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Crevel RWR, Verhoeckx K, Bøgh KL, Buck N, Chentouf A, Flanagan S, Galano M, Garthoff JA, Hazebrouck S, Yarham R, Borja G, Houben G. Allergenicity assessment of new or modified protein-containing food sources and ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114766. [PMID: 38810945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The growing world population, changing dietary habits, and increasing pressure on agricultural resources are drivers for the development of novel foods (including new protein sources as well as existing protein sources that are produced or used in an alternative way or in a different concentration). These changes, coupled with consumer inclination to adopt new dietary trends, may heighten the intake of unfamiliar proteins, or escalate consumption of specific ones, potentially amplifying the prevalence of known and undiscovered food allergies. Assessing the allergenicity of novel or modified protein-based foods encounters several challenges, including uncertainty surrounding acceptable risks and assessment criteria for determining safety. Moreover, the available methodological tools for gathering supportive data exhibit significant gaps. This paper synthesises these challenges, addressing the varied interpretations of "safe" across jurisdictions and societal attitudes towards allergenic risk. It proposes a comprehensive two-part framework for allergenicity assessment: the first part emphasises systematic consideration of knowledge and data requirements, while the second part proposes the application of a generic assessment approach, integrating a Threshold of Allergological Concern. This combined framework highlights areas that require attention to bridge knowledge and data gaps, and it delineates research priorities for its development and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W R Crevel
- René Crevel Consulting Ltd, Suite A, 82 James Carter Road, Mildenhall, IP28 7HP, UK
| | - K Verhoeckx
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K L Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Buck
- General Mills, Inc. Av. Reverdil 14, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - A Chentouf
- Roquette Frères, Toxicology & Safety Unit -Nutrition & Health R&D, 1, rue de la Haute Loge, 62136, Lestrem, France
| | | | - M Galano
- dsm-firmenich, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - J A Garthoff
- Danone Food Safety Center, Danone Nutricia Research, the Netherlands
| | - S Hazebrouck
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - G Houben
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Novoa J, Fernandez-Dumont A, Mills ENC, Moreno FJ, Pazos F. Advancing the allergenicity assessment of new proteins using a text mining resource. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114638. [PMID: 38582341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
With a society increasingly demanding alternative protein food sources, new strategies for evaluating protein safety issues, such as allergenic potential, are needed. Large-scale and systemic studies on allergenic proteins are hindered by the limited and non-harmonized clinical information available for these substances in dedicated databases. A missing key information is that representing the symptomatology of the allergens, especially given in terms of standard vocabularies, that would allow connecting with other biomedical resources to carry out different studies related to human health. In this work, we have generated the first resource with a comprehensive annotation of allergens' symptomatology, using a text-mining approach that extracts significant co-mentions between these entities from the scientific literature (PubMed, ∼36 million abstracts). The method identifies statistically significant co-mentions between the textual descriptions of the two types of entities in the literature as indication of relationship. 1,180 clinical signs extracted from the Human Phenotype Ontology, the Medical Subject Heading terms of PubMed together with other allergen-specific symptoms, were linked to 1,036 unique allergens annotated in two main allergen-related public databases via 14,009 relationships. This novel resource, publicly available through an interactive web interface, could serve as a starting point for future manually curated compilation of allergen symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Novoa
- Computational Systems Biology Group, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - E N Clare Mills
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, The University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI (UAM+CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Florencio Pazos
- Computational Systems Biology Group, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Zuurveld M, Ogrodowczyk AM, Benedé S, Czolk R, Lucia Bavaro S, Randow S, Markiewicz LH, Wróblewska B, Molina E, Kuehn A, Holzhauser T, Willemsen LEM. Allergenic Shrimp Tropomyosin Distinguishes from a Non-Allergenic Chicken Homolog by Pronounced Intestinal Barrier Disruption and Downstream Th2 Responses in Epithelial and Dendritic Cell (Co)Culture. Nutrients 2024; 16:1192. [PMID: 38674882 PMCID: PMC11053543 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropomyosins (TM) from vertebrates are generally non-allergenic, while invertebrate homologs are potent pan-allergens. This study aims to compare the risk of sensitization between chicken TM and shrimp TM through affecting the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and type 2 mucosal immune activation. METHODS Epithelial activation and/or barrier effects upon exposure to 2-50 μg/mL chicken TM, shrimp TM or ovalbumin (OVA) as a control allergen, were studied using Caco-2, HT-29MTX, or HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC), cocultured with HT-29 cells or moDC alone, were exposed to 50 μg/mL chicken TM or shrimp TM. Primed moDC were cocultured with naïve Th cells. Intestinal barrier integrity (TEER), gene expression, cytokine secretion and immune cell phenotypes were determined in these human in vitro models. RESULTS Shrimp TM, but not chicken TM or OVA exposure, profoundly disrupted intestinal barrier integrity and increased alarmin genes expression in Caco-2 cells. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion in HT-29 cells was only enhanced upon shrimp TM or OVA, but not chicken TM, exposure. Shrimp TM enhanced the maturation of moDC and chemokine secretion in the presence or absence of HT-29 cells, while only in the absence of epithelial cells chicken TM activated moDC. Direct exposure of moDC to shrimp TM increased IL13 and TNFα secretion by Th cells cocultured with these primed moDC, while shrimp TM exposure via HT-29 cells cocultured with moDC sequentially increased IL13 expression and IL4 secretion in Th cells. CONCLUSIONS Shrimp TM, but not chicken TM, disrupted the epithelial barrier while triggering type 2 mucosal immune activation, both of which are key events in allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Anna M. Ogrodowczyk
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sara Benedé
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebecca Czolk
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 1359 Kirchberg, Luxembourg
| | - Simona Lucia Bavaro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (Ispa-Cnr), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefanie Randow
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Lidia H. Markiewicz
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elena Molina
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Holzhauser
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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4
