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Li JH, Zhao SJ, Guo Y, Chen F, Traub RJ, Wei F, Cao DY. Chronic stress induces wide-spread hyperalgesia: The involvement of spinal CCK 1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110067. [PMID: 38992792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Chronic primary pain (CPP) occurs in the absence of tissue injury and includes temporomandibular disorders (TMD), fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). CPP is commonly considered a stress-related chronic pain and often presents as wide-spread pain or comorbid pain conditions in different regions of the body. However, whether prolonged stress can directly result in the development of CPP comorbidity remains unclear. In the present study, we adapted a 21 day heterotypic stress paradigm in mice and examined whether chronic stress induced wide-spread hyperalgesia, modeling comorbid CPP in the clinic. We found that chronic stress induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, and resulted in long-lasting wide-spread hyperalgesia over several body regions such as the orofacial area, hindpaw, thigh, upper back and abdomen in female mice. We further found that the expression of cholecystokinin (CCK)1 receptors was significantly increased in the L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn of the female mice after 14 and 21 day heterotypic stress compared with the control animals. Intrathecal injection of the CCK1 receptor antagonist CR-1505 blocked pain hypersensitivity in the subcervical body including the upper back, thigh, hindpaw and abdomen. These findings suggest that the upregulation of spinal CCK1 receptors after chronic stress contributes to the central mechanisms underlying the development of wide-spread hyperalgesia, and may provide a potential and novel central target for clinical treatment of CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 5 Weiyang West Road, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 5 Weiyang West Road, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Richard J Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, The UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, The UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Dong-Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China; Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, The UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Zhang YX, Zhang YJ, Li M, Tian JX, Tong XL. Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Treatment of Diabetic Gastroparesis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 30:143-155. [PMID: 38576367 PMCID: PMC10999838 DOI: 10.5056/jnm23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, marked by gastrointestinal motility disorder, a delayed gastric emptying present in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Clinical manifestations include postprandial fullness and epigastric discomfort, bloating, nausea, and vomiting. DGP may significantly affect the quality of life and productivity of patients. Research on the relationship between gastrointestinal dynamics and DGP has received much attention because of the increasing prevalence of DGP. Gastrointestinal motility disorders are closely related to a variety of factors including the absence and destruction of interstitial cells of Cajal, abnormalities in the neuro-endocrine system and hormone levels. Therefore, this study will review recent literature on the mechanisms of DGP and gastrointestinal motility disorders as well as the development of prokinetic treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders in order to give future research directions and identify treatment strategies for DGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jiao Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Xing Tian
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Tong
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rushendran R, Begum RF, Singh S A, Narayanan PL, Vellapandian C, Prajapati BG, Paul PK. Navigating neurological disorders: harnessing the power of natural compounds for innovative therapeutic breakthroughs. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:534-569. [PMID: 38741726 PMCID: PMC11089094 DOI: 10.17179/excli2024-7051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Novel treatments are needed as neurological issues become more frequent worldwide. According to the report, plants, oceans, microorganisms, and animals contain interesting drug discovery compounds. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and stroke reviews emphasize neurological disorders' complexity and natural substances' safety. Learn about marine-derived and herbal substances' neuroprotective characteristics and applications. Molecular pathways show these substances' neurological healing effects. This article discusses clinical usage of Bryostatin-1, Fucoidan, Icariin, Salvianolic acid, Curcumin, Resveratrol, etc. Their potential benefits for asthma and Alzheimer's disease are complex. Although limited, the study promotes rigorous scientific research and collaboration between traditional and alternative medical practitioners. Unexplored natural compounds, quality control, well-structured clinical trials, and interdisciplinary collaboration should guide future study. Developing and employing natural chemicals to treat neurological illnesses requires ethical sourcing, sustainability, and public awareness. This detailed analysis covers natural chemicals' current state, challenges, and opportunities in neurological disorder treatment. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapuru Rushendran
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rukaiah Fatma Begum
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ankul Singh S
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavithra Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Vellapandian
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, 384012, Gujarat, India
| | - Pijush Kumar Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono Bishwabidyalay University, Mirzanagar, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh
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Bernard A, Mroué M, Bourthoumieu S, Boyce M, Richard L, Sturtz F, Demiot C, Danigo A. Netazepide, an Antagonist of Cholecystokinin Type 2 Receptor, Prevents Vincristine-Induced Sensory Neuropathy in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:144. [PMID: 38399359 PMCID: PMC10892341 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the vinca-alkaloid class, vincristine is a potent chemotherapeutic agent with significant neurotoxic effects and is employed to address a wide spectrum of cancer types. Recently, the therapeutic potential of the cholecystokinin type 2 receptor (CCK2R) as a target for vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) was demonstrated. In this study, the impact of preventive CCK2R blockade using netazepide (Trio Medicines Ltd., London, UK) was investigated in a mouse model of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy. Netazepide is a highly selective CCK2R antagonist under development for the treatment of patients with gastric neuroendocrine tumors caused by hypergastrinemia secondary to chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy was induced by intraperitoneal injections of vincristine at 100 µg/kg/d for 7 days (D0 to D7). Netazepide (2 mg/kg/d or 5 mg/kg/d, per os) was administered one day before vincristine treatment until D7. Vincristine induced a high tactile allodynia from D1 to D7. VIPN was characterized by dorsal root ganglion neuron (DRG) and intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) loss, and enlargement and loss of myelinated axons in the sciatic nerve. Netazepide completely prevented the painful symptoms and nerve injuries induced by vincristine. In conclusion, the fact that netazepide protected against vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in a mouse model strongly supports the assessment of its therapeutic potential in patients receiving such chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bernard
- NeurIT Neuropathies et Innovations Thérapeutiques UR 20218, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France; (A.B.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Mohamad Mroué
- NeurIT Neuropathies et Innovations Thérapeutiques UR 20218, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France; (A.B.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Sylvie Bourthoumieu
- NeurIT Neuropathies et Innovations Thérapeutiques UR 20218, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France; (A.B.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (C.D.)
- Department of Cytogenetic, Medical Genetic and Reproduction Biology, University Hospital of Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research Limited and Trio Medicines Limited, 44 Cumberland Avenue, London NW10 7EW, UK;
| | - Laurence Richard
- NeurIT Neuropathies et Innovations Thérapeutiques UR 20218, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France; (A.B.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (C.D.)
- Department of Neurology, Reference Center for Rare Peripheral Neuropathies, University Hospital of Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Franck Sturtz
- NeurIT Neuropathies et Innovations Thérapeutiques UR 20218, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France; (A.B.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (C.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Claire Demiot
- NeurIT Neuropathies et Innovations Thérapeutiques UR 20218, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France; (A.B.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (C.D.)
- Transversal and Territorial Therapeutic Education Unit (UTTEP87), University Hospital of Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Aurore Danigo
- NeurIT Neuropathies et Innovations Thérapeutiques UR 20218, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France; (A.B.); (M.M.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (C.D.)
