1
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Sadova N, Blank-Landeshammer B, Curic D, Iken M, Weghuber J. Sex-specific pharmacokinetic response to phytoestrogens in Drosophila melanogaster. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116612. [PMID: 38663102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster, or the fruit fly, is widely used for modeling numerous human diseases, such as neurodegeneration, tumor development, cachexia, and intestinal dysfunction. It is a suitable model organism for research targeting the physiology and pathophysiology of the intestinal epithelial barrier and has also been used as a model organism for preliminary drug and bioactive nutrient screening. However, the application of D. melanogaster in research on drug bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties has not yet been well explored. In this study, we applied D. melanogaster to investigate the absorption and excretion of the orally administered phytoestrogens daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and their glycosides. Therefore, we established a quick, noninvasive method to quantify compound retention in D. melanogaster, suitable for the investigation of a broad variety of potentially bioactive substances. We showed that fruit fly sex plays a key role in the metabolization, transportation, and excretion of phytoestrogenic isoflavones. In particular, female fruit flies retained significantly more isoflavones than male fruit flies, which was reflected in the greater metabolic impact of isoflavones on females. Male fruit flies excreted more isoflavones than females did, which was linked to the upregulation of the xenobiotic transporter gene Mdr50. We also demonstrated that micellized isoflavones were more bioavailable than powdered isoflavones, independent of sex, age or the addition of dietary fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiia Sadova
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria
| | - Bernhard Blank-Landeshammer
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - David Curic
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria
| | - Marcus Iken
- PM International AG, Schengen, Luxembourg 5445, Luxembourg
| | - Julian Weghuber
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, Tulln 3430, Austria.
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2
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Chen L, Wang L, Shu G, Yuan J, Zhang J, Qin S, Li J. Enhanced antihypertensive potential of fermented pomegranate juice: The contribution of phenolic compounds biotransformation and the resultant angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibition mechanism. Food Chem 2023; 404:134745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Grgic D, Varga E, Novak B, Müller A, Marko D. Isoflavones in Animals: Metabolism and Effects in Livestock and Occurrence in Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:836. [PMID: 34941674 PMCID: PMC8705642 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are a common ingredient of animal feed. They contain isoflavones, which are known to act as phytoestrogens in animals. Isoflavones were described to have beneficial effects on farm animals. However, there are also reports of negative outcomes after the consumption of isoflavones. This review summarizes the current knowledge of metabolization of isoflavones (including the influence of the microbiome, phase I and phase II metabolism), as well as the distribution of isoflavones and their metabolites in tissues. Furthermore, published studies on effects of isoflavones in livestock species (pigs, poultry, ruminants, fish) are reviewed. Moreover, published studies on occurrence of isoflavones in feed materials and co-occurrence with zearalenone are presented and are supplemented with our own survey data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Grgic
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Anneliese Müller
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
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4
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Sun C, Chen L, Shen Z. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal microflora on drug metabolism in clinical practice. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:1146-1156. [PMID: 31885474 PMCID: PMC6921184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Considered as an essential "metabolic organ", intestinal microbiota plays a key role in human health and the predisposition to diseases. It is an aggregate genome of trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract. Since the 20th century, researches have showed that intestinal microbiome possesses a variety of metabolic activities that are able to modulate the fate of more than 30 approved drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors. These drugs are transformed to bioactive, inactive, or toxic metabolites by microbial direct action or host-microbial co-metabolism. These metabolites are responsible for therapeutic effects exerted by these drugs or side effects induced by these drugs, even for death. In view of the significant effect on the drugs metabolism by the gut microbiota, it is pivotal for personalized medicine to explore additional drugs affected by gut microbiota and their involved strains for further making mechanism clear through suitable animal models. This review mainly focus on specific mechanisms involved, with reference to the current literature about drugs metabolism by related bacteria or its enzymes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 410042, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
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5
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Islam MA, Hooiveld GJEJ, van den Berg JHJ, van der Velpen V, Murk AJ, Rietjens IMCM, van Leeuwen FXR. Soy supplementation: Impact on gene expression in different tissues of ovariectomized rats and evaluation of the rat model to predict (post)menopausal health effect. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1087-1097. [PMID: 30425930 PMCID: PMC6222031 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of PBMC gene expressions as a surrogate tissue for risk assessment is questionable. SIF in a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w/day is not able to influence ERGs in target tissues such as breast and uterus. Plasma concentrations of SIF after 8 weeks oral exposure similar as the recommended dose for humans do not proliferate cells in in vitro cellular models. The ovariectomized rat is probably not a good model to predict human risk or benefit assessment of SIF in human.