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Ballegaard ASR, Sancho AI, Zhou C, Knudsen NPH, Rigby NM, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Gupta S, Mackie AR, Lübeck M, Pilegaard K, Bøgh KL. Allergenicity evaluation of quinoa proteins - A study in Brown Norway rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114118. [PMID: 37863384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of quinoa seeds has increased in the last decade due to their high nutritional value and natural gluten-free composition. Consumption of new proteins may pose a risk of introducing new allergies. In the present study the immunogenicity and sensitising capacity of quinoa proteins were assessed in a dose-response experiment in Brown Norway rats in comparison to proteins from spinach and peanut. Cross-reactivity between quinoa proteins and known allergens was evaluated by in silico analyses followed by analyses with 11 selected protein extracts and their anti-sera by means of ELISAs and immunoblotting. Further, an in vitro simulated gastro-duodenal digestion was performed. Quinoa proteins were found to have an inherent medium to high immunogenicity and sensitising capacity, being able to induce specific IgG1 and IgE levels higher than spinach but lower than peanut and elicit reactions of clinical relevance similar to peanut. Quinoa proteins were generally shown to resist digestion and retain capacity to bind quinoa-specific antibodies. Quinoa proteins were shown to be cross-reactive with peanut and tree nut allergens as high sequence homology and antibody cross-binding were demonstrated. Present study suggests that quinoa pose a medium to high level of allergenicity that should be further investigated in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sofie Ravn Ballegaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana Isabel Sancho
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cui Zhou
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Neil Marcus Rigby
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Claus Heiner Bang-Berthelsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Immunology, ALK, Bøge Allé 1, DK-2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Alan Robert Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mette Lübeck
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9100, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Pilegaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrine Lindholm Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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5
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Bianco M, Ventura G, Calvano CD, Losito I, Cataldi TRI. Food allergen detection by mass spectrometry: From common to novel protein ingredients. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200427. [PMID: 37691088 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Food allergens are molecules, mainly proteins, that trigger immune responses in susceptible individuals upon consumption even when they would otherwise be harmless. Symptoms of a food allergy can range from mild to acute; this last effect is a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction. The European Union (EU) has identified 14 common food allergens, but new allergens are likely to emerge with constantly changing food habits. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a promising alternative to traditional antibody-based assays for quantifying multiple allergenic proteins in complex matrices with high sensitivity and selectivity. Here, the main allergenic proteins and the advantages and drawbacks of some MS acquisition protocols, such as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and data-dependent analysis (DDA) for identifying and quantifying common allergenic proteins in processed foodstuffs are summarized. Sections dedicated to novel foods like microalgae and insects as new sources of allergenic proteins are included, emphasizing the significance of establishing stable marker peptides and validated methods using database searches. The discussion involves the in-silico digestion of allergenic proteins, providing insights into their potential impact on immunogenicity. Finally, case studies focussing on microalgae highlight the value of MS as an effective analytical tool for ensuring regulatory compliance throughout the food control chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ventura
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Centro interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima D Calvano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Centro interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilario Losito
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Centro interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Centro interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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6
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Liguori B, Sancho AI, Poulsen M, Lindholm Bøgh K. Novel foods: allergenicity assessment of insect proteins. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200910. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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7
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Comparative digestion of thermally treated vertebrates and invertebrates allergen pairs in real food matrix. Food Chem 2022; 405:134981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Delgado L, Garino C, Moreno FJ, Zagon J, Broll H. Sustainable Food Systems: EU Regulatory Framework and Contribution of Insects to the Farm-To-Fork Strategy. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2130354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Delgado
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Belgium
| | - Cristiano Garino
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Zagon
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Broll
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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9
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Boateng ID. A Review of Ginkgo biloba L. Seed’s Protein; Physicochemical Properties, Bioactivity, and Allergic Glycoprotein. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2062768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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10
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Mullins E, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, George Firbank L, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Naegeli H, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Fernandez Dumont A, Moreno FJ. Scientific Opinion on development needs for the allergenicity and protein safety assessment of food and feed products derived from biotechnology. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07044. [PMID: 35106091 PMCID: PMC8787593 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Opinion addresses the formulation of specific development needs, including research requirements for allergenicity assessment and protein safety, in general, which is urgently needed in a world that demands more sustainable food systems. Current allergenicity risk assessment strategies are based on the principles and guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius for the safety assessment of foods derived from 'modern' biotechnology initially published in 2003. The core approach for the safety assessment is based on a 'weight-of-evidence' approach because no single piece of information or experimental method provides sufficient evidence to predict allergenicity. Although the Codex Alimentarius and EFSA guidance documents successfully addressed allergenicity assessments of single/stacked event GM applications, experience gained and new developments in the field call for a modernisation of some key elements of the risk assessment. These should include the consideration of clinical relevance, route of exposure and potential threshold values of food allergens, the update of in silico tools used with more targeted databases and better integration and standardisation of test materials and in vitro/in vivo protocols. Furthermore, more complex future products will likely challenge the overall practical implementation of current guidelines, which were mainly targeted to assess a few newly expressed proteins. Therefore, it is timely to review and clarify the main purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment and the vital role it plays in protecting consumers' health. A roadmap to (re)define the allergenicity safety objectives and risk assessment needs will be required to inform a series of key questions for risk assessors and risk managers such as 'what is the purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment?' or 'what level of confidence is necessary for the predictions?'.
