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Wei Z, Zhao L, Wang S, Chang L, Shi J, Kong X, Li M, Lin J, Zhang W, Bao Z, Ding W, Hu X. Paralytic shellfish toxins producing dinoflagellates cause dysbacteriosis in scallop gut microbial biofilms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116146. [PMID: 38412634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Filter-feeding bivalves could accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by harmful dinoflagellates through diet. Despite that bivalves are resistant to these neurotoxins due to possessing PST-resistant sodium channel, exposure to PSTs-producing dinoflagellates impair bivalve survival. We hypothesized that ingesting PSTs-producing dinoflagellates may influence the gut microbiota, and then the health of bivalves. To test this idea, we compared the gut microbiota of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis, after feeding with PST-producing or non-toxic dinoflagellates. Exposure to PSTs-producing dinoflagellates resulted in a decline of gut microbial diversity and a disturbance of community structure, accompanied by a significant increase in the abundance and richness of pathogenic bacteria, represented by Vibrio. Moreover, network analysis demonstrated extensive positive correlations between pathogenic bacteria abundances and PSTs concentrations in the digestive glands of the scallops. Furthermore, isolation of a dominant Vibrio strain and its genomic analysis revealed a variety of virulence factors, including the tolC outer membrane exporter, which were expressed in the gut microbiota. Finally, the infection experiment demonstrated scallop mortality caused by the isolated Vibrio strain; further, the pathogenicity of this Vibrio strain was attenuated by a mutation in the tolC gene. Together, these findings demonstrated that the PSTs may affect gut microbiota via direct and taxa-specific interactions with opportunistic pathogens, which proliferate after transition from seawater to the gut environment. The present study has revealed novel mechanisms towards deciphering the puzzles in environmental disturbances-caused death of an important aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuaitao Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Weihai Changqing Ocean Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Rongcheng, China
| | - Jiaoxia Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangfu Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Moli Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinshui Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China
| | - Wei Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Wang M, Lu J, Qin P, Wang S, Ding W, Fu HH, Zhang YZ, Zhang W. Biofilm formation stabilizes metabolism in a Roseobacteraceae bacterium under temperature increase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0060123. [PMID: 37768087 PMCID: PMC10617445 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00601-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean warming profoundly impacts microbes in marine environments; yet, how lifestyle (e.g., free living versus biofilm associated) affects the bacterial response to rising temperature is not clear. Here, we compared transcriptional, enzymatic, and physiological responses of free-living and biofilm-associated Leisingera aquaemixtae M597, a member of the Roseobacteraceae family isolated from marine biofilms, to the increase in temperature from 25℃ to 31℃. Complete genome sequencing and metagenomics revealed the prevalence of M597 in global ocean biofilms. Transcriptomics suggested a significant effect on the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, and phosphorus utilization of free-living M597 cells due to temperature increase, but such drastic alterations were not observed in its biofilms. In the free-living state, the transcription of the key enzyme participating in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway was significantly increased due to the increase in temperature, accompanied by a substantial decrease in the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, but transcripts of these glycolytic enzymes in biofilm-forming strains were independent of the temperature variation. The correlation between the growth condition and the shift in glycolytic pathways under temperature change was confirmed by enzymatic activity assays. Furthermore, the rising temperature affected the growth rate and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species when M597 cells were free living rather than in biofilms. Thus, biofilm formation stabilizes metabolism in M597 when grown under high temperature and this homeostasis is probably related to the glycolytic pathways.IMPORTANCEBiofilm formation is one of the most successful strategies employed by microbes against environmental fluctuations. In this study, using a marine Roseobacteraceae bacterium, we studied how biofilm formation affects the response of marine bacteria to the increase in temperature. This study enhances our understanding of the function of bacterial biofilms and the microbe-environment interactions in the framework of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Qin
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuaitao Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Hui Fu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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