disease treatments. Most important, the iPSCs have been considered as a novel autologous cell origin for cell-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases following differentiation to varied types of neural lineage cells (e.g. GABAergic neurons, dopamine neurons, cortical neurons, and motor neurons). In this review, we summarize iPSC-based disease modeling in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Moreover, we discuss the efficacy of cell-replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Yousefi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Instittableute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Abdollahii
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Jadidi Kouhbanani
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Aguareles J, Paraíso-Luna J, Palomares B, Bajo-Grañeras R, Navarrete C, Ruiz-Calvo A, García-Rincón D, García-Taboada E, Guzmán M, Muñoz E, Galve-Roperh I. Oral administration of the cannabigerol derivative VCE-003.2 promotes subventricular zone neurogenesis and protects against mutant huntingtin-induced neurodegeneration. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:9. [PMID: 30899454 PMCID: PMC6407204 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of certain cannabinoids provides neuroprotection in models of neurodegenerative diseases by acting through various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Many cannabinoid actions in the nervous system are mediated by CB1 receptors, which can elicit psychotropic effects, but other targets devoid of psychotropic activity, including CB2 and nuclear PPARγ receptors, can also be the target of specific cannabinoids. METHODS We investigated the pro-neurogenic potential of the synthetic cannabigerol derivative, VCE-003.2, in striatal neurodegeneration by using adeno-associated viral expression of mutant huntingtin in vivo and mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation in vitro. RESULTS Oral administration of VCE-003.2 protected striatal medium spiny neurons from mutant huntingtin-induced damage, attenuated neuroinflammation and improved motor performance. VCE-003.2 bioavailability was characterized and the potential undesired side effects were evaluated by analyzing hepatotoxicity after chronic treatment. VCE-003.2 promoted subventricular zone progenitor mobilization, increased doublecortin-positive migrating neuroblasts towards the injured area, and enhanced effective neurogenesis. Moreover, we demonstrated the proneurogenic activity of VCE-003.2 in embryonic stem cells. VCE-003.2 was able to increase neuroblast formation and striatal-like CTIP2-mediated neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The cannabigerol derivative VCE-003.2 improves subventricular zone-derived neurogenesis in response to mutant huntingtin-induced neurodegeneration, and is neuroprotective by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Aguareles
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km, 9100 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Paraíso-Luna
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km, 9100 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Palomares
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Bajo-Grañeras
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km, 9100 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Ruiz-Calvo
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km, 9100 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Rincón
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km, 9100 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Taboada
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km, 9100 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km, 9100 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km, 9100 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Fernández-Ruiz J. The biomedical challenge of neurodegenerative disorders: an opportunity for cannabinoid-based therapies to improve on the poor current therapeutic outcomes. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1370-1383. [PMID: 29856067 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the 21st century, the therapeutic management of neurodegenerative disorders remains a major biomedical challenge, particularly given the worldwide ageing of the population over the past 50 years that is expected to continue in the forthcoming years. This review will focus on the promise of cannabinoid-based therapies to address this challenge. This promise is based on the broad neuroprotective profile of cannabinoids, which may cooperate to combat excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, glia-driven inflammation and protein aggregation. Such effects may be produced by the activity of cannabinoids through their canonical targets (e.g. cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid enzymes) and also via non-canonical elements and activities in distinct cell types critical for cell survival or neuronal replacement (e.g. neurons, glia and neural precursor cells). Ultimately, the therapeutic events driven by endocannabinoid signalling reflect the activity of an endogenous system that regulates the preservation, rescue, repair and replacement of neurons and glia. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Kieburtz K, Reilmann R, Olanow CW. Huntington's disease: Current and future therapeutic prospects. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1033-1041. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Reilmann R, Schuldenzucker V. Minipigs as a Large-Brained Animal Model for Huntington's Disease: From Behavior and Imaging to Gene Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1780:241-266. [PMID: 29856023 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large animal models offer novel opportunities in exploring safety, biology, and efficacy of novel therapeutic approaches for Huntington's disease (HD). Challenges in the development of, for example, gene therapy, such as delivery, distribution, and persistence of virus vectors or oligo sense nucleotides, can be explored in large brains and organisms approaching human size. We here introduce the transgenic Libechov minipig as a large animal model of HD. Methods developed to assess motor, cognitive, and behavioral features expected to manifest in an HD model are described. We also outline established protocols for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for minipigs. The successful conduct of long-term follow-up studies over several years with repeated behavioral testing and imaging is reported. We discuss the advantages and limitations of using this model with regard to translational reliability, homology to humans and with respect to feasibility, breeding, housing, handling, and finally ethical considerations. It is concluded that minipigs can fulfill an important role in preclinical development to bridge the gap between rodents and nonhuman primate research in the translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Reilmann
- George-Huntington-Institute, Muenster, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and The Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Verena Schuldenzucker
