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Ai JY, Liu CF, Zhang W, Rao GW. Current status of drugs targeting PDGF/PDGFR. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103989. [PMID: 38663580 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
As an important proangiogenic factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor PDGFR are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, fibrosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR pathway is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy. At present, a variety of PDGF/PDGFR targeted drugs with potential therapeutic effects have been developed, mainly including PDGF agonists, inhibitors targeting PDGFR and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTACs). This review clarifies the structure, biological function and disease correlation of PDGF and PDGFR, and it discusses the current status of PDGFR-targeted drugs, so as to provide a reference for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Ai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chen-Fu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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2
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Chen H, Pu L, Tian C, Qi X, Song J, Liao Y, Mo B, Li T. Exploring the Molecular Characteristics and Role of PDGFB in Testis and Epididymis Development of Tibetan Sheep. Vet Sci 2024; 11:266. [PMID: 38922013 PMCID: PMC11209412 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), as an important cellular growth factor, is widely involved in the regulation of cellular events such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Although important, the expression characteristics and biological functions in the mammalian reproductive system remain poorly understood. In this study, the PDGFB gene of Tibetan sheep was cloned by RT-PCR, and its molecular characteristics were analyzed. Subsequently, the expression of the PDGFB gene in the testes and epididymides (caput, corpus, and cauda) of Tibetan sheep at different developmental stages (3 months, 1 year, and 3 years) was examined by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. A bioinformatic analysis of the cloned sequences revealed that the CDS region of the Tibetan sheep PDGFB gene is 726 bp in length and encodes 241 amino acids with high homology to other mammals, particularly goats and antelopes. With the increase in age, PDGFB expression showed an overall trend of first decreasing and then increasing in the testis and epididymis tissues of Tibetan sheep, and the PDGFB mRNA expression at 3 months of age was extremely significantly higher than that at 1 and 3 years of age (p < 0.05). The PDGFB protein is mainly distributed in testicular red blood cells and Leydig cells in Tibetan sheep at all stages of development, as well as red blood cells in the blood vessel, principal cells, and the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells of each epididymal duct epithelium. In addition, PDGFB protein expression was also detected in the spermatocytes of the 3-month-old group, spermatids of the 1-year-old group, spermatozoa and interstitial cells of the 3-year-old group, and loose connective tissue in the epididymal duct space in each developmental period. The above results suggest that the PDGFB gene, as an evolutionarily conserved gene, may play multiple roles in the development and functional maintenance of testicular cells (such as red blood cells, Leydig cells, and germ cells) and epididymal cells (such as red blood cells, principal cells, and ciliated epithelial cells) during testicular and epididymal development, which lays a foundation for the further exploration of the mechanisms by which the PDGFB gene influences spermatogenesis in Tibetan sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China; (H.C.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ling Pu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China; (H.C.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chengcheng Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China; (H.C.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xingcai Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Q.); (J.S.)
| | - Juanjuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Q.); (J.S.)
| | - Yan Liao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China; (H.C.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bentian Mo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China; (H.C.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Taotao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Q.); (J.S.)
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3
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Chen SY, Ho CJ, Lu YT, Lin CH, Lan MY, Tsai MH. The Genetics of Primary Familial Brain Calcification: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10886. [PMID: 37446066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), also known as Fahr's disease, is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bilateral calcification in the basal ganglia according to neuroimaging. Other brain regions, such as the thalamus, cerebellum, and subcortical white matter, can also be affected. Among the diverse clinical phenotypes, the most common manifestations are movement disorders, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric disturbances. Although patients with PFBC always exhibit brain calcification, nearly one-third of cases remain clinically asymptomatic. Due to advances in the genetics of PFBC, the diagnostic criteria of PFBC may need to be modified. Hitherto, seven genes have been associated with PFBC, including four dominant inherited genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) and three recessive inherited genes (MYORG, JAM2, and CMPK2). Nevertheless, around 50% of patients with PFBC do not have pathogenic variants in these genes, and further PFBC-associated genes are waiting to be identified. The function of currently known genes suggests that PFBC could be caused by the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit, the dysregulation of phosphate homeostasis, or mitochondrial dysfunction. An improved understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms for PFBC may facilitate the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jui Ho
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
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Duan RN, Zhao DD, Liu YM, Yan CZ. A heterozygous deletion of PDGFB gene causes paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with primary familial brain calcification. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 92:83-87. [PMID: 34736156 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized with calcium deposition in multiple brain regions. Mutations in PDGFB have been discovered in sporadic and familial PFBC cases. While several known variants displayed loss-of function, no complete deletion of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) has been reported. METHODS For the diagnostic purpose, brain computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scanning and whole-genome sequencing were performed on the proband and family members in the pedigree. RESULTS We identified a heterozygous PDGFB complete deletion in a Chinese pedigree. The proband presented with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), a rare symptom in PFBC. The proband's mother carrying the same mutation was asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we reported a PFBC with a heterozygous deletion of PDGFB, and provided evidence of haploinsufficiency in the pathogenesis of PFBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Duan
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Chuan-Zhu Yan
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Brain Science Research Institute, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035, China.