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11
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Soice E, Johnston J. How Cellular Agriculture Systems Can Promote Food Security. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.753996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular agriculture, the manufacturing of animal-sourced foods by cell cultures, may promote food security by providing a food source that is available, accessible, utilized, and stable. The extent to which cellular agriculture can promote food security, however, will depend in part on the supply system by which it produces food. Many cellular agriculture companies appear poised to follow a centralized supply system, in which production is concentrated within a small number of large plants and products are distributed over a wide area. This model benefits from economies of scale, but has several weaknesses to food security. By being built of a handful of plants with products distributed by a large transportation network, the centralized model is vulnerable to closures, as became clear for animal-sourced centralized system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cellular agriculture systems are being built now; therefore, alternative supply system models of decentralized and distributed systems should be considered as the systems of cellular agriculture production are established. This paper defines both the requirements of food security and three possible supply system models that cellular agriculture could take and evaluates each model based on the requirements of food security.
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12
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Benedé S, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Cristobal S, Costa J, D'Auria E, Velickovic TC, Garrido-Arandia M, Karakaya S, Mafra I, Mazzucchelli G, Picariello G, Romero-Sahagun A, Villa C, Roncada P, Molina E. New applications of advanced instrumental techniques for the characterization of food allergenic proteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8686-8702. [PMID: 34060381 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1931806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches based on electrophoretic, chromatographic or immunochemical principles have allowed characterizing multiple allergens, mapping their epitopes, studying their mechanisms of action, developing detection and diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies for the food and pharmaceutical industry. However, some of the common structural features related to the allergenic potential of food proteins remain unknown, or the pathological mechanism of food allergy is not yet fully understood. In addition, it is also necessary to evaluate new allergens from novel protein sources that may pose a new risk for consumers. Technological development has allowed the expansion of advanced technologies for which their whole potential has not been entirely exploited and could provide novel contributions to still unexplored molecular traits underlying both the structure of food allergens and the mechanisms through which they sensitize or elicit adverse responses in human subjects, as well as improving analytical techniques for their detection. This review presents cutting-edge instrumental techniques recently applied when studying structural and functional aspects of proteins, mechanism of action and interaction between biomolecules. We also exemplify their role in the food allergy research and discuss their new possible applications in several areas of the food allergy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Enza D'Auria
- Clinica Pediatrica, Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sibel Karakaya
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Alejandro Romero-Sahagun
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Villa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Ranking of 10 legumes according to the prevalence of sensitization as a parameter to characterize allergenic proteins. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:767-773. [PMID: 33854954 PMCID: PMC8027524 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
10 different legumes extracts could be ranked based on the variations in the prevalence of sensitization. Variations in the prevalence of sensitization allowed for ranking of 18 different individual legume proteins. Ranking can be used to select reference proteins to develop predictive assays for the assessment of the sensitizing potential of novel proteins.
Predicting the allergenicity of novel proteins is challenging due to the absence of validated predictive methods and a well-defined reference set of proteins. The prevalence of sensitization could be a parameter to select reference proteins to characterize allergenic proteins. This study investigated whether the prevalence of sensitization of legume extracts and proteins can indeed be used for this purpose. A random sample of suspected food-allergic patients (n=106) was therefore selected. 10 extracts (processed and non-processed) and 18 individual proteins (2S albumins, 7S and 11S globulins) from black lentil, blue and white lupine, chickpea, faba bean, green lentil, pea, peanut, soybean, and white bean were isolated and the prevalence of sensitization and the intensity of IgE binding were evaluated. The prevalence of sensitization ranged from 5.7 % (faba bean and green lentil) to 14.2 % (peanut). The prevalence of sensitization for individual legume proteins ranged from 0.0 % for albumin 1 (pea) to 15.1 %–17.9 % for Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6 (peanut). The prevalence of sensitization correlated strongly with the intensity of IgE binding for individual proteins (p < 0.05, ρ = 0.894), for extracts no correlation was found. The discovered ranking can be used to select reference proteins for the development and validation of predictive in vitro or in vivo assays for the assessment of the sensitizing potential.