This toxicogenomic study was conducted to predict (post)menopausal human health effects of commercial soy supplementation using ovariectomized rats as a model. Different target tissues (i.e. breast, uterus and sternum) and non-target tissues (i.e. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), adipose and liver) of ovariectomized F344 rats exposed to a commercially available soy supplement for eight weeks, were investigated. Changes in gene expression in these tissues were analysed using whole-genome microarray analysis. No correlation in changes in gene expression were observed among different tissues, indicating tissue specific effects of soy isoflavone supplementation. Out of 87 well-established estrogen responsive genes (ERGs), only 19 were found to be significantly regulated (p < 0.05) in different tissues, particularly in liver, adipose and uterus tissues. Surprisingly, no ERGs were significantly regulated in estrogen sensitive breast and sternum tissues. The changes in gene expression in PBMC and adipose tissue in rats were compared with those in (post)menopausal female volunteers who received the same supplement in a similar oral dose and exposure duration in human intervention studies. No correlation in changes in gene expression between rats and humans was observed. Although receiving a similar dose, in humans the plasma levels expressed as total free aglycones were several folds higher than in the rat. Therefore, the overall results in young ovariectomized female F344 rats indicated that using rat transcriptomic data does not provide a suitable model for human risk or benefit analysis of soy isoflavone supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Islam
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vera van der Velpen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HE Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Metabolomics Service and Research Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albertinka J Murk
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - F X Rolaf van Leeuwen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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6
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Hsiao YH, Hsieh JF. The conversion and deglycosylation of isoflavones and anthocyanins in black soymilk process. Food Chem 2018; 261:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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The role of gut microbiota in the pharmacokinetics of antihypertensive drugs. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Salaritabar A, Darvishi B, Hadjiakhoondi F, Manayi A, Sureda A, Nabavi SF, Fitzpatrick LR, Nabavi SM, Bishayee A. Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5097-5114. [PMID: 28811706 PMCID: PMC5537178 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i28.5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory process plays a central role in the development and progression of numerous pathological situations, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disorders. IBDs involve inflammation of the gastrointestinal area and mainly comprise Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both pathological situations usually involve recurring or bloody diarrhea, pain, fatigue and weight loss. There is at present no pharmacological cure for CD or UC. However, surgery may be curative for UC patients. The prescribed treatment aims to ameliorate the symptoms and prevent and/or delay new painful episodes. Flavonoid compounds are a large family of hydroxylated polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants, including vegetables and fruits which are the major dietary sources of these compounds for humans, together with wine and tea. Flavonoids are becoming very popular because they have many health-promoting and disease-preventive effects. Most interest has been directed towards the antioxidant activity of flavonoids, evidencing a remarkable free-radical scavenging capacity. However, accumulating evidence suggests that flavonoids have many other biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and neuroprotective activities through different mechanisms of action. The present review analyzes the available data about the different types of flavonoids and their potential effectiveness as adjuvant therapy of IBDs.
