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Splicing-Disrupting Mutations in Inherited Predisposition to Solid Pediatric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235967. [PMID: 36497448 PMCID: PMC9739414 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hereditary cancer in children was estimated to be very low until recent studies suggested that at least 10% of pediatric cancer patients carry a germline mutation in a cancer predisposition gene. A significant proportion of pathogenic variants associated with an increased risk of hereditary cancer are variants affecting splicing. RNA splicing is an essential process involved in different cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and alterations in this pathway have been implicated in many human cancers. Hereditary cancer genes are highly susceptible to splicing mutations, and among them there are several genes that may contribute to pediatric solid tumors when mutated in the germline. In this review, we have focused on the analysis of germline splicing-disrupting mutations found in pediatric solid tumors, as the discovery of pathogenic splice variants in pediatric cancer is a growing field for the development of personalized therapies. Therapies developed to correct aberrant splicing in cancer are also discussed as well as the options to improve the diagnostic yield based on the increase in the knowledge in splicing.
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Towards the Search for Potential Biomarkers in Osteosarcoma: State-of-the-Art and Translational Expectations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314939. [PMID: 36499267 PMCID: PMC9740676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma represents a rare cause of cancer in the general population, accounting for <1% of malignant neoplasms globally. Nonetheless, it represents the main cause of malignant bone neoplasm in children, adolescents and young adults under 20 years of age. It also presents another peak of incidence in people over 50 years of age and is associated with rheumatic diseases. Numerous environmental risk factors, such as bone diseases, genetics and a history of previous neoplasms, have been widely described in the literature, which allows monitoring a certain group of patients. Diagnosis requires numerous imaging tests that make it possible to stratify both the local involvement of the disease and its distant spread, which ominously determines the prognosis. Thanks to various clinical trials, the usefulness of different chemotherapy regimens, radiotherapy and surgical techniques with radical intent has now been demonstrated; these represent improvements in both prognosis and therapeutic approaches. Osteosarcoma patients should be evaluated in reference centres by multidisciplinary committees with extensive experience in proper management. Although numerous genetic and rheumatological diseases and risk factors have been described, the use of serological, genetic or other biomarkers has been limited in clinical practice compared to other neoplasms. This limits both the initial follow-up of these patients and screening in populations at risk. In addition, we cannot forget that the diagnosis is mainly based on the direct biopsy of the lesion and imaging tests, which illustrates the need to study new diagnostic alternatives. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the natural history of the disease and describe the main biomarkers, explaining their clinical uses, prognosis and limitations.
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Zhang J, Li N, Lu S, Chen Y, Shan L, Zhao X, Xu Y. The role of Notch ligand Jagged1 in osteosarcoma proliferation, metastasis, and recurrence. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:226. [PMID: 33781318 PMCID: PMC8006358 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer occurring in young adults and the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma is less than 30% due to high metastatic recurrence and drug resistance. Notch is a highly conserved cell to cell signaling pathway in evolution, and Jagged1 is an important ligand of Notch. Although some studies have found that Notch receptors and ligands including Jagged1 were highly expressed in osteosarcoma tissues and osteosarcoma cells, the role of Jagged1 in osteosarcoma progression and metastasis are still not clear. METHODS Tumor tissues were collected from 68 patients and immunohistochemical staining was employed to group these patients by expression of Jagged1. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of Jagged1. We used siRNA to knockdown the expression of Jagged1 in F5M2 cells. Colony formation assay and MTT were employed to detect and analyze the proliferation of F5M2 cells with or without knockdown of Jagged1. Transwell assay were used to detect the migration and invasion of F5M2 cells. RESULTS In this study, we found that the high expression of Jagged1 is closely related to the metastasis and recurrence of osteosarcoma in 68 clinical specimens. The expression of Jagged1 in F5M2 cells with high metastasis was significantly higher than that in F4 cells with low metastasis. Knockdown of Jagged1 led to lower ability of proliferation, migration, and invasion in F5M2 cells. CONCLUSION The high expression of Jagged1 is closely related to the metastasis and recurrence of osteosarcoma. Knockdown of Jagged1 significantly reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Our results suggested that knockdown of Jagged1 may be a potentially effective treatment for metastatic osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Daguan Road 212#, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Daguan Road 212#, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Daguan Road 212#, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Lequn Shan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xingcheng Zhao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road 169#, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Daguan Road 212#, Kunming, 650032, China.