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14
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Abstract
In food allergy, only a restricted number of protein families have been identified to contain allergenic proteins. These can be further grouped into major allergens, responsible for inducing allergic reactions in the majority of patients allergic to the food source, as compared to minor allergens only affecting a small number of food allergic patients. In addition, rare allergens have only been described for single cases so far. Rare allergens can derive from novel foods, including exotic varieties and foods not yet frequently consumed in certain regions. Also, new or modified processing strategies could induce a higher allergenicity in certain dietary proteins. And finally, low abundancy and/or low allergenic activity may also account for some rare allergens. For allergenic risk assessment, cross-reactivity of novel allergens with already known allergens is in place and facilitates the identification of potential new allergens, while de novo sensitization to yet undefined allergens can only be described retrospectively. This review presents some examples of recently identified rare allergens.
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15
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Bose U, Broadbent JA, Juhász A, Karnaneedi S, Johnston EB, Stockwell S, Byrne K, Limviphuvadh V, Maurer-Stroh S, Lopata AL, Colgrave ML. Protein extraction protocols for optimal proteome measurement and arginine kinase quantitation from cricket Acheta domesticus for food safety assessment. Food Chem 2021; 348:129110. [PMID: 33508605 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insects have been consumed by people for millennia and have recently been proposed as a complementary, sustainable source of protein to feed the world's growing population. Insects and crustaceans both belong to the arthropod family. Crustacean (shellfish) allergies are common and potentially severe; hence, the cross-reactivity of the immune system with insect proteins is a potential health concern. Herein, LC-MS/MS was used to explore the proteome of whole, roasted whole and roasted powdered cricket products. Eight protein extraction protocols were compared using the total number of protein and distinct peptide identifications. Within these data, 20 putative allergens were identified, of which three were arginine kinase (AK) proteoforms. Subsequently, a multiple reaction monitoring MS assay was developed for the AK proteoforms and applied to a subset of extracts. This targeted assay demonstrated that allergen abundance/detectability varies according to the extraction method as well as the food processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Bose
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - James A Broadbent
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Angéla Juhász
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Shaymaviswanathan Karnaneedi
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Elecia B Johnston
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally Stockwell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Keren Byrne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Vachiranee Limviphuvadh
- Biomolecular Function Discovery Division, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; IFCS Programme, Singapore Institute for Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Biomolecular Function Discovery Division, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; IFCS Programme, Singapore Institute for Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andreas L Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
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16
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Ogrodowczyk AM, Dimitrov I, Wróblewska B. Two Faces of Milk Proteins Peptides with Both Allergenic and Multidimensional Health Beneficial Impact- Integrated In Vitro/ In Silico Approach. Foods 2021; 10:163. [PMID: 33466712 PMCID: PMC7828788 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main food-origin antigens that the infant's body is in contact with are cow's milk proteins (CMP). Still, CMP are one of the main sources of beneficial biologically active peptides that play a role in treatment of non-communicable diseases. Safe methods to quickly predict the sensitizing potential of food proteins among their range of health-promoting properties are essential. The aim of study was to adapt an integrated approach combining several in silico (IS) studies and in vitro (IV) assays to screen the multifunctionality of CMP-derived peptides. Major histocompatability complex type II MHC II-binders, interleukin-4 and -10 inducers, interferon γ -inducers and immunobioactivity tools were used to predict the peptide-power of inducing allergies or tolerance. A comparison of the peptide profiless revealed the presence of one identical and one overlapping sequence in IS and IV hydrolysate. By IS analysis, four of 24 peptides were found to have high affinity and stimulate IL-4 expression, and by IV, one of seven peptides had this potential (Bos d9 peptide DIPNPIGSENSEK (195-208)). Three IV peptides may induce IL-10 expression. The IV/IS assessment seems promising agents for peptides' potential determination dedicated only to preliminary screening of peptides. The IV verification is still crucial in further steps of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ogrodowczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ivan Dimitrov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
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17
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Smits M, Nooijen I, Redegeld F, de Jong A, Le TM, Knulst A, Houben G, Verhoeckx K. Digestion and Transport across the Intestinal Epithelium Affects the Allergenicity of Ara h 1 and 3 but Not of Ara h 2 and 6. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000712. [PMID: 33434390 PMCID: PMC8047886 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scope No accepted and validated methods are currently available which can accurately predict protein allergenicity. In this study, the role of digestion and transport on protein allergenicity is investigated. Methods and results Peanut allergens (Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6) and a milk allergen (β‐lactoglobulin) are transported across pig intestinal epithelium using the InTESTine model and afterward basophil activation is measured to assess the (remaining) functional properties. Additionally, allergens are digested by pepsin prior to epithelial transport and their allergenicity is assessed in a human mast cell activation assay. Remarkably, transported Ara h 1 and 3 are not able to activate basophils, in contrast to Ara h 2 and 6. Digestion prior to transport results in a significant increase in mast cell activation of Ara h 1 and 3 dependent on the length of digestion time. Activation of mast cells by Ara h 2 and 6 is unaffected by digestion prior to transport. Conclusions Digestion and transport influences the allergenicity of Ara h 1 and 3, but not of Ara h 2 and 6. The influence of digestion and transport on protein allergenicity may explain why current in vitro assays are not predictive for allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smits
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Princetonlaan 6, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Nooijen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Aard de Jong
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6708 WG, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - André Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Houben
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Princetonlaan 6, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
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18
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Are Physicochemical Properties Shaping the Allergenic Potency of Animal Allergens? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:1-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Abstract
This review searched for published evidence that could explain how different physicochemical properties impact on the allergenicity of food proteins and if their effects would follow specific patterns among distinct protein families. Owing to the amount and complexity of the collected information, this literature overview was divided in two articles, the current one dedicated to protein families of plant allergens and a second one focused on animal allergens. Our extensive analysis of the available literature revealed that physicochemical characteristics had consistent effects on protein allergenicity for allergens belonging to the same protein family. For example, protein aggregation contributes to increased allergenicity of 2S albumins, while for legumins and cereal prolamins, the same phenomenon leads to a reduction. Molecular stability, related to structural resistance to heat and proteolysis, was identified as the most common feature promoting plant protein allergenicity, although it fails to explain the potency of some unstable allergens (e.g. pollen-related food allergens). Furthermore, data on physicochemical characteristics translating into clinical effects are limited, mainly because most studies are focused on in vitro IgE binding. Clinical data assessing how these parameters affect the development and clinical manifestation of allergies is minimal, with only few reports evaluating the sensitising capacity of modified proteins (addressing different physicochemical properties) in murine allergy models. In vivo testing of modified pure proteins by SPT or DBPCFC is scarce. At this stage, a systematic approach to link the physicochemical properties with clinical plant allergenicity in real-life scenarios is still missing.