- George-Huntington-Institute, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Griffin SM, Pickard MR, Orme RP, Hawkins CP, Williams AC, Fricker RA. Nicotinamide alone accelerates the conversion of mouse embryonic stem cells into mature neuronal populations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183358. [PMID: 28817722 PMCID: PMC5560552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin B3 has been shown to play an important role during embryogenesis. Specifically, there is growing evidence that nicotinamide, the biologically active form of vitamin B3, plays a critical role as a morphogen in the differentiation of stem cells to mature cell phenotypes, including those of the central nervous system (CNS). Detailed knowledge of the action of small molecules during neuronal differentiation is not only critical for uncovering mechanisms underlying lineage-specification, but also to establish more effective differentiation protocols to obtain clinically relevant cells for regenerative therapies for neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington’s disease (HD). Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of nicotinamide to promote the conversion of stem cells to mature CNS neurons. Methods Nicotinamide was applied to differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC; Sox1GFP knock-in 46C cell line) during their conversion towards a neural fate. Cells were assessed for changes in their proliferation, differentiation and maturation; using immunocytochemistry and morphometric analysis methods. Results Results presented indicate that 10 mM nicotinamide, when added at the initial stages of differentiation, promoted accelerated progression of ESCs to a neural lineage in adherent monolayer cultures. By 14 days in vitro (DIV), early exposure to nicotinamide was shown to increase the numbers of differentiated βIII-tubulin-positive neurons. Nicotinamide decreased the proportion of pluripotent stem cells, concomitantly increasing numbers of neural progenitors at 4 DIV. These progenitors then underwent rapid conversion to neurons, observed by a reduction in Sox 1 expression and decreased numbers of neural progenitors in the cultures at 14 DIV. Furthermore, GABAergic neurons generated in the presence of nicotinamide showed increased maturity and complexity of neurites at 14 DIV. Therefore, addition of nicotinamide alone caused an accelerated passage of pluripotent cells through lineage specification and further to non-dividing mature neurons. Conclusions Our results show that, within an optimal dose range, nicotinamide is able to singly and selectively direct the conversion of embryonic stem cells to mature neurons, and therefore may be a critical factor for normal brain development, thus supporting previous evidence of the fundamental role of vitamins and their metabolites during early CNS development. In addition, nicotinamide may offer a simple effective supplement to enhance the conversion of stem cells to clinically relevant neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Síle M. Griffin
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Pickard
- Chester Centre for Stress Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan P. Orme
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Clive P. Hawkins
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Fricker
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Haus DL, López-Velázquez L, Gold EM, Cunningham KM, Perez H, Anderson AJ, Cummings BJ. Transplantation of human neural stem cells restores cognition in an immunodeficient rodent model of traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2016; 281:1-16. [PMID: 27079998 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans can result in permanent tissue damage and has been linked to cognitive impairment that lasts years beyond the initial insult. Clinically effective treatment strategies have yet to be developed. Transplantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) has the potential to restore cognition lost due to injury, however, the vast majority of rodent TBI/hNSC studies to date have evaluated cognition only at early time points, typically <1month post-injury and cell transplantation. Additionally, human cell engraftment and long-term survival in rodent models of TBI has been difficult to achieve due to host immunorejection of the transplanted human cells, which confounds conclusions pertaining to transplant-mediated behavioral improvement. To overcome these shortfalls, we have developed a novel TBI xenotransplantation model that utilizes immunodeficient athymic nude (ATN) rats as the host recipient for the post-TBI transplantation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived NSCs and have evaluated cognition in these animals at long-term (≥2months) time points post-injury. We report that immunodeficient ATN rats demonstrate hippocampal-dependent spatial memory deficits (Novel Place, Morris Water Maze), but not non-spatial (Novel Object) or emotional/anxiety-related (Elevated Plus Maze, Conditioned Taste Aversion) deficits, at 2-3months post-TBI, confirming that ATN rats recapitulate some of the cognitive deficits found in immunosufficient animal strains. Approximately 9-25% of transplanted hNSCs survived for at least 5months post-transplantation and differentiated into mature neurons (NeuN, 18-38%), astrocytes (GFAP, 13-16%), and oligodendrocytes (Olig2, 11-13%). Furthermore, while this model of TBI (cortical impact) targets primarily cortex and the underlying hippocampus and generates a large lesion cavity, hNSC transplantation facilitated cognitive recovery without affecting either lesion volume or total spared cortical or hippocampal tissue volume. Instead, we have found an overall increase in host hippocampal neuron survival in hNSC transplanted animals and demonstrate that a correlation exists between hippocampal neuron survival and cognitive performance. Together, these findings support the use of immunodeficient rodents in models of TBI that involve the transplantation of human cells, and suggest that hNSC transplantation may be a viable, long-term therapy to restore cognition after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Haus
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA
| | - Luci López-Velázquez
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA
| | - Eric M Gold
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA
| | - Kelly M Cunningham
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA
| | - Harvey Perez
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA; Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA; UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA; Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA; UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine,CA 92697-1750, USA.
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Liu L, Huang JS, Han C, Zhang GX, Xu XY, Shen Y, Li J, Jiang HY, Lin ZC, Xiong N, Wang T. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Huntington's Disease: Disease Modeling and the Potential for Cell-Based Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6698-6708. [PMID: 26659595 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and behavioral abnormalities. It is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, resulting in progressive neuronal loss predominately in the striatum and cortex. Despite the discovery of the causative gene in 1993, the exact mechanisms underlying HD pathogenesis have yet to be elucidated. Treatments that slow or halt the disease process are currently unavailable. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies have transformed our ability to study disease in human neural cells. Here, we firstly review the progress made to model HD in vitro using patient-derived iPSCs, which reveal unique insights into illuminating molecular mechanisms and provide a novel human cell-based platform for drug discovery. We then highlight the promises and challenges for pluripotent stem cells that might be used as a therapeutic source for cell replacement therapy of the lost neurons in HD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jin-Sha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guo-Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai-Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Xiao N, Le QT. Neurotrophic Factors and Their Potential Applications in Tissue Regeneration. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:89-99. [PMID: 26611762 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are growth factors that can nourish neurons and promote neuron survival and regeneration. They have been studied as potential drug candidates for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Since their identification, there are more and more evidences to indicate that neurotrophic factors are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues and regulate the survival, anti-inflammation, proliferation and differentiation in these tissues. This mini review summarizes the characteristics of the neurotrophic factors and their potential clinical applications in the regeneration of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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