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Gelli E, Fallerini C, Valentino F, Giliberti A, Castiglione F, Laschi L, Palmieri M, Fabbiani A, Tita R, Mencarelli MA, Renieri A, Ariani F. RB1 Germline Variant Predisposing to a Rare Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor: A Case Report. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1467. [PMID: 32974172 PMCID: PMC7471930 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCTs) are neoplasms of the ovary, of which, due to their rarity and heterogeneity, few is reported about genetic background and development. Here, we report a 18-years old patient diagnosed with an ovarian mixed germ cell tumor, without any previous history of malignancies, who has been treated with surgery and chemotherapy and died 4 years later due to peritoneal metastasis complications. Patient's blood DNA was screened for a panel of 52 cancer-related genes in order to identify predisposing aberrations to this rare cancer. The analysis discovered the uncharacterized c.2393G>A variant in RB1, the retinoblastoma gene, leading both to a missense change and a splicing perturbation of the RB1 transcript. The variant was found to be hypomorphic, damaging the C-terminal domain with a partially impaired protein function. The variant is inherited from the unaffected mother. Due to an imprinting mechanism, the maternal allele is ~3-fold more expressed than the paternal one. The parent-of-origin effect combined with the hypomorphic impact of the variant determines a rescue of sufficient tumor-suppressor activity to prevent retinoblastoma development but can predispose to other cancers in the adult age. In order to understand the somatic events acting on the germline predisposition we used the NGS-liquid biopsy covering 77 cancer driver genes. Using this approach, we detected deleterious mutations in TP53, SMAD4, FGFR3, and MSH2, indicative of a dis-regulation of cell cycle and DNA repair mechanisms pathways. In conclusion, we have pinpointed for the first time that an RB1 leaky variant, not leading to retinoblastoma because of its maternal origin, can predispose in adults to a very rare form of ovarian cancer and that the somatic disruption of few genes contributes to the tumor progression and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gelli
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Castiglione
- Histopathogy and Molecular Diagnostics, Careggi University Hospital Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Laschi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Fabbiani
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Rossella Tita
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Ariani
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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Czarnecka AM, Synoradzki K, Firlej W, Bartnik E, Sobczuk P, Fiedorowicz M, Grieb P, Rutkowski P. Molecular Biology of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2130. [PMID: 32751922 PMCID: PMC7463657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone cancer in children and adolescents and the third most frequent in adults. Many inherited germline mutations are responsible for syndromes that predispose to osteosarcomas including Li Fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome or Diamond-Blackfan anemia. TP53 is the most frequently altered gene in osteosarcoma. Among other genes mutated in more than 10% of OS cases, c-Myc plays a role in OS development and promotes cell invasion by activating MEK-ERK pathways. Several genomic studies showed frequent alterations in the RB gene in pediatric OS patients. Osteosarcoma driver mutations have been reported in NOTCH1, FOS, NF2, WIF1, BRCA2, APC, PTCH1 and PRKAR1A genes. Some miRNAs such as miR-21, -34a, -143, -148a, -195a, -199a-3p and -382 regulate the pathogenic activity of MAPK and PI3K/Akt-signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. CD133+ osteosarcoma cells have been shown to exhibit stem-like gene expression and can be tumor-initiating cells and play a role in metastasis and development of drug resistance. Although currently osteosarcoma treatment is based on adriamycin chemoregimens and surgery, there are several potential targeted therapies in development. First of all, activity and safety of cabozantinib in osteosarcoma were studied, as well as sorafenib and pazopanib. Finally, novel bifunctional molecules, of potential imaging and osteosarcoma targeting applications may be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Firlej
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Sobczuk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Fiedorowicz
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Interinstitute Laboratory of New Diagnostic Applications of MRI, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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Gudiseva HV, Berry JL, Polski A, Tummina SJ, O’Brien JM. Next-Generation Technologies and Strategies for the Management of Retinoblastoma. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121032. [PMID: 31835688 PMCID: PMC6947430 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is an inherited retinal disorder (IRD) caused by the mutation in the RB1 gene or, rarely, by alterations in the MYCN gene. In recent years, new treatment advances have increased ocular and visual preservation in the developed world. The management of RB has improved significantly in recent decades, from the use of external beam radiation to recently, more localized treatments. Determining the underlying genetic cause of RB is critical for timely management decisions. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies have assisted in understanding the molecular pathology of RB. Liquid biopsy of the aqueous humor has also had significant potential implications for tumor management. Currently, patients’ genotypic information, along with RB phenotypic presentation, are considered carefully when making treatment decisions aimed at globe preservation. Advances in molecular testing that improve our understanding of the molecular pathology of RB, together with multiple directed treatment options, are critical for developing precision medicine strategies to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini V. Gudiseva
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (J.L.B.); (A.P.)
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ashley Polski
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (J.L.B.); (A.P.)
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Santa J. Tummina
- Office of the Director, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Joan M. O’Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Correspondence: joan.o'; Tel.: +215-662-8657; Fax: +215-662-9676
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Imbert-Bouteille M, Gauthier-Villars M, Leroux D, Meunier I, Aerts I, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Lejeune S, Delnatte C, Abadie C, Pujol P, Houdayer C, Corsini C. Osteosarcoma without prior retinoblastoma related to RB1 low-penetrance germline pathogenic variants: A novel type of RB1-related hereditary predisposition syndrome? Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e913. [PMID: 31568710 PMCID: PMC6900371 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare intraocular malignant tumor in children with high overall survival. Predisposition to Rb is linked to RB1 germline mutations with high penetrance, but rare RB1 low‐penetrance variants are also known. Rb survivors are at risk of second primary malignancies (SPMs), mostly osteosarcoma and soft‐tissue sarcoma. Nevertheless, the risk of primary osteosarcoma developing without prior Rb has not been reported in RB1 germline mutation carriers. Methods We report a patient in whom osteosarcoma developed at age 17 as a first primary malignancy within a family context of sarcoma. Results Unexpectedly, genetic testing identified a low‐penetrance germline mutation in RB1 [NM_000321.2: c.45_76dup; p.(Pro26Leufs*50)]. In eight additional similar cases from published and unpublished reports of families, first primary osteosarcomas and sarcomas mostly developed in RB1 low‐penetrance mutation carriers without prior Rb. Conclusion We propose that first primary sarcoma and osteosarcoma could be a novel clinical presentation of a RB1‐related hereditary predisposition syndrome linked to RB1 low‐penetrance germline mutations. In these families, careful screening of primary non‐Rb cancer and SPMs is required by maintaining enhanced clinical vigilance. Implementing lifelong periodic whole‐body MRI screening might be a complementary strategy for unaffected carrier relatives in these families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabelle Meunier
- National Centre for Rare Diseases, Hereditary Retinal and Optic Nerve Disorders, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Institut Curie, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Capucine Delnatte
- Oncogenetics, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest site René Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Caroline Abadie
- Oncogenetics, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest site René Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Medical Genetics Department, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Genetics Department, F76000 and Normandy Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Carole Corsini
- Medical Genetics Department, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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