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Török G, Saláta J, Ábrám E, Nemes B, Hermann P, Rózsa N, Kispélyi B. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate syndrome through a hybrid workflow: A case report with 2-year follow-up. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2024; 44:96-102. [PMID: 36653185 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects ectodermal derived structures, including teeth, nails, hair, and sweat glands. Prosthetic rehabilitation of patients with EEC syndrome is essential towards improving their overall quality of life. METHODS AND RESULTS In the case shown, a telescopic retained overdenture was made on the lower jaw based on digital impression of a patient with EEC syndrome associated with cleft lip and cleft palate. Due to the congenital anomalies and limited mouth opening, the impression was taken with intraoral scanner, and after designing the telescopes on the digital model, the primary and secondary telescopes were confectioned by selective laser sintering. CONCLUSION Combining digital dental technology and conventional clinical prosthetic treatment methods, results in a well-functioning overdenture even in such complicated situations. The prosthodontic rehabilitation of patients with ECC helps to restore the masticatory and phonetic functions, increases the patient's self-esteem, and prevents further psychological trauma caused by hypodontia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gréta Török
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
- Károly Rácz Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Saláta
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
- Károly Rácz Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emese Ábrám
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Nemes
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hermann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Rózsa
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kispélyi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
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Biwei H, Min S, Yanlin W, Xinrong Z, Li G, Renyi H, Jinling S, Shan W, Yi W, Weiwei C. Case report: Prenatal diagnosis of Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal dysplasia-Cleft syndrome (EEC) in a fetus with cleft lip and polycystic kidney. Front Genet 2022; 13:1002089. [PMID: 36386837 PMCID: PMC9662688 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1002089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft (EEC) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and orofacial clefting. Reduced penetrance is manifested in these core features and additional under-recognized features, especially in prenatal cases. Here, we present a fetus with EEC syndrome at 22 weeks gestation, in which the cleft lip and palate and the right polycystic kidney are shown by prenatal ultrasound. A de novo missense mutation of R304W in the TP63 gene is confirmed by whole-exome sequencing associated with EEC syndrome. We further investigate the reported TP63-related prenatal cases and provide a more complete picture of the prenatal phenotypic spectrum about EEC. It illustrates the potential severity of genitourinary anomalies in TP63-related disorders and highlights the need to counsel for the possibility of EEC syndrome, given the occurrence of genitourinary anomalies with orofacial cleft or limb deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Biwei
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Min
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Yanlin
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Xinrong
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gao Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Renyi
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun Jinling
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Shan
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Yi
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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Novel Candidate Genes for Non-Syndromic Tooth Agenesis Identified Using Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206089. [PMID: 36294409 PMCID: PMC9605476 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic tooth agenesis (ns-TA) is one of the most common dental anomalies characterized by the congenital absence of at least one permanent tooth (excluding third molars). Regarding the essential role of genetic factors in ns-TA aetiology, the present study aimed to identify novel pathogenic variants underlying hypodontia and oligodontia. In a group of 65 ns-TA patients and 127 healthy individuals from the genetically homogenous Polish population, the coding sequences of 423 candidate genes were screened using targeted next-generation sequencing. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were identified in 37 (56.92%) patients, including eight nucleotide alternations of genes not previously implicated in ns-TA (CHD7, CREBBP, EVC, LEF1, ROR2, TBX22 and TP63). However, since only single variants were detected, future research is required to confirm and fully understand their role in the aetiology of ns-TA. Additionally, our results support the importance of already known ns-TA candidate genes (AXIN2, EDA, EDAR, IRF6, LAMA3, LRP6, MSX1, PAX9 and WNT10A) and provide additional evidence that ns-TA might be an oligogenic condition involving the cumulative effect of rare variants in two or more distinct genes.