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9
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TMF and glycitin act synergistically on keratinocytes and fibroblasts to promote wound healing and anti-scarring activity. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e302. [PMID: 28303029 PMCID: PMC5382558 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte-fibroblast interactions are critical for skin repair after injury. During the proliferative phase of wound healing, proliferation, migration and differentiation of these cells are the major mechanisms leading to tissue remodeling. We have previously reported that glycitin, a major soy isoflavone, stimulates dermal fibroblast proliferation; and the phytochemical, 4′,6,7-trimethoxyisoflavone (TMF), induces migration of HaCaT keratinocyte cells. We therefore investigated whether these compounds display synergistic effects on skin cells during wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Co-treatment with TMF and glycitin synergistically promotes the proliferation and migration of both keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, with a 1:1 ratio of these compounds showing the greatest efficacy in our co-culture system. This keratinocyte-fibroblast interaction occurred via the secretion of TGF-β, and the induction of differentiation and proliferation was confirmed in both indirect and direct co-culture assays. In an excisional and burn wound animal model, mice treated with a 1:1 ratio of TMF and glycitin showed faster wound closure, regeneration and scar reduction than even the positive control drug. These data indicate that two isoflavones, TMF and glycitin, act synergistically to promote wound healing and anti-scarring and could potentially be developed together as a bioactive therapeutic for wound treatment.
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10
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Simultaneous determination of thirteen flavonoids from Xiaobuxin-Tang extract using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:214-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Xiao Y, Mao X, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Huang Z, Chen D. Potential risk of isoflavones: toxicological study of daidzein supplementation in piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4228-35. [PMID: 25860336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a main component of soy isoflavones, daidzein is rich in soy-derived products, which are widely used as feed ingredients in farm animals. However, little research has been conducted on the side effects of dietary daidzein, especially in young animals. In this study, the safety of daidzein was evaluated. Results show that ingesting 400 mg/kg of dietary daidzein for 70 days is associated with a lower average daily weight gain (kilogram) (0.47 ± 0.03 vs 0.54 ± 0.04, P < 0.05) and a higher splenic damage index (1.00 ± 1.10 vs 0.00 ± 0.00, P < 0.05) in young pigs compared with control. Female pigs receiving 200 and 400 mg/kg daidzein showed reduced serum testosterone levels (ng/L) on days 35 and 70 compared with the control group (day 35, 246 ± 74 and 224 ± 20 vs 362 ± 48, P < 0.05; day 70, 252 ± 38 and 219 ± 77 vs 374 ± 38, P < 0.05). Daidzein residue (μg/kg) in pig livers increased (243 ± 80 vs 142 ± 47, P < 0.05, day 70). These results suggest that dietary supplements of 400 mg/kg of daidzein negatively affect the weight gain and splenic morphology of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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12
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Kim DH. Gut Microbiota-Mediated Drug-Antibiotic Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1581-9. [PMID: 25926432 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolism involves the biochemical modification of drugs and phytochemicals in living organisms, including humans and other animals. In the intestine, the gut microbiota catalyzes the conversion of hydrophilic drugs into absorbable, hydrophobic compounds through hydroxyzation and reduction. Drugs and phytochemicals are transformed into bioactive (sulfasalazine, lovastatin, and ginsenoside Rb1), bioinactive (chloramphenicol, ranitidine, and metronidazole), and toxic metabolites (nitrazepam), thus affecting the pharmacokinetics of the original compounds. Antibiotics suppress the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes by inhibiting the proliferation of gut microbiota. Antibiotic treatment might influence xenobiotic metabolisms more extensively and potently than previously recognized and reduce gut microbiota-mediated transformation of orally administered drugs, thereby altering the systemic concentrations of intact drugs, their metabolites, or both. This review describes the effects of antibiotics on the metabolism of drugs and phytochemicals by the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Islam MA, Hooiveld GJEJ, van den Berg JHJ, Boekschoten MV, van der Velpen V, Murk AJ, Rietjens IMCM, van Leeuwen FXR. Plasma bioavailability and changes in PBMC gene expression after treatment of ovariectomized rats with a commercial soy supplement. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:308-321. [PMID: 28962364 PMCID: PMC5598277 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The health effects of soy supplementation in (post)menopausal women are still a controversial issue. The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of the soy isoflavones (SIF) present in a commercially available supplement on ovariectomized rats and to investigate whether these rats would provide an adequate model to predict effects of SIF in (post)menopausal women. Two dose levels (i.e. 2 and 20 mg/kg b.w.) were used to characterize plasma bioavailability, urinary and fecal concentrations of SIF and changes in gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Animals were dosed at 0 and 48 h and sacrificed 4 h after the last dose. A clear dose dependent increase of SIF concentrations in plasma, urine and feces was observed, together with a strong correlation in changes in gene expression between the two dose groups. All estrogen responsive genes and related biological pathways (BPs) that were affected by the SIF treatment were regulated in both dose groups in the same direction and indicate beneficial effects. However, in general no correlation was found between the changes in gene expression in rat PBMC with those in PBMC of (post)menopausal women exposed to a comparable dose of the same supplement. The outcome of this short-term study in rats indicates that the rat might not be a suitable model to predict effects of SIF in humans. Although the relative exposure period in this rat study is comparable with that of the human study, longer repetitive administration of rats to SIF may be required to draw a final conclusion on the suitability of the rat a model to predict effects of SIF in humans.
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Key Words
- BPs, biological pathways
- Bioavailability
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Dose effect
- E2, estradiol
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EREs, estrogen-responsive elements
- ERs, estrogen receptors
- GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis
- Gene expression
- HD, high dose
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- KEGG, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes
- LD, low dose
- MDS, multidimensional scaling
- NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- SIF, soy isoflavones
- Soy supplementation
- Species differences
- UPC, universal expression code
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Islam
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera van der Velpen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Albertinka J Murk
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F X Rolaf van Leeuwen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Yerramsetty V, Gallaher DD, Ismail B. Malonylglucoside conjugates of isoflavones are much less bioavailable compared with unconjugated β-glucosidic forms in rats. J Nutr 2014; 144:631-7. [PMID: 24647389 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.190801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable interest in the physiologic effects of isoflavones, the in vivo bioavailability of the most common isoflavone forms, malonylglucoside conjugates, has not been determined. Differences in the bioavailability of malonylglucosides compared with the nonconjugated β-glucoside forms may explain the inconsistent findings regarding the physiologic effects of isoflavones. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of malonyl- conjugation on isoflavone bioavailability in an animal model. Malonylgenistin and malonyldaidzin, and their corresponding nonconjugated glucosides, were extracted from soy grits and purified using liquid chromatography. Purity of the isolated forms was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Male rats were gavaged with malonylgenistin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, or daidzin at a dose of 100 μmol/kg body weight. Blood and urine samples were collected at time intervals ranging from 0 to 48 h. Isoflavone metabolites in plasma and urine were determined using stable isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Comparisons of pharmacokinetic variables were made between nonconjugated and conjugated glucosides and over time of plasma collection. The areas under the time-concentration curve of the metabolites in the plasma obtained after the administration of nonconjugated β-glucosides were 1 to 6 times higher than those of their respective malonylglucosides (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, maximum plasma concentration and urinary excretion of isoflavone metabolites were significantly higher (1-9 times; P ≤ 0.05) after the administration of nonconjugated β-glucosides. To our knowledge, these results demonstrated, for the first time, that nonconjugated β-glucosides are relatively more bioavailable than their respective malonylglucosides. These differences in the bioavailability of conjugated and nonconjugated β-glucosides should be considered in future studies focused on the bioactivity of isoflavones.