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Chen D, Hagen SJ, Boyce M, Zhao CM. Neuroendocrine mechanism of gastric acid secretion: Historical perspectives and recent developments in physiology and pharmacology. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13305. [PMID: 37317882 PMCID: PMC10656367 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The physiology of gastric acid secretion is one of the earliest subjects in medical literature and has been continuously studied since 1833. Starting with the notion that neural stimulation alone drives acid secretion, progress in understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of this process has led to the development of therapeutic strategies for patients with acid-related diseases. For instance, understanding the physiology of parietal cells led to the developments of histamine 2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and recently, potassium-competitive acid blockers. Furthermore, understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of gastrin has led to the development of gastrin/CCK2 receptor (CCK2 R) antagonists. The need for refinement of existing drugs in patients have led to second and third generation drugs with better efficacy at blocking acid secretion. Further understanding of the mechanism of acid secretion by gene targeting in mice has enabled us to dissect the unique role for each regulator to leverage and justify the development of new targeted therapeutics for acid-related disorders. Further research on the mechanism of stimulation of gastric acid secretion and the physiological significances of gastric acidity in gut microbiome is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chun-Mei Zhao
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Wang Z, Meng L, Liu X, Zhang L, Yu Z, Wu G. Recent progress toward developing axial chirality bioactive compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Al-Rooqi MM, Ullah Mughal E, Raja QA, Obaid RJ, Sadiq A, Naeem N, Qurban J, Asghar BH, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Recent advancements on the synthesis and biological significance of pipecolic acid and its derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Morales-Magaña J, Arciniega-Martínez IM, Drago-Serrano ME, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Jarillo-Luna RA, Cruz-Baquero A, Gómez-López M, Guzmán-Mejía F, Pacheco-Yépez J. Cholecystokinin Outcome on Markers of Intestinal IgA Antibody Response. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2542-2553. [PMID: 35735614 PMCID: PMC9221551 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin 8 (CCK8) is an entero-octapeptide that participates in crosstalk with components of intestinal immunity via the CCK receptor (CCKR), but its role in modulation of the IgA response is not fully known under physiological conditions. Male eight-week-old BALB/c mice each were intraperitoneally injected once during 7 days with CCK8, devazapide (CCKR1 antagonist), L365,260 (CCKR2 antagonist) or vehicle (sham group). In intestinal lavages, total and secretory IgA (SIgA) were determined by ELISA; in lamina propria, IgA+ B lymphocytes and IgA+ plasma cells were analyzed by flow cytometry; mRNA levels of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in epithelial cells and α chain, interleukins (ILs) in lamina propria cells were assessed by qRTPCR. Regarding the sham conditions, IgA+ plasma-cell percentage and IL-2, IL-5, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) mRNA levels were either increased by CCK8 or decreased by both CCKR antagonists. For IgA/SIgA responses, IL-4/IL-6 mRNA levels were decreased by all drugs and pIgR mRNA was increased by CCK8 and reduced by L365,260. IgA+ B cell percentage and α chain mRNA levels were elicited by CCK8 and L365,260. Data suggested a presumable differential role of CCK/CCKR on the IgA-response; outcome of L365,260 on the elicitation of IgA+ B cells and α chain mRNA needs further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Morales-Magaña
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.M.-M.); (R.A.J.-L.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (I.M.A.-M.); (A.A.R.-A.)
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (M.E.D.-S.); (F.G.-M.)
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (I.M.A.-M.); (A.A.R.-A.)
| | - Rosa Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.M.-M.); (R.A.J.-L.); (M.G.-L.)
- Departamento de Formación Básica Disciplinaria, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Andrea Cruz-Baquero
- Bacteriología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, Bogotá 111311, Colombia;
| | - Modesto Gómez-López
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.M.-M.); (R.A.J.-L.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (M.E.D.-S.); (F.G.-M.)
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yépez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.M.-M.); (R.A.J.-L.); (M.G.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5557296000 (ext. 62817)
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Ochiai K, Hirooka R, Sakaino M, Takeuchi S, Hira T. 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol suppresses gastric emptying via the cannabinoid receptor 1-cholecystokinin signaling pathway in mice. Lipids 2022; 57:173-181. [PMID: 35266554 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
2-Monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) is one of the digestion products of dietary lipids. We recently demonstrated that a 2-MAG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) potently stimulated cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion via cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in a murine CCK-producing cell line, STC-1. CCK plays a crucial role in suppressing postprandial gastric emptying. To examine the effect of 2-AG on gastric emptying, we performed acetaminophen and phenol red recovery tests under oral or intraperitoneal administration of 2-AG in mice. Orally administered 2-AG (25 mg/kg) suppressed the gastric emptying rate in mice, as determined by the acetaminophen absorption test and phenol red recovery test. Intraperitoneal administration of a cholecystokinin A receptor antagonist (0.5 mg/kg) attenuated the gastric inhibitory emptying effect. In addition, both oral (10 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal (0.5 mg/kg) administration of a CB1 antagonist counteracted the 2-AG-induced gastric inhibitory effect. Furthermore, intraperitoneal 2-AG (25 mg/kg) suppressed gastric emptying. These results indicate that 2-AG exhibits an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying in mice, possibly mediated by stimulating both CCK secretion via CB1 expressed in CCK-producing cells and acting on CB1 expressed in the peripheral nerves. Our findings provide novel insights into the 2-MAG-sensing mechanism in enteroendocrine cells and the physiological role of 2-MAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Ochiai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rina Hirooka
- Food Design Center, J-Oil Mills, Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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The Cholecystokinin Type 2 Receptor, a Pharmacological Target for Pain Management. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111185. [PMID: 34832967 PMCID: PMC8618735 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, accumulating evidence has demonstrated a pivotal role of cholecystokinin type 2 receptor (CCK2R) in pain modulation. The established role of CCK2R activation in directly facilitating nociception has led to the development of several CCK2R antagonists, which have been shown to successfully alleviate pain in several rodent models of pain. However, the outcomes of clinical trials are more modest since they have not demonstrated the expected biological effect obtained in animals. Such discordances of results between preclinical and clinical studies suggest reconsidering our knowledge about the molecular basis of the pharmacology and functioning of CCK2R. This review focuses on the cellular localization of CCK2R specifically in the sensory nervous system and discusses in further detail the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways involved in controlling pain perception. We then provide a comprehensive overview of the most successful compounds targeting CCK2R and report recent advances in pharmacological strategies used to achieve CCK2R modulation. We purposely distinguish between CCK2R benefits obtained in preclinical models and outcomes in clinical trials with different pain etiologies. Lastly, we emphasize the biological and clinical relevance of CCK2R as a promising target for the development of new treatments for pain management.