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Miao M, Lu S, Sun X, Zhao M, Wang J, Su X, Jin B, Sun L. Identification of a novel heterozygous missense TP63 variant in a Chinese pedigree with split-hand/foot malformation. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:157. [PMID: 35831859 PMCID: PMC9281006 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor protein p63 is an important transcription factor regulating epithelial morphogenesis. Variants associated with the TP63 gene are known to cause multiple disorders. In this study, we determined the genetic cause of split-hand/foot malformation in a Chinese pedigree. METHODS For this study, we have recruited a Chinese family and collected samples from affected and normal individuals of the family (three affected and two normal). Whole exome sequencing was performed to detect the underlying genetic defect in this family. The potential variant was validated using the Sanger sequencing approach. RESULTS Using whole-exome and Sanger sequencing, we identified a novel heterozygous pathogenic missense variant in TP63 (NM_003722.5: c.921G > T; p.Met307Ile). This variant resulted in the substitution of methionine with isoleucine. Structural analysis suggested a resulting change in the structure of a key functional domain of the p63 protein. CONCLUSION This novel missense variant expands the TP63 variant spectrum and provides a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of families with split-hand/foot malformation or other TP63-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shoulian Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotan Su
- Department of Bioinformatics, Berry Genomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bai Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lizhou Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Whole-genome sequencing reveals de-novo mutations associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11743. [PMID: 35817949 PMCID: PMC9273634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority (85%) of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) cases occur sporadically, suggesting a role for de novo mutations (DNMs) in the etiology of nsCL/P. To identify high impact protein-altering DNMs that contribute to the risk of nsCL/P, we conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analyses in 130 African case-parent trios (affected probands and unaffected parents). We identified 162 high confidence protein-altering DNMs some of which are based on available evidence, contribute to the risk of nsCL/P. These include novel protein-truncating DNMs in the ACTL6A, ARHGAP10, MINK1, TMEM5 and TTN genes; as well as missense variants in ACAN, DHRS3, DLX6, EPHB2, FKBP10, KMT2D, RECQL4, SEMA3C, SEMA4D, SHH, TP63, and TULP4. Many of these protein-altering DNMs were predicted to be pathogenic. Analysis using mouse transcriptomics data showed that some of these genes are expressed during the development of primary and secondary palate. Gene-set enrichment analysis of the protein-altering DNMs identified palatal development and neural crest migration among the few processes that were significantly enriched. These processes are directly involved in the etiopathogenesis of clefting. The analysis of the coding sequence in the WGS data provides more evidence of the opportunity for novel findings in the African genome.
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Hurni Y, Marangoni M, Garofalo G, Cassart M, Tomasi L, Vandernoot I, Smits G, Gounongbé C. Spontaneous resolution of nonimmune hydrops fetalis in a fetus with TP63 gene mutation and LZTR1 gene variants. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04624. [PMID: 34401172 PMCID: PMC8353418 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cases of fetal hydrops, searching for an etiology is essential to evaluate the fetal prognosis and propose the most appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hurni
- Department of Fetal MedicineCHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Center of Human GeneticsHôpital ErasmeUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Marie Cassart
- Department of Fetal MedicineCHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
- Department of RadiologyHôpitaux Iris Sud and CHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
| | - Lisa Tomasi
- Department of PediatricsCHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
| | - Isabelle Vandernoot
- Center of Human GeneticsHôpital ErasmeUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Guillaume Smits
- Center of Human GeneticsHôpital ErasmeUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
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Chetty M, Roomaney IA, Beighton P. Taurodontism in dental genetics. BDJ Open 2021; 7:25. [PMID: 34244468 PMCID: PMC8270984 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-021-00081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurodontism is a dental anomaly defined by enlargement of the pulp chamber of multirooted teeth with apical displacement of the pulp floor and bifurcation of the roots. Taurodontism can be an isolated trait or part of a syndrome. A study was conducted to document the dental and craniofacial aspects of genetic thin bone disorders in South Africa. Sixty-four individuals with Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), one individual with Pyle disease and one with Torg-Winchester syndrome respectively, were assessed clinically, radiographically and at a molecular level. Ten patients with OI XI and those with Pyle disease and Torg-Winchester syndrome had taurodontism. Taurodontism has been identified in several genetic disorders necessitating cognizance of the possible existence and implications of this characteristic when managing patients in the dental environment. Further studies should be directed toward identifying the incidence, etiology, and molecular pathways leading to taurodontism and its relationship to genetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manogari Chetty