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5
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Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: an expert consensus in China. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:7. [PMID: 33588936 PMCID: PMC7885391 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal dyskinesias are a group of neurological diseases characterized by intermittent episodes of involuntary movements with different causes. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is the most common type of paroxysmal dyskinesia and can be divided into primary and secondary types based on the etiology. Clinically, PKD is characterized by recurrent and transient attacks of involuntary movements precipitated by a sudden voluntary action. The major cause of primary PKD is genetic abnormalities, and the inheritance pattern of PKD is mainly autosomal-dominant with incomplete penetrance. The proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) was the first identified causative gene of PKD, accounting for the majority of PKD cases worldwide. An increasing number of studies has revealed the clinical and genetic characteristics, as well as the underlying mechanisms of PKD. By seeking the views of domestic experts, we propose an expert consensus regarding the diagnosis and treatment of PKD to help establish standardized clinical evaluation and therapies for PKD. In this consensus, we review the clinical manifestations, etiology, clinical diagnostic criteria and therapeutic recommendations for PKD, and results of genetic analyses in PKD patients performed in domestic hospitals.
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Tang LO, Hou BH, Zhang XN, Xi ZY, Li CX, Xu L. Biallelic XPR1 mutation associated with primary familial brain calcification presenting as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsions. Brain Dev 2021; 43:331-336. [PMID: 33433330 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the XPR1 gene are associated with primary familial brain calcifications (PFBC). All reported mutations are missense and inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. PFBC patients exhibited movement disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and other associated symptoms with diverse severity, even within the same family. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified and enrolled a patient with PFBC. Clinical data were comprehensively collected, including the age of onset, seizure types and frequency, trigger factors of paroxysmal dyskinesia, response to drugs, and general and neurological examination results. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to detect pathogenic variants. We further systematically reviewed the phenotypic and genetic features of patients with XPR1 mutations. RESULTS The patient showed bilateral calcification involving basal ganglia and cerebellar dentate. Clinically, he presented as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsions (PKD/IC) with favorable outcome. We identified a compound heterozygous XPR1 mutation (c.786_789delTAGA/p.D262Efs*6, c.1342C>T/p.R448W), which were inherited from unaffected parents respectively. Further literature review shows a wide range of clinical manifestations of patients with XPR1 mutations, with movement disorders being the most common. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of biallelic mutations in XPR1. The findings suggest for the first time a possible link between PKD/IC and XPR1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ou Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Bing-Hui Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Xi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China.
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7
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Saranza G, Grütz K, Klein C, Westenberger A, Lang AE. Primary brain calcification due to a homozygous MYORG mutation causing isolated paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Brain 2020; 143:e36. [PMID: 32303062 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Saranza
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Grütz
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last 7 years, changes in five genes [SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, XPR1, and MYORG] have been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), allowing for genetic delineation of this phenotypically complex neurodegenerative disorder. This review explores how the ensuing plethora of reported PFBC patients and their disease-causing variants improved our understanding of disease, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and penetrance. RECENT FINDINGS In PFBC patients, pathogenic changes have been most frequently described in SLC20A2, accounting for approximately the same number of patients as the variants in the other four PFBC genes combined. There is no appreciable relationship between any combination of the following three variables: the type of disease-causing change, the pattern or extent of calcifications, and the presence or nature of clinical manifestation in PFBC patients. Nevertheless, elucidation of underlying genetic factors provided important recent insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of PFBC, which collectively point toward a compromised neurovascular unit. SUMMARY The ongoing clinical and molecular research increases our understanding of PFBC facilitating diagnosis and identifying potential therapeutic targets for this multifaceted and likely underdiagnosed condition.