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20
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Su S, Ezhuthachan ID, Ponda P. Genetically modified foods and food allergy. JOURNAL OF FOOD ALLERGY 2020; 2:111-114. [PMID: 39022139 PMCID: PMC11250554 DOI: 10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Genetic modification of foods is one of the many ways of processing that can enhance foods to increase desirable qualities, such as herbicide tolerance, bacteria and insect resistance, improved nutritional value, and delayed ripening. However, a theoretical potential to increase the allergenicity of food proteins has been the subject of concern from critics. To prevent adverse effects from genetically modified (GM) crops, national and international organizations tightly regulate their production and recommend rigorous safety testing. Some safety tests were developed to assess potential allergenicity by studying the product's similarity to known allergenic proteins, its resistance to pepsin digestion, and its binding to immunoglobulin E (IgE) from sera of patients with known relevant allergies. To date, these safety assessments have only identified rare GM foods with the potential to lead to immunologic reactions. These foods were stopped from being marketed commercially, and the products on the market now have passed required safety assessments. The rise in the prevalence of food allergy preceded the commercialization of GM foods and has also occurred in countries with limited access to GM crops, which highlights a lack of causative association between the two. Several studies provided further reassurance with no evidence of higher potency in specific IgE binding to GM foods. There are no studies that demonstrate adverse reactions due to GM food consumption, and GM foods may have the beneficial potential to silence major allergenic proteins. Therefore, physicians and other health-care professionals should counsel patients that the scientific data do not support an increased risk of allergic responses to GM foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Su
- From the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwell Health System, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Idil Daloglu Ezhuthachan
- From the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwell Health System, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Punita Ponda
- From the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwell Health System, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
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21
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Current Trends in Proteomic Advances for Food Allergen Analysis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090247. [PMID: 32854310 PMCID: PMC7563520 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are a global food challenge. For correct food labelling, the detection and quantification of allergens are necessary. However, novel product formulations and industrial processes produce new scenarios, which require much more technological developments. For this purpose, OMICS technologies, especially proteomics, seemed to be relevant in this context. This review summarises the current knowledge and studies that used proteomics to study food allergens. In the case of the allergenic proteins, a wide variety of isoforms, post-translational modifications and other structural changes during food processing can increase or decrease the allergenicity. Most of the plant-based food allergens are proteins with biological functions involved in storage, structure, and plant defence. The allergenicity of these proteins could be increased by the presence of heavy metals, air pollution, and pesticides. Targeted proteomics like selected/multiple reaction monitoring (SRM/MRM) have been very useful, especially in the case of gluten from wheat, rye and barley, and allergens from lentil, soy, and fruit. Conventional 1D and 2-DE immunoblotting have been further widely used. For animal-based food allergens, the widely used technologies are 1D and 2-DE immunoblotting followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF, and more recently LC-MS/MS, which is becoming useful to assess egg, fish, or milk allergens. The detection and quantification of allergenic proteins using mass spectrometry-based proteomics are promising and would contribute to greater accuracy, therefore improving consumer information.