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15
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Legette L, Prasain J, King J, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Weaver CM. Pharmacokinetics of equol, a soy isoflavone metabolite, changes with the form of equol (dietary versus intestinal production) in ovariectomized rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1294-300. [PMID: 24446705 PMCID: PMC3983397 DOI: 10.1021/jf400097m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that soy isoflavones and their metabolites may play a role in mitigating postmenopausal bone loss. Equol, a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein produced by intestinal bacteria, has shown some potential, but only 30-50% of the U.S. population is capable of converting dietary daidzein to equol. There are limited data on the pharmacokinetics of dietary racemic equol and its metabolites. This study was conducted to assess the levels of equol and its conjugates in plasma for a 24 h period resulting from oral administration of dietary daidzein and racemic equol in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma samples were analyzed for conjugated and free forms of equol using LC-MS/MS. The maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and time to reach it (t(max)) for total equol (conjugated and unconjugated) were 8815 ± 2988 nmol/L and 2.17 ± 2.91 h and 3682 ± 2675 nmol/L and 20.67 ± 4.67 h, for dietary equol and daidzein, respectively. Although the majority of equol metabolites present were glucuronide conjugates (≥99%), there were low levels of equol monosulfate present. The changes in equol metabolism, specifically equol conjugates, due to the form of equol may play a role in the potential health benefits of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole
L. Legette
- Department
of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeevan Prasain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Jennifer King
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Ali Arabshahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Department
of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- (C.M.W.) Phone: (765) 494-8237. Fax: (765) 494-0674. E-mail:
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16
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Mo H, Kariluoto S, Piironen V, Zhu Y, Sanders MG, Vincken JP, Wolkers-Rooijackers J, Nout MJR. Effect of soybean processing on content and bioaccessibility of folate, vitamin B12 and isoflavones in tofu and tempe. Food Chem 2013; 141:2418-25. [PMID: 23870976 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the content of bioaccessible folate, vitamin B12, and isoflavones in tofu and tempe, as influenced by soybean variety and food processing, particularly fermentation. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Raw soybeans contained 2207-2671 μg/kg (dry matter) folate, cooked tempe 1493-4143, and cooked tofu 968-1273 μg/kg, the difference was attributed to the fermentation in tempe. Vitamin B12 was detected only in tempe (0.16-0.72 μg/kg). Isoflavone aglycones were formed during soaking of soybeans, with only minor differences between the contents in cooked tempe (average 1922-2968 μg/kg) or tofu (1667-2782 μg/kg) but strongly depending on bean variety. CONCLUSIONS Folate and vitamin B12 contents were mainly influenced by microbial activity during fermentation, whereas isoflavone aglycone content was determined by bean variety. Tofu had lower folate and vitamin B12, but equal isoflavone contents as tempe. Bioaccessibility of folate (80-100%) and isoflavone aglycones (100%) were high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Mo
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, 453003 Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
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17
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Park ES, Choi SK, Zhang XH, Choi UK, Seo JS. Effect of Cheonggukjang made with germinated soybean on lipid contents and fecal excretion of neutral steroids in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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18
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ZnO-ZnS QDs interfacial heterostructure for drug and food delivery application: enhancement of the binding affinities of flavonoid aglycones to bovine serum albumin. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 7:850-8. [PMID: 21371570 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Gilani GS, Farmer C, Dyck M, Robertson P, Dahiya J, Sepehr E, Fan L, Nicolidakis H, Curran I, Cooke GM. Distribution of isoflavones in samples of serum, liver and mammary glands of rats or pigs fed dietary isoflavones. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 58:171-80. [PMID: 21654164 DOI: 10.1159/000328771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There has been great interest in the potential beneficial and adverse health effects of dietary isoflavones. Determination of tissue concentrations of isoflavone metabolites provides an insight into the potential bioactivity of dietary isoflavones. However, data on the distribution of isoflavones in animal models fed dietary isoflavones are limited. In this study, additional data on the distribution of isoflavones in serum and/or tissues of rats and pigs fed dietary isoflavones were generated. METHODS Rats (male and female) were fed a casein control diet (containing no isoflavones) and an isoflavone-supplemented diet (containing an alcohol-washed soy protein isolate plus NOVASOY, providing a total of 1,047 mg/kg of total isoflavones). Female pigs were fed a control diet (without soy) containing 17.5 mg/kg of isoflavones, a soy diet containing 582.8 mg/kg of isoflavones or a soy diet supplemented with a daily dose of 2.3 g (equivalent to 42.0 and 14.5 mg/kg of body weight at the onset and end of treatment, respectively) of crystalline genistein. The concentrations of isoflavones in serum and tissues (liver and mammary gland) and in tissues (liver and mammary gland) of pigs were determined via a sensitive and rapid method using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Rats fed the control diet containing no isoflavones had nondetectable levels of isoflavone metabolites in serum, liver and mammary gland samples. Rats fed the isoflavone-supplemented diet had the greatest levels of equol, followed by genistein, daidzein and glycitein, respectively, in their serum, livers and mammary glands. The concentrations of total isoflavones (daidzein, equol and genistein plus glycitein) in serum were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in male rats vs. female rats, but the reverse was true in the case of livers. Concentrations of daidzein, equol, genistein and glycitein were lowest (p < 0.05) in the livers of pigs fed the control diet, and in the mammary glands of female pigs there was only an effect of feeding soy plus genistein on the concentrations of daidzein and equol (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The current data therefore show gender as well as species differences in the tissue distribution of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sarwar Gilani
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
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20
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Jeong EJ, Yang H, Kim SH, Kang SY, Sung SH, Kim YC. Inhibitory constituents of Euonymus alatus leaves and twigs on nitric oxide production in BV2 microglia cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1394-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Xiao J, Kai G, Yang F, Liu C, Xu X, Yamamoto K. Molecular structure-affinity relationship of natural polyphenols for bovine γ-globulin. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 1:S86-92. [PMID: 21225618 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Biology, College of Life & Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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22
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Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ reduce the affinities of flavone, genistein and kaempferol for human serum albumin in vitro. ARCH BIOL SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1103623y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavone (Fl), genistein (Gen) and kaempferol (Kol) were studied for their
affinities towards human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence and absence of
Pb2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Mg2+ and Mn2+. The fluorescence intensities of HSA decreased
with increasing concentration of the three flavonoids. Kaempferol resulted in
a blue-shift of the ?em of HSA from 336 to 330 nm; flavone showed an obvious
red-shift of the ?em of HSA from 336 to 342 nm; genistein did not cause an
obvious blue-shift or red-shift of the ?em of HSA. However, the extents of
?em-shifts induced by the flavonoids in the presence of metal ions were much
bigger than that in the absence of mental ions. Pb2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Mg2+ and Mn2+
reduced the quenching constants of the flavonoids for HSA by 14.6% to 60.7% ,
28% to 67.9%,3.5% to 59.4%, 23.2% to 63.7% and 14% to 65%, respectively. The
affinities of flavone, genistein and kaempferol for HSA decreased about
10.84%, 10.05%and 3.56% in the presence of Pb2+, respectively. Cu2+ decreased
the affinities of flavone, genistein and kaempferol for HSA about 14.04%,
5.14%and 8.89%, respectively. Zn2+ decreased the affinities of flavone,
genistein and kaempferol for HSA about 3.79%, 0.55% and 3.58%, respectively.
Mg2+ decreased the affinities of flavone, genistein and kaempferol for HSA
about 16.94%, 2.94%and 7.04%, respectively. Mn2+ decreased the affinities of
flavone, genistein and kaempferol for HSA about 14.24%, 3.66% and 4.78%,
respectively.