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Grangeon L, Wallon D, Charbonnier C, Quenez O, Richard AC, Rousseau S, Budowski C, Lebouvier T, Corbille AG, Vidailhet M, Méneret A, Roze E, Anheim M, Tranchant C, Favrole P, Antoine JC, Defebvre L, Ayrignac X, Labauge P, Pariente J, Clanet M, Maltête D, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Frebourg T, Hannequin D, Campion D, Nicolas G. Biallelic MYORG mutation carriers exhibit primary brain calcification with a distinct phenotype. Brain 2020; 142:1573-1586. [PMID: 31009047 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurogenetic disorder with diverse neuropsychiatric expression. Mutations in four genes cause autosomal dominant PFBC: SLC20A2, XPR1, PDGFB and PDGFRB. Recently, biallelic mutations in the MYORG gene have been reported to cause PFBC with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. We screened MYORG in 29 unrelated probands negatively screened for the autosomal dominant PFBC genes and identified 11 families with a biallelic rare or novel predicted damaging variant. We studied the clinical and radiological features of 16 patients of these 11 families and compared them to that of 102 autosomal dominant PFBC patients carrying a mutation in one of the four known autosomal dominant PFBC genes. We found that MYORG patients exhibited a high clinical penetrance with a median age of onset of 52 years (range: 21-62) with motor impairment at the forefront. In particular, dysarthria was the presenting sign in 11/16 patients. In contrast to patients with autosomal dominant PFBC, 12/15 (80%) symptomatic patients eventually presented at least four of the following five symptoms: dysarthria, cerebellar syndrome, gait disorder of any origin, akinetic-hypertonic syndrome and pyramidal signs. In addition to the most severe clinical pattern, MYORG patients exhibited the most severe pattern of calcifications as compared to the patients from the four autosomal dominant PFBC gene categories. Strikingly, 12/15 presented with brainstem calcifications in addition to extensive calcifications in other brain areas (lenticular nuclei, thalamus, cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, ±cortex). Among them, eight patients exhibited pontine calcifications, which were observed in none of the autosomal dominant PFBC patients and hence appeared to be highly specific. Finally, all patients exhibited cerebellar atrophy with diverse degrees of severity on CT scans. We confirmed the existence of cerebellar atrophy by performing MRI voxel-based morphometry analyses of MYORG patients with autosomal dominant PFBC mutation carriers as a comparison group. Of note, in three families, the father carried small pallido-dentate calcifications while carrying the mutation at the heterozygous state, suggesting a putative phenotypic expression in some heterozygous carriers. In conclusion, we confirm that MYORG is a novel major PFBC causative gene and that the phenotype associated with such mutations may be recognized based on pedigree, clinical and radiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Grangeon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Clara Budowski
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Thibaud Lebouvier
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie Vidailhet
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Favrole
- Department of Neurology, Aix Hospital, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Luc Defebvre
- Department of Neurology A, Salengro University Hospital, and EA4559, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Ayrignac
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Labauge
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Inserm, Toulouse, France.,Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Clanet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - David Maltête
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | | | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-les-Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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Primary familial brain calcification presenting as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: Genetic and functional analyses. Neurosci Lett 2020; 714:134543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PxD) comprise a group of heterogeneous syndromes characterized by recurrent attacks of mainly dystonia and/or chorea, without loss of consciousness. PxD have been classified according to their triggers and duration as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia and paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia. Of note, the spectrum of genetic and nongenetic conditions underlying PxD is continuously increasing, but not always a phenotype–etiology correlation exists. This creates a challenge in the diagnostic work-up, increased by the fact that most of these episodes are unwitnessed. Furthermore, other paroxysmal disorders, included those of psychogenic origin, should be considered in the differential diagnosis. In this review, some key points for the diagnosis are provided, as well as the appropriate treatment and future approaches discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Manso-Calderón
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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12
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Donzuso G, Mostile G, Nicoletti A, Zappia M. Basal ganglia calcifications (Fahr's syndrome): related conditions and clinical features. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:2251-2263. [PMID: 31267306 PMCID: PMC6817747 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Basal ganglia calcifications could be incidental findings up to 20% of asymptomatic patients undergoing CT or MRI scan. The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with bilateral basal ganglia calcifications (which could occur in other peculiar brain structures, such as dentate nuclei) identifies a clinical picture defined as Fahr's Disease. This denomination mainly refers to idiopathic forms in which no metabolic or other underlying causes are identified. Recently, mutations in four different genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) were identified, together with novel mutations in the Myogenic Regulating Glycosylase gene, causing the occurrence of movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. On the other hand, secondary forms, also identified as Fahr's syndrome, have been associated with different conditions: endocrine abnormalities of PTH, such as hypoparathyroidism, other genetically determined conditions, brain infections, or toxic exposure. The underlying pathophysiology seems to be related to an abnormal calcium/phosphorus homeostasis and transportation and alteration of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Donzuso