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11
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Xu Y, Kong J, Hu P. Computational Drug Repurposing for Alzheimer's Disease Using Risk Genes From GWAS and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Studies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:617537. [PMID: 34276354 PMCID: PMC8277916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.617537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Traditional therapeutics targeting Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related subpathologies have so far proved ineffective. Drug repurposing, a more effective strategy that aims to find new indications for existing drugs against other diseases, offers benefits in AD drug development. In this study, we aim to identify potential anti-AD agents through enrichment analysis of drug-induced transcriptional profiles of pathways based on AD-associated risk genes identified from genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) and single-cell transcriptomic studies. Methods: We systematically constructed four gene lists (972 risk genes) from GWAS and single-cell transcriptomic studies and performed functional and genes overlap analyses in Enrichr tool. We then used a comprehensive drug repurposing tool Gene2Drug by combining drug-induced transcriptional responses with the associated pathways to compute candidate drugs from each gene list. Prioritized potential candidates (eight drugs) were further assessed with literature review. Results: The genomic-based gene lists contain late-onset AD associated genes (BIN1, ABCA7, APOE, CLU, and PICALM) and clinical AD drug targets (TREM2, CD33, CHRNA2, PRSS8, ACE, TKT, APP, and GABRA1). Our analysis identified eight AD candidate drugs (ellipticine, alsterpaullone, tomelukast, ginkgolide A, chrysin, ouabain, sulindac sulfide and lorglumide), four of which (alsterpaullone, ginkgolide A, chrysin and ouabain) have shown repurposing potential for AD validated by their preclinical evidence and moderate toxicity profiles from literature. These support the value of pathway-based prioritization based on the disease risk genes from GWAS and scRNA-seq data analysis. Conclusion: Our analysis strategy identified some potential drug candidates for AD. Although the drugs still need further experimental validation, the approach may be applied to repurpose drugs for other neurological disorders using their genomic information identified from large-scale genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Pingzhao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Sun Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Xu T, Tian K, Zhang P. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 1,5-Benzothiazepines Incorporated with Triazole Moiety. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202012044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Novak D, Tomašič T, Krošelj M, Javornik U, Plavec J, Anderluh M, Kolenc Peitl P. Radiolabelled CCK 2 R Antagonists Containing PEG Linkers: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:155-163. [PMID: 32643833 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2 R) is considered a suitable target for the development of radiolabelled antagonists, due to its overexpression in various tumours, but no such compounds are available in clinical use. Therefore, we designed novel 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-conjugated ligands based on CCK2 R antagonist Z360/nastorazepide. As a proof of concept that CCK2 R antagonistic activity can be retained by extending the Z360/nastorazepide structure using suitable linker, we present herein three compounds containing various PEG linkers synthesised on solid phase and in solution. The antagonistic properties were measured in a functional assay in the A431-CCK2 R cell line (in the presence of agonist G17), with IC50 values of 3.31, 4.11 and 10.4 nM for compounds containing PEG4 , PEG6 and PEG12 , respectively. All compounds were successfully radiolabelled with indium-111, lutetium-177 and gallium-68 (incorporation of radiometal >95 %). The gallium-68-labelled compounds were stable for up to 2 h (PBS, 37 °C). log D7.4 values were determined for indium-111- and gallium-68-labelled compounds, showing improved hydrophilicity compared to the reference compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteja Novak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Krošelj
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Kaloudi A, Kanellopoulos P, Radolf T, Chepurny OG, Rouchota M, Loudos G, Andreae F, Holz GG, Nock BA, Maina T. [ 99mTc]Tc-DGA1, a Promising CCK 2R-Antagonist-Based Tracer for Tumor Diagnosis with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3116-3128. [PMID: 32568549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled gastrin analogues have been proposed for theranostics of cholecystokinin subtype 2 receptor (CCK2R)-positive cancer. Peptide radioligands based on other receptor antagonists have displayed superior pharmacokinetics and higher biosafety than agonists. Here, we present DGA1, a derivative of the nonpeptidic CCK2R antagonist Z-360 carrying an acyclic tetraamine, for [99mTc]Tc labeling. Preclinical comparison of [99mTc]Tc-DGA1 with [99mTc]Tc-DG2 (CCK2R-agonist reference) was conducted in HEK293-CCK2R/CCK2i4svR cells and mice models, qualifying [99mTc]Tc-DGA1 for further study in patients with CCK2R-positive tumors and single-photon emission computed tomography/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kaloudi
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Thorsten Radolf
- piCHEM Forschungs-und Entwicklungs GmbH, Parkring 3, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, IHP 4310 at 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Maritina Rouchota
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - George Loudos
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Fritz Andreae
- piCHEM Forschungs-und Entwicklungs GmbH, Parkring 3, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | - George G Holz
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, IHP 4310 at 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | | | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
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15
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Huang PQ. Procedure-Economical, Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Polycyclic Natural Products and Analogues Containing a 3a-Hydroxyhexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-2-carboxylic Acid Residue. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The 3a-hydroxyhexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-2-carboxylic acid (HPIC) residue and its aza-analogue are found in many bioactive natural products. In this account, short divergent total syntheses of several such natural products, diastereomers and analogues are described. It is demonstrated that by appropriate combination of different efficient tactics such as biomimetic/bio-inspired synthesis, chemo/regioselective reactions, umpolung of regioselectivity and/or reactivity, and tandem reactions, the enantioselective syntheses of polycyclic molecules such as (+)-asperlicin E and (–)-robustanoids A and B can be achieved in a protecting-group-free and redox-economical manner, in only three to four steps starting from l-tryptophan.1 Introduction2 Strategic Considerations2.1 Occurrence of HO-HPIC and HO-aza-HPIC Residues in Natural Products2.2 Biosyntheses of HO-HPIC and HO-aza-HPIC Residues2.3 Chemical Syntheses of HO-HPIC and HO-aza-HPIC Residues3 Procedure-Economical Syntheses of HO-HPIC-Containing Natural Products3.1 Protecting-Group-Free Syntheses of Asperlicin E, Its Diastereomer, and an Analogue3.2 Divergent Syntheses of (–)-Robustanoids A and B, a Diastereomer, and Analogues4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University
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16
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Novak D, Anderluh M, Kolenc Peitl P. CCK 2R antagonists: from SAR to clinical trials. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1322-1336. [PMID: 32439608 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The widespread involvement of the cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2R) in multiple (patho)physiological processes has propelled extensive searches for nonpeptide small-molecule CCK2R antagonists. For the past three decades, considerable research has yielded numerous chemically heterogeneous compounds. None of these entered into the clinic, mainly because of inadequate biological effects. However, it appears that the ultimate goal of a clinically useful CCK2R antagonist is now just around the corner, with the most promising compounds, netazepide and nastorazepide, now in Phase II clinical trials. Here, we illustrate the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of stablished CCK2R antagonists of various structural classes, and the most recent proof-of-concept studies where new applicabilities of CCK2R antagonists as visualizing agents are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteja Novak
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Awad LF, Ayoup MS. Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1022-1050. [PMID: 32509033 PMCID: PMC7237815 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the chemistry of peptides containing fluorinated phenylalanines (Phe) represents a hot topic in drug research over the last few decades. ᴅ- or ʟ-fluorinated phenylalanines have had considerable industrial and pharmaceutical applications and they have been expanded also to play an important role as potential enzyme inhibitors as well as therapeutic agents and topography imaging of tumor ecosystems using PET. Incorporation of fluorinated aromatic amino acids into proteins increases their catabolic stability especially in therapeutic proteins and peptide-based vaccines. This review seeks to summarize the different synthetic approaches in the literature to prepare ᴅ- or ʟ-fluorinated phenylalanines and their pharmaceutical applications with a focus on published synthetic methods that introduce fluorine into the phenyl, the β-carbon or the α-carbon of ᴅ-or ʟ-phenylalanines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Fathy Awad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
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18
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Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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19