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23
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Xiao J, Chen T, Chen L, Cao H, Yang F, Bai Y. CdTe quantum dots (QDs) improve the affinities of baicalein and genistein for human serum albumin in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:1148-55. [PMID: 20678807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Xiao J, Chen L, Yang F, Liu C, Bai Y. Green, yellow and red emitting CdTe QDs decreased the affinities of apigenin and luteolin for human serum albumin in vitro. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 182:696-703. [PMID: 20633991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Engineering, College of Life & Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai 200234, PR China.
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25
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Binding Citrus flavanones to human serum albumin: effect of structure on affinity. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2257-62. [PMID: 20878474 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Much of the bioactivities of Citrus flavanones significantly appear to impact blood and microvascular endothelial cells. It is essential to investigate the interaction between Citrus flavanones and serum albumin to verify the effect of flavanone structures on the distribution and transportation in blood. The interactions between flavonoids and proteins have attracted great interest among researchers. The work in here mainly concerns about the binding interaction between Citrus flavanones and human serum albumin (HSA) in vitro. The methoxylation of tangeretin improved the affinity for HSA by 100 times. The 2,3-double bond in conjugation with a 4-oxo group plays an important role for the affinity for HSA. The affinity of apigenin for HSA is about 10,000-times higher than that of naringenin. It was found that the hydroxylation on position 3' of flavonol significantly improves the binding affinity for HSA. The affinity of quercetin (3', 4') for HSA is about 100-times higher than that of kaempferol (4'). The hydroxylation on position 3' of flavone slightly improves the binding affinity for HSA. The affinity of luteolin for HSA is about 1.38-times higher than that of apigenin. The values of log10(Ka) are proportional to the number of binding sites (n), which confirms the method used here is suitable to study the interaction between Citrus flavanones and HSA.
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26
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Xiao J, Chen T, Cao H, Chen L, Yang F. Molecular property-affinity relationship of flavanoids and flavonoids for HSA in vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:310-7. [PMID: 20718051 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China.
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27
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Andrade JE, Twaddle NC, Helferich WG, Doerge DR. Absolute bioavailability of isoflavones from soy protein isolate-containing food in female BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4529-36. [PMID: 20225898 PMCID: PMC4094339 DOI: 10.1021/jf9039843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, are widely consumed in soy-based foods and dietary supplements for their putative health benefits; however, evidence for potential adverse effects has been obtained from experimental animal studies. An important prerequisite for understanding the pharmacodynamics of isoflavones is better information about pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. This study determined the bioavailability of genistein and daidzein in a mouse model by comparing plasma pharmacokinetics of their aglycone and conjugated forms following administration of identical doses (1.2 mg/kg genistein and 0.55 mg/kg daidzein) by either an intravenous injection (IV) or gavage of the aglycones in 90% aqueous solution vs a bolus administration of equimolar doses delivered in a food pellet prepared using commercial soy protein isolate (SPI) as the isoflavone source. The bioavailability of genistein and daidzein was equivalent for the gavage and dietary routes of administration despite the use of isoflavone aglycones in the former and SPI-derived glucosides in the latter. While absorption of total isoflavones was nearly quantitative from both oral routes [>84% of areas under the curve (AUCs) for IV], presystemic and systemic phase II conjugation greatly attenuated internal exposures to the receptor-active aglycone isoflavones (9-14% for genistein and 29-34% for daidzein based on AUCs for IV). These results show that SPI is an efficient isoflavone delivery vehicle capable of providing significant proportions of the total dose into the circulation in the active aglycone form for distribution to receptor-bearing tissues and subsequent pharmacological effects that determine possible health benefits and/or risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E. Andrade
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Nathan C. Twaddle
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - William G. Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801
- Corresponding authors [(D.R.D.) telephone (870) 543-7943, fax (870) 543-7720, ; (W.G.H.) telephone (217) 244-5414, fax (217) 244-9522, ;]
| | - Daniel R. Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
- Corresponding authors [(D.R.D.) telephone (870) 543-7943, fax (870) 543-7720, ; (W.G.H.) telephone (217) 244-5414, fax (217) 244-9522, ;]
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