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22
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Verhoeckx K, Lindholm Bøgh K, Constable A, Epstein MM, Hoffmann Sommergruber K, Holzhauser T, Houben G, Kuehn A, Roggen E, O’Mahony L, Remington B, Crevel R. COST Action 'ImpARAS': what have we learnt to improve food allergy risk assessment. A summary of a 4 year networking consortium. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32477491 PMCID: PMC7236523 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population and increased pressure on agricultural resources are driving a shortage of dietary protein sources. As a result, industry is developing more sustainable novel food protein sources such as insects, algae and duckweed and using new processing techniques. Consumer exposure to these novel or processed proteins, could cause new food allergies, exacerbating a public health issue which is already directly affecting an estimated 20 million Europeans. Introduction of novel foods should not add to the burden of food allergy and this calls for a reliable, harmonised, evidence-based and validated allergenicity risk assessment strategy. The COST (Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action ImpARAS (Improved Allergenicity Risk Assessment Strategy), a four-year networking project, identified gaps in current allergy risk assessment, and proposed new ideas and plans for improving it. Here, we report on the lessons learned from the ImpARAS network and suggestions for future research. The safe introduction of novel and more sustainable food protein sources, while protecting humans from food allergy, calls for a multidisciplinary approach based on an improved understanding of what determines the relative allergenic potency of proteins, novel testing and assessment methodologies, harmonized decision-making criteria, and a clear ranking approach to express the allergenicity of novel product relative to that of existing known allergenic proteins: (from 'non'/to weakly and to strongly allergenic proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michelle M. Epstein
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Room 4P9.02, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sûr-Alzette, Luxemburg
| | - Erwin Roggen
- 3Rs Management and Consulting ApS, Asavænget 14, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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23
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Marzano V, Tilocca B, Fiocchi AG, Vernocchi P, Levi Mortera S, Urbani A, Roncada P, Putignani L. Perusal of food allergens analysis by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. J Proteomics 2020; 215:103636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L. New Perspectives in Food Allergy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1474. [PMID: 32098244 PMCID: PMC7073187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the tolerance and sensitization to food antigens has recently led to a radical change in the clinical approach to food allergies. Epidemiological studies show a global increase in the prevalence of food allergy all over the world and manifestations of food allergy appear increasingly frequent also in elderly subjects. Environmental and nutritional changes have partly changed the epidemiology of allergic reactions to foods and new food allergic syndromes have emerged in recent years. The deepening of the study of the intestinal microbiota has highlighted important mechanisms of immunological adaptation of the mucosal immune system to food antigens, leading to a revolution in the concept of immunological tolerance. As a consequence, new prevention models and innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at a personalized approach to the patient affected by food allergy are emerging. This review focuses on these new perspectives and their practical implications in the management of food allergy, providing an updated view of this complex pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariano Suppa
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
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25
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Castan L, Bøgh KL, Maryniak NZ, Epstein MM, Kazemi S, O'Mahony L, Bodinier M, Smit JJ, Bilsen JHM, Blanchard C, Głogowski R, Kozáková H, Schwarzer M, Noti M, Wit N, Bouchaud G, Bastiaan‐Net S. Overview of in vivo and ex vivo endpoints in murine food allergy models: Suitable for evaluation of the sensitizing capacity of novel proteins? Allergy 2020; 75:289-301. [PMID: 31187876 PMCID: PMC7065134 DOI: 10.1111/all.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts are necessary to introduce new dietary protein sources to feed a growing world population while maintaining food supply chain sustainability. Such a sustainable protein transition includes the use of highly modified proteins from side streams or the introduction of new protein sources that may lead to increased clinically relevant allergic sensitization. With food allergy being a major health problem of increasing concern, understanding the potential allergenicity of new or modified proteins is crucial to ensure public health protection. The best predictive risk assessment methods currently relied on are in vivo models, making the choice of endpoint parameters a key element in evaluating the sensitizing capacity of novel proteins. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most frequently used in vivo and ex vivo endpoints in murine food allergy models, addressing their strengths and limitations for assessing sensitization risks. For optimal laboratory‐to‐laboratory reproducibility and reliable use of predictive tests for protein risk assessment, it is important that researchers maintain and apply the same relevant parameters and procedures. Thus, there is an urgent need for a consensus on key food allergy parameters to be applied in future food allergy research in synergy between both knowledge institutes and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrine L. Bøgh
- National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - Michelle M. Epstein
- Experimental Allergy Laboratory, Department of Dermatology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Sahar Kazemi
- Experimental Allergy Laboratory, Department of Dermatology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine, APC Microbiome Ireland National University of Ireland Cork Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland National University of Ireland Cork Ireland
| | | | - Joost J. Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robert Głogowski
- Department of Animal Breeding and Production Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Hana Kozáková
- Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Nový Hrádek Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Nový Hrádek Czech Republic
| | - Mario Noti
- Institute of Pathology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Nicole Wit
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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26