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Vázquez-León P, Campos-Rodríguez C, Gonzalez-Pliego C, Miranda-Páez A. Differential effects of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) microinjection into the ventrolateral and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray on anxiety models in Wistar rats. Horm Behav 2018; 106:105-111. [PMID: 30342011 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is one of the main neurohormone peptide systems in the brain, and a major anxiogenic mediator. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a key midbrain structure for defensive behaviors, which could include anxiety, fear, or even panic. The CCK system has wide distribution in the PAG, where the dorsolateral region (DL) participates in active defensive behavior and the ventrolateral region (VL) in passive defensive behavior. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of CCK-8 microinjection into DL-PAG or VL-PAG on anxiety-like behavior through two tests: elevated plus maze (EPM) and defensive burying behavior (DBB). CCK-8 (0.5 and 1.0 μg/0.5 μL) presently microinjected into the DL-PAG produced an anxiogenic-like effect on the EPM evidenced by decreasing the time spent/number of entries in open arms compared to vehicle group. Additionally, the latency to burying decreased and burying time increased on the DBB test. Contrarily, CCK-8 microinjected into the VL-PAG resulted in greater open-arm time and more open-arm entries compared to the vehicle-microinjected group. The results on the DBB test confirmed an anxiolytic-like response of CCK-8 into the VL-PAG. In conclusion, CCK-8 microinjected into DL-PAG produced anxiety-like behavior on EPM, and for first time reported on DBB. Contrarily, CCK-8 microinjected into the VL-PAG reduced anxiety-like behavior also for first time reported using both behavioral models EPM and DBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Vázquez-León
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Carolina Campos-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Pliego
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Abraham Miranda-Páez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
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20
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Geng H, Huang PQ. Rapid Generation of Molecular Complexity by Chemical Synthesis: Highly Efficient Total Synthesis of Hexacyclic Alkaloid (-)-Chaetominine and Its Biosynthetic Implications. CHEM REC 2018; 19:523-533. [PMID: 30252197 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency becomes a key issue in today's natural product total synthesis. While biomimetic synthesis is one of the most elegant strategies to achieve synthetic efficiency and thus to approach the ideal synthesis, most biogenetic pathways are unknown or unconfirmed. In this account, we demonstrate, through the shortest and also the most efficient asymmetric total syntheses of the hexacyclic alkaloid (-)-chaetominine to date, that on the basis of biogenetic thinking, one can develop quite efficient bio-inspired total synthesis, which in turn serves to suggest and chemically validate plausible biosynthetic routes for the natural product. The synthetic strategy thus developed is also inspiring for the development of other synthetic methods and efficient total synthesis of other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Geng
- Department of Chemistry Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical BiologyiChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Qiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical BiologyiChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
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21
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Smith JP, Wang S, Nadella S, Jablonski SA, Weiner LM. Cholecystokinin receptor antagonist alters pancreatic cancer microenvironment and increases efficacy of immune checkpoint antibody therapy in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:195-207. [PMID: 29043413 PMCID: PMC5801048 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has typically been resistant to chemotherapy and immunotherapy; therefore, novel strategies are needed to enhance therapeutic response. Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to stimulate growth of pancreatic cancer. CCK receptors (CCKRs) are present on pancreatic cancer cells, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes. We hypothesized that CCKR blockade would improve response to immune checkpoint antibodies by promoting influx of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and reducing fibrosis. We examined the effects of CCKR antagonists or immune checkpoint blockade antibodies alone or in combination in murine models of PDAC. Monotherapy with CCKR blockade significantly decreased tumor size and metastases in SCID mice with orthotopic PDAC, and in C57BL/6 mice, it reduced fibrosis and induced the influx of TILs. Immune-competent mice bearing syngeneic pancreatic cancer (Panc02 and mT3-2D) that were treated with the combination of CCK receptor antagonists and immune checkpoint blockade antibodies survived significantly longer with smaller tumors. Tumor immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry demonstrated that the tumors of mice treated with the combination regimen had a significant reduction in Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells and an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Masson's trichrome stain analysis revealed 50% less fibrosis in the tumors of mice treated with CCKR antagonist compared to controls and compared to checkpoint antibody therapy. CCKR antagonists given with immune checkpoint antibody therapy represent a novel approach for improving survival of PDAC. The mechanism by which this combination therapy improves the survival of PDAC may be related to the decreased fibrosis and immune cells of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P Smith
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Building D, Room 338, 4000 Reservoir Rd, Washington DC, NW, 20007, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Shangzi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sandeep Nadella
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Building D, Room 338, 4000 Reservoir Rd, Washington DC, NW, 20007, USA
| | - Sandra A Jablonski
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- I. W. Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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23
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Kumari S, Chowdhury J, Sikka M, Verma P, Jha P, Mishra AK, Saluja D, Chopra M. Identification of potent cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonists: synthesis, molecular modeling and anti-cancer activity against pancreatic cancer cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1561-1574. [PMID: 30108868 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced malignant stages of pancreatic cancer have poor prognosis and very few treatment strategies are available. Pancreatic cancer is known to possess unique growth-related receptors that when activated, stimulate tumour proliferation. Gastrin and its related peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) are also significantly involved in the growth of this cancer type as well as other malignancies through activation of the cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR). New treatment strategies with CCK-BR antagonists are being suggested that suppress the growth promoting effects of gastrin. In this paper, we report the development of two series of quinazolinone derivatives incorporating hydrazinecarbothioamide (compounds 3a-g) and the hydrazino group (compounds 4a-e) as linkers for developing CCK-BR antagonists. The affinities of the compounds were determined using docking into the CCK-BR homology modeled structure. The compounds were tested for in vitro CCK-BR binding and gastric acid secretion in an isolated lumen-perfused mouse stomach assay. The compounds exhibited CCK-BR binding activity (IC50) in the range of 0.2-975 nM and showed good gastric acid secretion inhibitory activity. Molecular modeling of the compounds was done and pharmacophore mapping results showed good prediction of in vitro activity which correlated well with the experimental antagonistic activity. The compounds were further tested for their cytotoxicity on CCK-BR expressing pancreatic cancer cells. The results of the study provided two potent CCK-BR antagonists which also possess good to moderate growth inhibitory activities against pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumari
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Joyita Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Manisha Sikka
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Prakash Jha
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Anil K Mishra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Brig. S. K. Majumdar Road , Delhi 110054 , India
| | - Daman Saluja
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Madhu Chopra
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
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24
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Lattmann E, Sattayasai J, Narayanan R, Ngoc N, Burrell D, Balaram PN, Palizdar T, Lattmann P. Cholecystokinin-2/gastrin antagonists: 5-hydroxy-5-aryl-pyrrol-2-ones as anti-inflammatory analgesics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:680-685. [PMID: 30108786 PMCID: PMC6072330 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arylated 5-hydroxy-pyrrol-2-ones were prepared in 2 synthetic steps from mucochloric acid and optimised as CCK2-selective ligands using radiolabelled binding assays. CCK antagonism was confirmed for the ligands in isolated tissue preparations. DSS (dextran sulfate sodium)-induced inflammation was analysed for derivative 7 and PNB-001 with L-365,260 as a standard. The IC50 of PNB-001 was determined to be 10 nM. Subsequent in vivo evaluation confirmed anti-inflammatory activity with respect to IBD assays. The best molecule, PNB-001, showed analgesic activity in the formalin test and in the hotplate assay, in which the analgesic effect of 1.5 mg kg-1 PNB-001 was equivalent to 40 mg kg-1 tramadol. The CCK2-selective antagonist PNB-001 protected rats against indomethacin-induced ulceration at similar doses. The GI protection activity was found to be more potent than that of the 10 mg kg-1 dose of prednisolone, which served as a standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lattmann
- School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Aston Triangle , Birmingham B4 7ET , England , UK .
| | - J Sattayasai
- Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine , Khon Kaen University , 40002 Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - R Narayanan
- Department of Medicine , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - N Ngoc
- School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Aston Triangle , Birmingham B4 7ET , England , UK .
| | - D Burrell
- School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Aston Triangle , Birmingham B4 7ET , England , UK .