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mostile
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nicoletti
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Guo XX, Zou XH, Wang C, Yao XP, Su HZ, Lai LL, Chen HT, Lai JH, Liu YB, Chen DP, Deng YC, Lin P, Lin HS, Hong BC, Yao QY, Chen XJ, Huang DQ, Fu HX, Peng JD, Niu YF, Zhao YY, Zhu XQ, Lu XP, Lin HL, Li YK, Liu CY, Huang GB, Wang N, Chen WJ. Spectrum of SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1 mutations in a large cohort of patients with primary familial brain calcification. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:392-403. [PMID: 30609140 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with four causative genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) that have been identified. Here, we aim to describe the mutational spectrum of four causative genes in a series of 226 unrelated Chinese PFBC patients. Mutations in four causative genes were detected in 16.8% (38/226) of PFBC patients. SLC20A2 mutations accounted for 14.2% (32/226) of all patients. Mutations in the other three genes were relatively rare, accounting for 0.9% (2/226) of all patients, respectively. Clinically, 44.8% of genetically confirmed patients (probands and relatives) were considered symptomatic. The most frequent symptoms were chronic headache, followed by movement disorders and vertigo. Moreover, the total calcification score was significantly higher in the symptomatic group compared to the asymptomatic group. Functionally, we observed impaired phosphate transport induced by seven novel missense mutations in SLC20A2 and two novel mutations in XPR1. The mutation p.D164Y in XPR1 might result in low protein expression through an enhanced proteasome pathway. In conclusion, our study further confirms that mutations in SLC20A2 are the major cause of PFBC and provides additional evidence for the crucial roles of phosphate transport impairment in the pathogenies of PFBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Zou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Su
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu-Lu Lai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ting Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing-Hui Lai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Subsidiary Rehabilitation Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yao-Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sanming Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Sanming, China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Yu-Chun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Longyan People Hospital, Longyan, China
| | - Pan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Longyan City, Longyan, China
| | - Hua-Song Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Bing-Cong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yang Yao
- Department of Neurology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Qin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Wuyishan Municipal Hospital, Wuyishan, China
| | - Hong-Xia Fu
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ji-Dong Peng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fang Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical school, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Pei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hai-Liang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Kun Li
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Department of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chang-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gen-Bin Huang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
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Ding Y, Dong HQ. A Novel SLC20A2 Mutation Associated with Familial Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification and Analysis of the Genotype-Phenotype Association in Chinese Patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:799-803. [PMID: 29578123 PMCID: PMC5887738 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.228245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) is a genetic disorder characterized by bilateral basal ganglia calcification and neural degeneration. In this study, we reported a new SLC2OA2 mutation of IBGC and reviewed relevant literature to explore the association between phenotypes and genotypes in Chinese IBGC patients. METHODS Clinical information of the proband and her relatives were collected comprehensively. Blood samples of both the patient and her father were obtained, and genetic screening related to IBGC was performed using second generation sequencing with their consent. Findings were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Polyphen-2 was used to predict the potential association between mutations and disease. Then, we retrieved literatures of Chinese IBGC patients and explored the association between phenotype and genotype. RESULTS A novel mutation was identified through genetic testing, and it is suggested to be a damage mutation predicted by Polyphen-2. Through literature review, we found that SLC20A2 mutation is the most common cause for IBGC in China. Its hot spot regions are mainly on the 1st and 8th exons; the second common one is PDGFB where the hot spot covered a length of 220-230 bp localized on the 2nd exon; moreover, Chinese IBGC patients featured early-onset, more severe movement disorder and relatively mild cognitive impairment compared with those in other countries. CONCLUSIONS There is significant heterogeneity both in phenotype and genotype in Chinese IBGC patients. Further research of pathogenic mechanism of IBGC is required to eventually develop precise treatment for individuals who suffered this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hui-Qing Dong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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