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Klueber J, Costa J, Randow S, Codreanu‐Morel F, Verhoeckx K, Bindslev‐Jensen C, Ollert M, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K, Morisset M, Holzhauser T, Kuehn A. Homologous tropomyosins from vertebrate and invertebrate: Recombinant calibrator proteins in functional biological assays for tropomyosin allergenicity assessment of novel animal foods. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:105-116. [PMID: 31541579 PMCID: PMC6973240 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel foods may provide new protein sources for a growing world population but entail risks of unexpected food-allergic reactions. No guidance on allergenicity assessment of novel foods exists, while for genetically modified (GM) crops it includes comparison of sequence identity with known allergens, digestibility tests and IgE serum screening. OBJECTIVE As a proof of concept, to evaluate non-/allergenic tropomyosins (TMs) regarding their potential as new calibrator proteins in functional biological in vitro assays for the semi-quantitative allergy risk assessment of novel TM-containing animal foods with mealworm TM as an example. METHODS Purified TMs (shrimp, Penaeus monodon; chicken Gallus gallus; E coli overexpression) were compared by protein sequencing, circular dichroism analysis and in vitro digestion. IgE binding was quantified using shrimp-allergic patients' sera (ELISA). Biological activities were investigated (skin testing; titrated basophil activation tests, BAT), compared to titrated biological mediator release using humanized rat basophil leukaemia (RBL) cells. RESULTS Shrimp and chicken TMs showed high sequence homology, both alpha-helical structures and thermal stability. Shrimp TM was stable during in vitro gastric digestion, chicken TM degraded quickly. Both TMs bound specific IgE from shrimp-allergic patients (significantly higher for shrimp TM), whereas skin reactivity was mostly positive with only shrimp TM. BAT and RBL cell assays were positive with shrimp and chicken TM, although at up to 100- to 1000-times lower allergen concentrations for shrimp than chicken TM. In RBL cell assays using both TM as calibrators, an activation of effector cells by mealworm TM similar to that by shrimp TM confirmed the already reported high allergenic potency of mealworm TM as a novel protein source. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE According to current GM crops' allergenicity assessment, non-allergenic chicken TM could falsely be considered an allergen on a weight-of-evidence approach. However, calibrating allergenic potency in functional BAT and RBL cell assays with clinically validated TMs allowed for semi-quantitative discrimination of novel food protein's allergenicity. With TM calibration as a proof of concept, similar systems of homologous protein might be developed to scale on an axis of allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klueber
- Department of Infection and ImmunityLuxembourg Institute of HealthEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy CenterOdense Research Center for AnaphylaxisUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE‐LAQV/Faculdade de Farmácia daUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | | | | | | | - Carsten Bindslev‐Jensen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy CenterOdense Research Center for AnaphylaxisUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and ImmunityLuxembourg Institute of HealthEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy CenterOdense Research Center for AnaphylaxisUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
| | | | - Martine Morisset
- National Unit of Immunology and AllergologyCentre Hospitalier de LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg
- Present address:
Unité d’AllergologieCHU AngersAngersFrance
| | | | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and ImmunityLuxembourg Institute of HealthEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
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27
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Fasolin L, Pereira R, Pinheiro A, Martins J, Andrade C, Ramos O, Vicente A. Emergent food proteins – Towards sustainability, health and innovation. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Frigerio J, Agostinetto G, Sandionigi A, Mezzasalma V, Berterame NM, Casiraghi M, Labra M, Galimberti A. The hidden 'plant side' of insect novel foods: A DNA-based assessment. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108751. [PMID: 31955731 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the context of novel foods, a category for which the market demand is increasing worldwide, the consumption of edible insects and related insect-based products is expected to grow in the next years. Insects represent an important source of energy for the human diet but there is a lack of scientific knowledge about their processing to ensure safe food items to the consumer. In this study we adopted a combined DNA-based approach to verify the identity of the declared species in five categories of commercial insect-based products (mt COI DNA barcoding) and to characterize plant declared ingredients or contaminants (nu ITS2 DNA metabarcoding) with particular attention to putative elements of allergenic concern belonging, for example to the insect rearing substrate. Moreover, the same approach has been used to assess its sensitivity to cases of contamination and counterfeits to insect flour with low cost (and potentially allergenic) vegetable flours like wheat and soybean. Results show the success of insect DNA barcoding authentication even for highly processed products. Furthermore, the DNA metabarcoding analysis revealed a high efficacy as a screening method to identify both plant ingredients and vegetal traces belonging to insect farming or possible adulteration events, also acting as an early warning strategy for the occurrence of allergens of human concern. This approach could support the development of new risk assessment procedures for novel foods by regulatory authorities to ensure their quality, safety, and acceptance which will become more required in order to face the challenge of feeding the world population in the next decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Agostinetto
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Sandionigi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Maria Berterame
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casiraghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Galimberti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
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Garino C, Zagon J, Braeuning A. Insects in food and feed - allergenicity risk assessment and analytical detection. EFSA J 2019; 17:e170907. [PMID: 32626465 PMCID: PMC7015479 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.e170907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and insect‐based food products have entered in the European market, carrying along issues of safety and the need of establishing a new legal framework. The consumption of massively reared insects can pose chemical and microbiological risks, and insect proteins are likely to represent a hazard for a subpopulation of allergic individuals. All insect‐based products are considered ‘Novel Food’ and fall under EU regulation 2015/2283, according to which a specific application to the European Commission, followed by EFSA scientific evaluation, is needed before the product is put on the market. The recent EU Regulation 2017/893, entered into force on 1 July 2017, allowed a shortlist of seven insect species to be included in the formulation of feeds for aquaculture. Previously, the addition of any insect to any feed for farmed animals was not allowed, due to the risk of prion‐derived diseases. The introduction of this new Regulation raises the issue to switch from a classical detection method based on microscopy to a more sophisticated and species‐specific method. The overall aims of this EU‐FORA project were (i) to set up a new next generation sequencing (NGS)‐based molecular method for the identification of insect DNA in feeds for aquaculture; and (ii) to carry out a conceptual work on a probabilistic quantitative risk assessment focused on the allergenicity of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) employed in foods.