| | - P N Balaram
- PNB Vesper Life Science PVT , Cochin , Kerala , India
| | - T Palizdar
- School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Aston Triangle , Birmingham B4 7ET , England , UK .
| | - P Lattmann
- PNB Vesper Life Science PVT , Cochin , Kerala , India
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25
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Potential clinical indications for a CCK2 receptor antagonist. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 31:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Cordomí A, Fourmy D, Tikhonova IG. Gut hormone GPCRs: structure, function, drug discovery. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 31:63-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Boyce M, Moore AR, Sagatun L, Parsons BN, Varro A, Campbell F, Fossmark R, Waldum HL, Pritchard DM. Netazepide, a gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist, can eradicate gastric neuroendocrine tumours in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:466-475. [PMID: 27704617 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Netazepide, a gastrin/cholecystokinin 2 receptor antagonist, once daily for 12 weeks reduced the number of tumours and size of the largest one in 16 patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), achlorhydria, hypergastrinaemia and multiple gastric neuroendocrine tumours (type 1 gastric NETs), and normalized circulating chromogranin A (CgA) produced by enterochromaffin-like cells, the source of the tumours. The aim was to assess whether longer-term netazepide treatment can eradicate type 1 gastric NETs. METHODS After a mean 14 months off netazepide, 13 of the 16 patients took it for another 52 weeks. Assessments were: gastroscopy; gene-transcript expression in corpus biopsies using quantitative polymerase chain reaction; blood CgA and gastrin concentrations; and safety assessments. RESULTS While off-treatment, the number of tumours, the size of the largest one, and CgA all increased again. Netazepide for 52 weeks: cleared all tumours in 5 patients; cleared all but one tumour in one patient; reduced the number of tumours and size of the largest one in the other patients; normalized CgA in all patients; and reduced mRNA abundances of CgA and histidine decarboxylase in biopsies. Gastrin did not increase further, confirming that the patients had achlorhydria. Netazepide was safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS A gastrin/cholecystokinin 2 receptor antagonist is a potential medical and targeted treatment for type 1 gastric NETs, and an alternative to regular gastroscopy or surgery. Treatment should be continuous because the tumours will regrow if it is stopped. Progress can be monitored by CgA in blood or biomarkers in mucosal biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, Cumberland Avenue, London, NW10 7EW, UK
| | - Andrew R Moore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Liv Sagatun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's Hospital, and the Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bryony N Parsons
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's Hospital, and the Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helge L Waldum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's Hospital, and the Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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The gastrin receptor antagonist netazepide (YF476) in patients with type 1 gastric enterochromaffin-like cell neuroendocrine tumours: review of long-term treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28:1345-1352. [PMID: 27682220 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Netazepide (YF476) is a recently developed, orally active gastrin receptor antagonist that, in short trials in patients with type 1 gastric enterochromaffin-like cell neuroendocrine tumours, has been shown to induce a significant reduction in the number and size of tumours as well as serum chromogranin A (CgA). The aim of this review is to evaluate the long-term effect and safety of netazepide. PATIENTS AND METHODS Five patients previously treated with netazepide in an open-label trial were offered continuous treatment with netazepide 25 mg once daily. Upper endoscopy was performed every 6 months. The tumours were counted and measured, and tissue samples were obtained from the flat corpus mucosa. Enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia was classified according to Solcia and colleagues and volume density of CgA immunoreactive (IR) cells was calculated. Fasting serum CgA and fasting serum gastrin were measured every 3 months. RESULTS All tumours regressed completely in three of five patients; time until total disappearance was 3, 9 and 12 months. In the other two patients, the number of tumours was reduced from 13 to 5 and from 14 to 3. Serum CgA showed a rapid and sustained decrease (P<0.001). The mean reduction in serum CgA was 4.1±0.5 nmol/l. Similarly, volume density of CgA IR cells in the flat corpus mucosa decreased (P<0.001), with the mean change being 2.0±0.4%. Serum gastrin and volume density of gastrin IR cells in the antral part of the stomach remained unchanged (P=0.2 and 0.7, respectively). CONCLUSION Long-term administration of netazepide is effective and safe.
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Serra J, Caballero N. Dexloxiglumide for the treatment of constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1969-74. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1229306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Boyce M, Dowen S, Turnbull G, van den Berg F, Zhao CM, Chen D, Black J. Effect of netazepide, a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist, on gastric acid secretion and rabeprazole-induced hypergastrinaemia in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 79:744-55. [PMID: 25335860 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To compare gastric acid suppression by netazepide, a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist, with that by a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and to determine if netazepide can prevent the trophic effects of PPI-induced hypergastrinaemia. METHODS Thirty healthy subjects completed a double-blind, randomized, parallel group trial of oral netazepide and rabeprazole, alone and combined, once daily for 6 weeks. Primary end points were: basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and 24 h circulating gastrin and chromogranin A (CgA) at baseline, start and end of treatment, gastric biopsies at baseline and end of treatment and basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and dyspepsia questionnaire after treatment withdrawal. RESULTS All treatments similarly inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. All treatments increased serum gastrin, but the combination and rabeprazole did so more than netazepide alone. The combination also reduced basal acid secretion. Rabeprazole increased plasma CgA, whereas netazepide and the combination reduced it. None of the biopsies showed enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia. Withdrawal of treatments led neither to rebound hyperacidity nor dyspepsia. CONCLUSIONS Netazepide suppressed pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion as effectively as did rabeprazole. The reduction in basal acid secretion and greater increase in serum gastrin by the combination is consistent with more effective acid suppression. Despite our failure to show rabeprazole-induced ECL cell hyperplasia and rebound hyperacidity, the increase in plasma CgA after rabeprazole is consistent with a trophic effect on ECL cells, which netazepide prevented. Thus, netazepide is a potential treatment for the trophic effects of hypergastrinaemia and, with or without a PPI, is a potential treatment for acid-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, Central Middlesex Hospital, London, NW10 7NS, UK
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Wang HH, Portincasa P, Wang DQH. The cholecystokinin-1 receptor antagonist devazepide increases cholesterol cholelithogenesis in mice. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:158-69. [PMID: 26683129 PMCID: PMC6037422 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A defect in gallbladder contraction function plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gallstones. The cholecystokinin-1 receptor (CCK-1R) antagonists have been extensively investigated for their therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases in animal studies and clinical trials. However, it is still unknown whether they have a potential effect on gallstone formation. DESIGN To study whether the CCK-1R antagonists enhance cholelithogenesis, we investigated cholesterol crystallization, gallstone formation, hepatic lipid secretion, gallbladder emptying function and intestinal cholesterol absorption in male C57BL/6J mice treated by gavage with devazepide (4 mg/day/kg) or vehicle (as controls) twice per day and fed the lithogenic diet for 21 days. RESULTS During 21 days of feeding, oral administration of devazepide significantly accelerated cholesterol crystallization and crystal growth to microlithiasis, with 40% of mice forming gallstones, whereas only agglomerated cholesterol monohydrate crystals were found in mice receiving vehicle. Compared to the vehicle group, fasting and postprandial residual gallbladder volumes in response to the high-fat meal were significantly larger in the devazepide group during cholelithogenesis, showing reduced gallbladder emptying and bile stasis. Moreover, devazepide significantly increased hepatic secretion of biliary cholesterol, but not phospholipids or bile salts. The percentage of intestinal cholesterol absorption was higher in devazepide-treated mice, increasing the bioavailability of chylomicron-derived cholesterol in the liver for biliary hypersecretion into bile. These abnormalities induced supersaturated bile and rapid cholesterol crystallization. CONCLUSIONS The potent CCK-1R antagonist devazepide increases susceptibility to gallstone formation by impairing gallbladder emptying function, disrupting biliary cholesterol metabolism and enhancing intestinal cholesterol absorption in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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PONNUSAMY SURIYAN, LATTMANN ERIC, LATTMANN PORNTHIP, THIYAGARAJAN THIRUMAGAL, PADINJARETHALAKAL BALARAMN, NARAYANAN RAMESH. Novel, isoform-selective, cholecystokinin A receptor antagonist inhibits colon and pancreatic cancers in preclinical models through novel mechanism of action. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2097-106. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Pavlovskii VI, Ushakov IY, Kabanova TA, Khalimova EI, Kravtsov VK, Andronati SA. Synthesis and Analgesic Activity of 3-Arylamino-1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-Ones. Pharm Chem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-015-1335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhao X, Mashimo H. Current and Emerging Medical Therapies for Gastroparesis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2015; 13:452-72. [PMID: 26507073 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-015-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Gastroparesis likely involves various pathophysiological disorders and is increasingly prevalent as complications of surgeries, medications, and chronic diabetes. Key to diagnosis is evidence of delayed gastric emptying, generally based on standardized scintigraphy, and ruling out distal obstruction or other dysmotilities. Initial medical management includes reviewing potentially exacerbating medications and ruling out other reversible causes, achieving tighter glucose control in diabetics, and implementing dietary and lifestyle changes. While current available medications are limited, symptomatic control is aimed at improving gastric emptying, alleviating nausea and vomiting, and treating associated abdominal pain. Other potential therapies are aimed at reducing acid production, improving gastric accommodation or pyloric dysfunction, and treating bacterial overgrowth. Future studies should be aimed toward identification of subpopulations of gastroparetics who are better responders to the various medications based on differences in underlying pathophysiology and adopting standardized study end point measures that may allow for comparisons across trials. This chapter will review current treatment options, upcoming promising medications, and some of the hurdles in advancing the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhao
- Center for Swallowing and Motility Disorders, VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Pkwy, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mashimo
- Center for Swallowing and Motility Disorders, VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Pkwy, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA.
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Kaur H, Jajodia A, Grover S, Agarwal N, Baghel R, Kukreti R. Pharmacogenomics of neuropsychiatric disorders: analysis of genetic variability in 162 identified neuroreceptors using 1000 Genomes Project data. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1575-87. [PMID: 25340732 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroreceptors are considered to be primary drug targets and their abrupt signaling is a notable cause of interindividual drug response variability and treatment failure for complex neuropsychiatric diseases. In view of recent evidence, it is believed that common genetic risk factors mainly highly polymorphic neuroreceptors are being shared among neuropsychiatric disorders. MATERIALS & METHODS We identified 162 neuroreceptors from the 639 known receptors in Homo sapiens and investigated 231,683 SNPs using 1000 Genomes Project data and evaluated their biological effect using in silico tools including RegulomeDB, SIFT, PolyPhen-2 and CAROL. Furthermore, data from the 1000 Genomes Project was utilized to retrieve minor allele frequency and calculate pairwise logartithm of the odds score among these SNPs for African, American, Asian and European populations separately as well as when combined together using Haploview v4.2. LRTag was used to identify tagSNPs in populations. RESULTS A total of 52,381 (22.60%) SNPs were predicted as functionally important genetic variations. We identified sets of 603, 495, 450, 453 and 646 informative tagSNPs for African, American, Asian, European and combined populations, respectively. We propose construction of a 'neuroreceptor variants array' with these informative SNPs for future pharmacogenomic studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION Such an approach might improve genotype-phenotype correlation across different populations and lead to identification of reliable genetic markers and novel drug targets. Integration of these SNPs in literature would further provide evidence relevant to underlying mechanisms of genetics based nosology, pathophysiology and development of new drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Genomics & Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
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Boyce M, Thomsen L. Gastric neuroendocrine tumors: prevalence in Europe, USA, and Japan, and rationale for treatment with a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:550-9. [PMID: 25665655 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1009941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric carcinoids (neuroendocrine tumors) arise from enterochromaffin-like cells in the gastric mucosa. Most are caused by hypergastrinemia. The objectives were to determine if their prevalence in Europe, USA and Japan meets the criteria for an orphan disease and to justify treatment with a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist. METHODS We obtained data from European and USA cancer registries, and searched PubMed. RESULTS Prevalence per 10,000 population obtained from cancer registries was: median 0.32 (range 0.09-0.92) for Europe; and 0.17 for the USA, equivalent to 4812 for the whole population. A PubMed search for gastric carcinoids yielded prevalence for Japan only, which was 0.05 per 10,000 population, equivalent to 665 for the entire population. A further search for gastric carcinoids in patients with pernicious anemia (PA) or autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), two presentations of about 80% of gastric carcinoids, produced prevalence rates of 5.2-11%. Prevalence of PA itself was 0.12-1.9%. Data on CAG epidemiology were sparse. CONCLUSION Prevalence of gastric carcinoids varied widely. All sources probably underestimate prevalence. However, prevalence was below the limits required for recognition by drug regulatory authorities as an orphan disease: 5 per 10,000 population of Europe; 200,000 for the whole population of the USA; and 50,000 for the whole population of Japan. Because gastric carcinoids are an orphan disease, and nonclinical and healthy volunteer studies support treatment with netazepide, a gastrin/CCK2 antagonist, netazepide has been designated an orphan medicinal product in Europe and the USA for development as targeted treatment for gastric carcinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, Central Middlesex Hospital , London NW10 7NS , England
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Saicic RN. Protecting group-free syntheses of natural products and biologically active compounds. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exogenous administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) induces hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pancreas with an increase in DNA content. We hypothesized that endogenous CCK is involved in the malignant progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions and the fibrosis associated with pancreatic cancer. METHODS The presence of CCK receptors in early PanIN lesions was examined by immunohistochemistry in mouse and human pancreas. Pdx1-Cre/LSL-Kras transgenic mice were randomized to receive either untreated drinking water or water supplemented with a CCK receptor antagonist (proglumide, 0.1 mg/mL). Pancreas from the mice were removed and examined histologically for number and grade of PanINs after 1, 2, or 4 months of antagonist therapy. RESULTS Both CCK-A and CCK-B receptors were identified in early stage PanINs from mouse and human pancreas. The grade of PanIN lesions was reversed, and progression to advanced lesions arrested in mice treated with proglumide compared with the controls (P = 0.004). Furthermore, pancreatic fibrosis was significantly reduced in antagonist-treated animals compared with vehicle (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that endogenous CCK is in part responsible for the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. The use of CCK receptor antagonists may have a role in cancer prophylaxis in high-risk subjects and may reduce fibrosis in the microenvironment.
