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Imre A, Kovács R, Tóth Z, Majoros L, Benkő Z, Pfliegler WP, Pócsi I. Heme Oxygenase-1 ( HMX1) Loss of Function Increases the In-Host Fitness of the Saccharomyces 'boulardii' Probiotic Yeast in a Mouse Fungemia Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:522. [PMID: 35628777 PMCID: PMC9146039 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of yeast-containing probiotics is on the rise; however, these products occasionally cause fungal infections and possibly even fungemia among susceptible probiotic-treated patients. The incidence of such cases is probably underestimated, which is why it is important to delve deeper into the pathomechanism and the adaptive features of S. ‘boulardii’. Here in this study, the potential role of the gene heme oxygenase-1 (HMX1) in probiotic yeast bloodstream-derived infections was studied by generating marker-free HMX1 deletion mutants with CRISPR/Cas9 technology from both commercial and clinical S. ‘boulardii’ isolates. The six commercial and clinical yeasts used here represented closely related but different genetic backgrounds as revealed by comparative genomic analysis. We compared the wild-type isolates against deletion mutants for their tolerance of iron starvation, hemolytic activity, as well as kidney burden in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice after lateral tail vein injection. Our results reveal that the lack of HMX1 in S. ‘boulardii’ significantly (p < 0.0001) increases the kidney burden of the mice in most genetic backgrounds, while at the same time causes decreased growth in iron-deprived media in vitro. These findings indicate that even a single-gene loss-of-function mutation can, surprisingly, cause elevated fitness in the host during an opportunistic systemic infection. Our findings indicate that the safety assessment of S. ‘boulardii’ strains should not only take strain-to-strain variation into account, but also avoid extrapolating in vitro results to in vivo virulence factor determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Imre
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.I.); (Z.B.); (W.P.P.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.K.); (Z.T.); (L.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.K.); (Z.T.); (L.M.)
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.K.); (Z.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Zsigmond Benkő
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.I.); (Z.B.); (W.P.P.)
| | - Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.I.); (Z.B.); (W.P.P.)
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.I.); (Z.B.); (W.P.P.)
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Virulence Factors and in-Host Selection on Phenotypes in Infectious Probiotic Yeast Isolates ( Saccharomyces 'boulardii'). J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090746. [PMID: 34575784 PMCID: PMC8472476 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces yeast probiotics (S. ‘boulardii’) have long been applied in the treatment of several gastrointestinal conditions. Despite their widespread use, they are rare opportunistic pathogens responsible for a high proportion of Saccharomyces mycosis cases. The potential virulence attributes of S. ‘boulardii’ as well as its interactions with the human immune system have been studied, however, no information is available on how these yeasts may change due to in-host evolution. To fill this gap, we compared the general phenotypic characteristics, cell morphology, virulence factors, epithelial and immunological interactions, and pathogenicity of four probiotic product samples, two mycosis, and eight non-mycosis samples of S. ‘boulardii’. We assessed the characteristics related to major steps of yeast infections. Mycosis and non-mycosis isolates both displayed novel characters when compared to the product isolates, but in the case of most virulence factors and in pathogenicity, differences were negligible or, surprisingly, the yeasts from products showed elevated levels. No isolates inflicted considerable damage to the epithelial model or bore the hallmarks of immune evasion. Our results show that strains in probiotic products possess characteristics that enable them to act as pathogens upon permissive conditions, and their entry into the bloodstream is not due to active mechanisms but depends on the host. Survival in the host is dependent on yeast phenotypic characteristics which may change in many ways once they start evolving in the host. These facts call attention to the shortcomings of virulence phenotyping in yeast research, and the need for a more thorough assessment of probiotic use.
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Rácz HV, Mukhtar F, Imre A, Rádai Z, Gombert AK, Rátonyi T, Nagy J, Pócsi I, Pfliegler WP. How to characterize a strain? Clonal heterogeneity in industrial Saccharomyces influences both phenotypes and heterogeneity in phenotypes. Yeast 2021; 38:453-470. [PMID: 33844327 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of microbes are constantly evolving heterogeneity that selection acts upon, yet heterogeneity is nontrivial to assess methodologically. The necessary practice of isolating single-cell colonies and thus subclone lineages for establishing, transferring, and using a strain results in single-cell bottlenecks with a generally neglected effect on the characteristics of the strain itself. Here, we present evidence that various subclone lineages for industrial yeasts sequenced for recent genomic studies show considerable differences, ranging from loss of heterozygosity to aneuploidies. Subsequently, we assessed whether phenotypic heterogeneity is also observable in industrial yeast, by individually testing subclone lineages obtained from products. Phenotyping of industrial yeast samples and their newly isolated subclones showed that single-cell bottlenecks during isolation can indeed considerably influence the observable phenotype. Next, we decoupled fitness distributions on the level of individual cells from clonal interference by plating single-cell colonies and quantifying colony area distributions. We describe and apply an approach using statistical modeling to compare the heterogeneity in phenotypes across samples and subclone lineages. One strain was further used to show how individual subclonal lineages are remarkably different not just in phenotype but also in the level of heterogeneity in phenotype. With these observations, we call attention to the fact that choosing an initial clonal lineage from an industrial yeast strain may vastly influence downstream performances and observations on karyotype, on phenotype, and also on heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Viktória Rácz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Fezan Mukhtar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Imre
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rádai
- MTA-ÖK Lendület Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Rátonyi
- Institute of Land Use, Technology and Regional Development, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Nagy
- Institute of Land Use, Technology and Regional Development, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Walter P Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Lyutova LV, Naumov GI, Shnyreva AV, Naumova ES. Molecular Polymorphism of β-Galactosidase LAC4 Genes in Dairy and Natural Strains of Kluyveromyces Yeasts. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A new, rapid multiplex PCR method identifies frequent probiotic origin among clinical Saccharomyces isolates. Microbiol Res 2019; 227:126298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sendid B, Jawhara S, Sarter H, Maboudou P, Thierny C, Gower-Rousseau C, Colombel JF, Poulain D. Uric acid levels are independent of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Crohn's disease: A reappraisal of the role of S. cerevisiae in this setting. Virulence 2018; 9:1224-1229. [PMID: 30027793 PMCID: PMC6086291 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1496779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Sendid
- a Inserm, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, UMR995-LIRIC- Lille Inflammation Research International Center , Lille , France.,b CHU Lille, Parasitologie-Mycologie , Institut de Microbiologie , Lille , France
| | - S Jawhara
- a Inserm, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, UMR995-LIRIC- Lille Inflammation Research International Center , Lille , France
| | - H Sarter
- a Inserm, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, UMR995-LIRIC- Lille Inflammation Research International Center , Lille , France
| | - P Maboudou
- c CHU Lille, laboratoire de Biochimie , Institut de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire , Lille , France
| | - C Thierny
- c CHU Lille, laboratoire de Biochimie , Institut de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire , Lille , France
| | - C Gower-Rousseau
- a Inserm, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, UMR995-LIRIC- Lille Inflammation Research International Center , Lille , France
| | - J F Colombel
- d Division of Gastroenterology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - D Poulain
- a Inserm, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, UMR995-LIRIC- Lille Inflammation Research International Center , Lille , France.,b CHU Lille, Parasitologie-Mycologie , Institut de Microbiologie , Lille , France
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