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30
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Morsa D, Baiwir D, La Rocca R, Zimmerman TA, Hanozin E, Grifnée E, Longuespée R, Meuwis MA, Smargiasso N, Pauw ED, Mazzucchelli G. Multi-Enzymatic Limited Digestion: The Next-Generation Sequencing for Proteomics? J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2501-2513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
- GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Dominique Baiwir
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
- GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Raphaël La Rocca
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Tyler A. Zimmerman
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Elodie Grifnée
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Marie-Alice Meuwis
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, CHU, Liege 4000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Smargiasso
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
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32
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Applying the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for food sensitization to support in vitro testing strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Houben G, Blom M, Alvito P, Assunção R, Crevel R, Fæste CK, Le TM, Madsen CB, Remington B, Stroheker T, Vassilopoulou E, Verhoeckx K, Žiarovská J, Constable A. Defining the targets for the assessment of IgE-mediated allergenicity of new or modified food proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:61-69. [PMID: 30826409 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many food innovations rely on the introduction and use of new or modified proteins. New or modified food proteins may lead to major health risks due to their inherent potential to cause food allergy. Currently, the pre-market allergenicity assessment for new or modified food proteins and protein sources relies on methods for identifying allergenic hazards based on characteristics of known allergens. However, there is no general consensus on the allergenicity parameters to use and the criteria that should apply for the evaluation and decisions to be made. In this paper, we propose that the strategy for allergenicity risk assessment of new or modified food proteins and the methodologies applied should be governed by the risk management questions to be answered, reflected in the information needed by risk managers to enable their informed decision making. We generated an inventory of health outcome-related assessment parameters and criteria potentially important for risk management decision-making and we discuss the implications of selecting different optional criteria (e.g. cut-off values) for what could be accepted as safe with regards to the health outcomes in the (at risk) population. The impact of these various options on both method development and risk management practices was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Thuy-My Le
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jana Žiarovská
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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34
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Khan IT, Bule M, Ullah R, Nadeem M, Asif S, Niaz K. The antioxidant components of milk and their role in processing, ripening, and storage: Functional food. Vet World 2019; 12:12-33. [PMID: 30936650 PMCID: PMC6431809 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.12-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current rate of population growth is so fast that, to feed this massive population, a 2-fold increase in land is required for the production of quality food. Improved dietary products such as milk and its products with antioxidant properties and functional foods of animal origin have been utilized to prevent chronic diseases. The designer milk contains low fat and less lactose, more protein, modified level of fatty acids, and desired amino acid profiles. The importance of milk and its products is due to the presence of protein, bioactive peptides, conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acid, Vitamin D, selenium, and calcium. These constituents are present in milk product, play a key role in the physiological activities in human bodies, and act as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, immune boosting, and antimicrobial activities. Consumer awareness regarding benefits of designer foods such as milk and its products is almost non-existent worldwide and needs to be established to reach the benefits of designer food technologies in the near future. The main objective of this review was to collect data on the antioxidant properties of milk and its constituents which keep milk-derived products safe and preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Taj Khan
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Rahman Ullah
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
| | - Shafaq Asif
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Campus Coste Sant’Agostino, Renato Balzarini Street, 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS)-Bahawalpur-63100 Pakistan
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35
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Omenn GS, Lane L, Overall CM, Corrales FJ, Schwenk JM, Paik YK, Van Eyk JE, Liu S, Snyder M, Baker MS, Deutsch EW. Progress on Identifying and Characterizing the Human Proteome: 2018 Metrics from the HUPO Human Proteome Project. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:4031-4041. [PMID: 30099871 PMCID: PMC6387656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Human Proteome Project (HPP) annually reports on progress throughout the field in credibly identifying and characterizing the human protein parts list and making proteomics an integral part of multiomics studies in medicine and the life sciences. NeXtProt release 2018-01-17, the baseline for this sixth annual HPP special issue of the Journal of Proteome Research, contains 17 470 PE1 proteins, 89% of all neXtProt predicted PE1-4 proteins, up from 17 008 in release 2017-01-23 and 13 975 in release 2012-02-24. Conversely, the number of neXtProt PE2,3,4 missing proteins has been reduced from 2949 to 2579 to 2186 over the past two years. Of the PE1 proteins, 16 092 are based on mass spectrometry results, and 1378 on other kinds of protein studies, notably protein-protein interaction findings. PeptideAtlas has 15 798 canonical proteins, up 625 over the past year, including 269 from SUMOylation studies. The largest reason for missing proteins is low abundance. Meanwhile, the Human Protein Atlas has released its Cell Atlas, Pathology Atlas, and updated Tissue Atlas, and is applying recommendations from the International Working Group on Antibody Validation. Finally, there is progress using the quantitative multiplex organ-specific popular proteins targeted proteomics approach in various disease categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert S. Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218, United States
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5263, United States
| | - Lydie Lane
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Room 4.401, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z3
| | | | - Jochen M. Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Young-Ki Paik
- Yonsei Proteome Research Center, Room 425, Building #114, Yonsei University,50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-ku, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Precision Biomarker Laboratories, Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, United States
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Alway Building, 300 Pasteur Drive, 3165 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, 94304, United States
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Eric W. Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5263, United States
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