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Bashashati M, McCallum RW. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies in managing nausea and vomiting related to cyclic vomiting syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 722:79-94. [PMID: 24161560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints which could be triggered by stimuli in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. They may be considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/agents enter the gastrointestinal tract or there is excessive retention of gastrointestinal contents due to obstruction. The pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting is complex and much still remains unknown. Therefore, treatments are restricted or ineffective in many cases. Nausea and vomiting with functional etiologies including cyclic vomiting syndrome are challenging in gastroenterology. In this article, we review potential pathways, neurochemical transmitters, and their receptors which are possibly involved in the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting including the entity cyclic vomiting syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bashashati
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard W McCallum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
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Moore AR, Boyce M, Steele IA, Campbell F, Varro A, Pritchard DM. Netazepide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, normalises tumour biomarkers and causes regression of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours in a nonrandomised trial of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76462. [PMID: 24098507 PMCID: PMC3788129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) causes hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinaemia, which can lead to enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and gastric neuroendocrine tumours (type 1 gastric NETs). Most behave indolently, but some larger tumours metastasise. Antrectomy, which removes the source of the hypergastrinaemia, usually causes tumour regression. Non-clinical and healthy-subject studies have shown that netazepide (YF476) is a potent, highly selective and orally-active gastrin/CCK-2 receptor antagonist. Also, it is effective in animal models of ECL-cell tumours induced by hypergastrinaemia. AIM To assess the effect of netazepide on tumour biomarkers, number and size in patients with type I gastric NETs. METHODS We studied 8 patients with multiple tumours and raised circulating gastrin and chromogranin A (CgA) concentrations in an open trial of oral netazepide for 12 weeks, with follow-up 12 weeks later. At 0, 6, 12 and 24 weeks, we carried out gastroscopy, counted and measured tumours, and took biopsies to assess abundances of several ECL-cell constituents. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 weeks, we measured circulating gastrin and CgA and assessed safety and tolerability. RESULTS Netazepide was safe and well tolerated. Abundances of CgA (p<0.05), histidine decarboxylase (p<0.05) and matrix metalloproteinase-7(p<0.10) were reduced at 6 and 12 weeks, but were raised again at follow-up. Likewise, plasma CgA was reduced at 3 weeks (p<0.01), remained so until 12 weeks, but was raised again at follow-up. Tumours were fewer and the size of the largest one was smaller (p<0.05) at 12 weeks, and remained so at follow-up. Serum gastrin was unaffected. CONCLUSION The reduction in abundances, plasma CgA, and tumour number and size by netazepide show that type 1 NETs are gastrin-dependent tumours. Failure of netazepide to increase serum gastrin further is consistent with achlorhydria. Netazepide is a potential new treatment for type 1 NETs. Longer, controlled trials are justified. TRIAL REGISTRATION European Union EudraCT database 2007-002916-24 https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2007-002916-24ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01339169 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01339169?term=yf476&rank=5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Moore
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Islay A. Steele
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Taher AT, Mohammed LW. Synthesis of new 1,3,4-benzotriazepin-5-one derivatives and their biological evaluation as antitumor agents. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:684-93. [PMID: 23504247 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
New derivatives of 1,3,4-benzotriazepin-5-one were designed and synthesized as structural analogues to the antitumor agents devazepide and asperlicin. An efficient and novel approach to the synthesis of 2-amino-1,3,4-benzotriazepin-5-one 2 was developed and its structure was confirmed. The newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity on 60 different cell lines. Compounds 8 and 9 displayed the most potent antitumor activity against several cell lines specifically ovarian cancer, renal cancer and prostate cancer, while compounds 5, 10 and 12 showed significant activities against UO-31 renal cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza T Taher
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, P.O. Box 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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Gupta AK, Varshney K, Singh N, Mishra V, Saxena M, Palit G, Saxena AK. Identification of novel amino acid derived CCK-2R antagonists as potential antiulcer agent: homology modeling, design, synthesis, and pharmacology. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:176-87. [PMID: 23240656 DOI: 10.1021/ci3003655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study revisited the three-dimensional (3D) homology model of CCK-2R using human A(2a) adenosine receptor and the resolved NMR based structure of the third extracellular loop of the CCK-2R as templates. Further in order to identify novel antiulcer agents, rational designing have been performed utilizing the substructure of a well-known CCK-2R antagonist benzotript as a lead molecule and submitted to the combined docking and simulation studies. This led to the understanding of the essential structure requirement as well as variation of binding mode among conformational isomers of small molecule CCK-2R antagonists. In the next step, preparation of each configurational isomer of these molecules was carried out and submitted for their in vitro activity followed by in vivo screening into antiulcer rat model. The biological screening of these compounds has not only validated the developed homology model of CCK-2R but also led to the identification of highly potent CCK-2R antagonist 6a as an orally active and safe candidate molecule having better antiulcer properties than the well-known drug benzotript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
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Gong YY, Si XM, Lin L, Lu J. Mechanisms of cholecystokinin-induced calcium mobilization in gastric antral interstitial cells of Cajal. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:7184-7193. [PMID: 23326123 PMCID: PMC3544020 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i48.7184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8S) on calcium mobilization in cultured murine gastric antral interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and its possible mechanisms.
METHODS: ICC were isolated from the gastric antrum of mice and cultured. Immunofluorescence staining with a monoclonal antibody for c-Kit was used to identify ICC. The responsiveness of ICC to CCK-8S was measured using Fluo-3/AM based digital microfluorimetric measurement of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to monitor [Ca2+]i changes. The selective CCK1 receptor antagonist lorglumide, the intracellular Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, the type III inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3) receptor blocker xestospongin C and the L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channel inhibitor nifedipine were used to examine the mechanisms of [Ca2+]i elevation caused by CCK-8S. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting were used to determine the regulatory effect of PKC on phosphorylation of type III InsP3 receptor (InsP3R3) in ICC. Protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and inhibitor chelerythrine were used to assess the role of PKC in the CCK-8S-evoked [Ca2+]i increment of ICC.
RESULTS: ICC were successfully isolated from the gastric antrum of mice and cultured. Cultured ICC were identified by immunofluorescence staining. When given 80 nmol/L or more than 80 nmol/L CCK-8S, the [Ca2+]i in ICC increased and 100 nmol/L CCK-8S significantly increased the mean [Ca2+]i by 59.30% ± 4.85% (P < 0.01). Pretreatment of ICC with 5 μmol/L lorglumide inhibited 100 nmol/L CCK-8S-induced [Ca2+]i increment from 59.30% ± 4.85% to 14.97% ± 9.05% (P < 0.01), suggesting a CCK1R-mediated event. Emptying of intracellular calcium stores by thapsigargin (5 μmol/L) prevented CCK-8S (100 nmol/L) from inducing a [Ca2+]i increase. Moreover, pretreatment with xestospongin C (1 μmol/L) could also abolish the CCK-8S-induced effect, indicating that Ca2+ release from InsP3R-operated stores appeared to be a major mechanism responsible for CCK-8S-induced calcium mobilization in ICC. On the other hand, by removing extracellular calcium or blocking the L-type voltage-operated calcium channel with nifedipine, a smaller but significant rise in the [Ca2+]i could be still elicited by CCK-8S. These data suggest that the [Ca2+]i release is not stimulated or activated by the influx of extracellular Ca2+ in ICC, but the influx of extracellular Ca2+ can facilitate the [Ca2+]i increase evoked by CCK-8S. CCK-8S increased the phosphorylation of InsP3R3, which could be prevented by chelerythrine. Pretreatment with lorglumide (5 μmol/L) could significantly reduce the CCK-8S intensified phosphorylation of InsP3R3. In the positive control group, treatment of cells with PMA also resulted in an enhanced phosphorylation of InsP3R3. Pretreatment with various concentrations of PMA (10 nmol/L-10 μmol/L) apparently inhibited the effect of CCK-8S and the effect of 100 nmol/L PMA was most obvious. Likewise, the effect of CCK-8S was augmented by the pretreatment with chelerythrine (10 nmol/L-10 μmol/L) and 100 nmol/L chelerythrine exhibited the maximum effect.