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
- University of the Western Cape/University of Cape Town Combined Dental Genetics Clinic, Red Cross Childrens' Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Imaan A Roomaney
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of the Western Cape/University of Cape Town Combined Dental Genetics Clinic, Red Cross Childrens' Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Beighton
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of the Western Cape/University of Cape Town Combined Dental Genetics Clinic, Red Cross Childrens' Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Novel MSX1 variants identified in families with nonsyndromic oligodontia. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:2. [PMID: 33419968 PMCID: PMC7794556 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify MSX1 gene variants in multiple Chinese families with nonsyndromic oligodontia and analyse the functional influence of these variants. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify the causal gene variants in five families with nonsyndromic oligodontia, and a series of bioinformatics databases were used for variant confirmation and functional prediction. Phenotypic characterization of the members of these families was described, and an in vitro analysis was performed for functional evaluation. Five novel MSX1 heterozygous variants were identified: three missense variants [c.662A>C (p.Q221P), c.670C>T (p.R224C), and c.809C>T (p.S270L)], one nonsense variant [c.364G>T (p.G122*)], and one frameshift variant [c.277delG (p.A93Rfs*67)]. Preliminary in vitro studies demonstrated that the subcellular localization of MSX1 was abnormal with the p.Q221P, p.R224C, p.G122*, and p.A93Rfs*67 variants compared to the wild type. Three variants (p.Q221P, p.G122*, and p.A93Rfs*67) were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic, while p.S270L and p.R224C were of uncertain significance in the current data. Moreover, we summarized and analysed the MSX1-related tooth agenesis positions and found that the type and variant locus were not related to the severity of tooth loss. Our results expand the variant spectrum of nonsyndromic oligodontia and provide valuable information for genetic counselling.
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Jin JY, Zeng L, Li K, He JQ, Pang X, Huang H, Xiang R, Tang JY. A novel mutation (c.1010G>T; p.R337L) in TP63 as a cause of split-hand/foot malformation with hypodontia. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3122. [PMID: 31420900 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor protein p63 (TP63)-related disorders can be divided into at least six categories, including ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC syndrome 3), ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC syndrome), acro-dermo-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome (ADULT syndrome), limb-mammary syndrome (LMS), Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS) and split-hand/foot malformation 4 (SHFM4), and are all a result of heterozygous mutations of TP63. The phenotypes of TP63-related disorders broadly involve ectodermal dysplasias, acromelic malformation and orofacial cleft. SHFM and hypodontia are prominent clinical manifestations of TP63-related disorders. METHODS The present study investigated a family with SHFM and hypodontia; determined the sequences of DLX5, WNT8B, WNT10B, BHLHA9, CDH3, DYNC1I1 and FGFR1; and performed single nucleotide polymorphism-array analysis. We detected the mutation by multiple sequence alignments and a bioinformatic prediction. RESULTS We identified a novel missense mutation of TP63 (c.1010G>T; R337L) in the family without mutations of DLX5, WNT8B, WNT10B, BHLHA9, CDH3, DYNC1I1, FGFR1 and copy number variants causing SHFM. CONCLUSIONS A mutation of TP63 (c.1010G>T; R337L) leads to SHFM with hypodontia. The identification of this mutation expands the spectrum of known TP63 mutations and also may contribute to novel approaches for the genetic diagnosis and counseling of families with TP63-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yuan Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Li
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji-Qiang He
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ju-Yu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Zheng J, Liu H, Zhan Y, Liu Y, Wong SW, Cai T, Feng H, Han D. Tooth defects of EEC and AEC syndrome caused by heterozygous TP63 mutations in three Chinese families and genotype-phenotype correlation analyses of TP63-related disorders. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e704. [PMID: 31050217 PMCID: PMC6565570 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal dysplasia-Cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome and Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome belong to p63 syndromes, a group of rare disorders exhibiting a wide variety of clinical manifestations. TP63 mutations have been reported to be associated with both EEC and AEC. METHODS Analysis of whole exome sequencing (WES) from patients with EEC or AEC syndrome and Sanger sequencing from family members. RESULTS We confirmed that three Chinese pedigrees affected with EEC or AEC harboring a distinct TP63 mutation, and described novel clinical phenotypes of EEC and AEC, including the presence of cubitus valgus deformity and taurodontism, which were discordant to their classical disease features. We also analyzed the genotype-phenotype correlation based on our findings. CONCLUSION We reported that the cubitus valgus deformity in patients with EEC and severe taurodontism in a patient with AEC had not been mentioned previously. Our study expands the phenotypic spectrum of EEC and AEC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Zheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, The 3rd Dental Clinic, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tao Cai
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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