CONCLUSION: CCK-8S increases [Ca2+]i in ICC via the CCK1 receptor. This effect depends on the release of InsP3R-operated Ca2+ stores, which is negatively regulated by PKC-mediated phosphorylation of InsP3R3.
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Ortmann S, Kampe J, Gossel M, Bickel M, Geisen K, Jähne G, Lang HJ, Klaus S. The Novel Antiobesic HMR1426 Reduces Food Intake without Affecting Energy Expenditure in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1290-7. [PMID: 15340112 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of acute and chronic administration of a new food intake-reducing compound (HMR1426) with novel mode of action (retardation of gastric emptying) on body weight development, food intake, and energy metabolism in rats. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Adult male Shoe-Wistar rats were implanted with transponders allowing registration of body temperature (Tb) and locomotor activity. HMR1426 (10 or 50 mg/kg) was given orally, and acute (8 hours) and chronic (15 days) effects were measured on food intake, Tb, activity, total energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), and epididymal adipose tissue mass. The effect of chronic treatment was compared with the effect of sibutramine (10 mg/kg). RESULTS HMR1426 (50 mg/kg) caused an acute and chronic decrease of food intake. There was no effect on the level and daily pattern of total energy expenditure, Tb, and locomotor activity. Respiratory quotient was acutely decreased by HMR1426 due to reduced food intake. Chronic treatment with HMR1426 decreased weight gain by 31% and epididymal white fat by 24%. Sibutramine caused a respective reduction of 48% and 35%. Energy efficiency was not affected by HMR1426 in contrast to sibutramine, which reduced energy efficiency and transiently increased activity. DISCUSSION HMR1426 showed an anorectic potential in rats and decreased body weight and fat mass. This was achieved solely by reducing food intake without influencing overall energy expenditure or behavior suggesting a peripheral mode of action. Thus, HMR1426 can be considered a potential new drug for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ortmann
- Group of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
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Rai R, Chandra V, Tewari M, Kumar M, Shukla HS. Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors targeting in gastrointestinal cancer. Surg Oncol 2012; 21:281-92. [PMID: 22801592 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin and Gastrin are amongst the first gastrointestinal hormone discovered. In addition to classical actions (contraction of gallbladder, growth and secretion in the stomach and pancreas), these also act as growth stimulants for gastrointestinal malignancies and cell lines. Growth of these tumours is inhibited by antagonists of the cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors. These receptors provides most promising approach in clinical oncology and several specific radiolabelled ligands have been synthesized for specific tumour targeting and therapy of tumours overexpressing these receptors. Therefore, definition of the molecular structure of the receptor involved in the autocrine/paracrine loop may contribute to novel therapies for gastrointestinal cancer. Hence, this review tries to focus on the role and distribution of these hormones and their receptors in gastrointestinal cancer with a brief talk about the clinical trial using available agonist and antagonist in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Rai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Banaras Hindu University, 7 SKG Colony, Lanka, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wen D, Ma CL, Zhang YJ, Meng YX, Ni ZY, Li SJ, Cong B. Cholecystokinin receptor-1 mediates the inhibitory effects of exogenous cholecystokinin octapeptide on cellular morphine dependence. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:63. [PMID: 22682150 PMCID: PMC3407485 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), the most potent endogenous anti-opioid peptide, has been shown to regulate the processes of morphine dependence. In our previous study, we found that exogenous CCK-8 attenuated naloxone induced withdrawal symptoms. To investigate the precise effect of exogenous CCK-8 and the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) 1 and/or 2 receptors in morphine dependence, a SH-SY5Y cell model was employed, in which the μ-opioid receptor, CCK1/2 receptors, and endogenous CCK are co-expressed. Results Forty-eight hours after treating SH-SY5Y cells with morphine (10 μM), naloxone (10 μM) induced a cAMP overshoot, indicating that cellular morphine dependence had been induced. The CCK receptor and endogenous CCK were up-regulated after chronic morphine exposure. The CCK2 receptor antagonist (LY-288,513) at 1–10 μM inhibited the naloxone-precipitated cAMP overshoot, but the CCK1 receptor antagonist (L-364,718) did not. Interestingly, CCK-8 (0.1-1 μM), a strong CCK receptor agonist, dose-dependently inhibited the naloxone-precipitated cAMP overshoot in SH-SY5Y cells when co-pretreated with morphine. The L-364,718 significantly blocked the inhibitory effect of exogenous CCK-8 on the cAMP overshoot at 1–10 μM, while the LY-288,513 did not. Therefore, the CCK2 receptor appears to be necessary for low concentrations of endogenous CCK to potentiate morphine dependence in SH-SY5Y cells. An additional inhibitory effect of CCK-8 at higher concentrations appears to involve the CCK1 receptor. Conclusions This study reveals the difference between exogenous CCK-8 and endogenous CCK effects on the development of morphine dependence, and provides the first evidence for the participation of the CCK1 receptor in the inhibitory effects of exogenous CCK-8 on morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
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Griebel G, Holsboer F. Neuropeptide receptor ligands as drugs for psychiatric diseases: the end of the beginning? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:462-78. [PMID: 22596253 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel drugs for treating psychiatric disorders is driven by the growing medical need to improve on the effectiveness and side-effect profile of currently available therapies. Given the wealth of preclinical data supporting the role of neuropeptides in modulating behaviour, pharmaceutical companies have been attempting to target neuropeptide receptors for over two decades. However, clinical studies with synthetic neuropeptide ligands have been unable to confirm the promise predicted by studies in animal models. Here, we analyse preclinical and clinical results for neuropeptide receptor ligands that have been studied in clinical trials for psychiatric diseases, including agents that target the receptors for tachykinins, corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin and neurotensin, and suggest new ways to exploit the full potential of these candidate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Griebel
- Sanofi, Exploratory Unit, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, France.
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Gupta AK, Varshney K, Saxena AK. Toward the identification of a reliable 3D QSAR pharmacophore model for the CCK2 receptor antagonism. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1376-90. [PMID: 22530718 DOI: 10.1021/ci300094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes application of computational approaches to identify a validated and reliable 3D QSAR pharmacophore model for the CCK-2R antagonism through integrated ligand and structure based studies using anthranilic sulfonamide and 1,3,4-benzotriazepine based CCK-2R antagonists. The best hypothesis consisted five features viz. two aliphatic hydrophobic, one aromatic hydrophobic, one H-bond acceptor, and one ring aromatic feature with an excellent correlation for 34 training set (r²(training) = 0.83) and 58 test set compounds (r²(test) = 0.74). This model was validated through F-test and docking studies at the active site of the plausible CCK-2R where the 99% significance and well corroboration with the pharmacophore model respectively describes the model's reliability. The model also predicts well to other known clinically effective CCK-2R antagonists. Therefore, the developed model may useful in finding new scaffolds that may aid in design and develop new chemical entities (NCEs) as potent CCK-2R antagonists before their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, C.S.I.R.-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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Discovery of new piperidine amide triazolobenzodiazepinones as intestinal-selective CCK1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2943-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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