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Backus RC, Ueda DC. Age-dependent changes in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D may complicate vitamin D status assessment of immature cats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1365204. [PMID: 38756523 PMCID: PMC11097665 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1365204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency and excess in clinically presented cats conventionally is diagnosed by comparison of patient plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) concentration with plasma reference intervals determined in healthy adult cats. For immature cats, validity of this vitamin D status assessment method is uncertain. Objective The overall objective was determination of whether plasma concentration of 25 (OH) D and other vitamin D metabolites in immature cats markedly change with developmental age as has been reported in other species. Methods Four male and 4 female domestic short-hair kittens from weaning were continuously presented a single nutritionally adequate growth-diet. Concentrations of 25 (OH) D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25 (OH)2D), and calcitriol were quantified in plasma of jugular venous blood collected at 12, 15, 18, and 21 weeks and 1 year of age. Plasma was liquid and solid-phase extracted and fractionation by normal-phase HPLC, and 25 (OH) D and 24,25 OH)2D quantified by reverse-phase HPLC-UV and calcitriol by RIA. Results Plasma 3-epi-25 (OH) D and 25 (OH) D concentrations increased (p < 0.001) with age so that by study end the concentrations rose by 1-and 2-fold, respectively. Concentrations of 3-epi-25 (OH) D relative to 25 (OH) D were 30% at 12 weeks and 20% at 1 year. Between ages 12 and 21 weeks, rises in 25 (OH) D concentration were positively correlated with body weight gains (ρ = 0.952, p < 0.001) and 24,25 (OH)2D concentrations were consistently greater than 25 (OH) D concentrations (p < 0.001). At 1 year of age, concentrations of 24,25 (OH)2D declined below those of 25 (OH) D and 3-epi-24,25 (OH)2D consistency occurred in low concentrations. Vitamin D2 metabolites and sex differences in metabolite concentrations were not observed. Conclusion Reliance on quantification of plasma 25 (OH) D concentration for vitamin D status assessment in kittens may be confounded by developmental changes in 25 (OH) D independent of vitamin D intake. High 24,25 (OH)2D concentration and occurrence of 3-epi-25 (OH) D in plasma additionally may interfere with the quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Backus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Devon C. Ueda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Sohail A, Al Menhali A, Hisaindee S, Shah I. An LC-MS/MS Method for Analysis of Vitamin D Metabolites and C3 Epimers in Mice Serum: Oral Supplementation Compared to UV Irradiation. Molecules 2021; 26:5182. [PMID: 34500616 PMCID: PMC8434525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most common forms of vitamin D in human and mouse serum are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2 and their metabolites. The aim of this study is to determine whether diet and sunlight directly affect the circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in a mouse model. We investigated the serum concentrations of eight vitamin D metabolites-vitamin D (vitamin D3 + vitamin D2), 25OHD (25OHD3 + 25OHD2), 1α25(OH)2D (1α25(OH)2D2, and 1α25(OH)2D3)-including their epimer, 3-epi-25OHD (3-epi-25OHD3 and 3-epi-25OHD2), and a bile acid precursor 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7αC4), which is known to cause interference in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. METHOD The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to FDA-US guidelines. The validated method was used for the analysis of mouse serum samples. Forty blood samples from mice were collected and divided into three groups. The first group, the DDD mice, were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet (25 IU VD3/kg of diet) and kept in the dark; the second group, the SDD mice, were maintained on a standard-vitamin D diet (1000 IU VD3) and kept in the dark; and the third group, SDL, were fed a standard-vitamin D diet (1000 IU VD3) but kept on a normal light/dark cycle. LC-MS/MS was used for the efficient separation and quantitation of all the analytes. RESULTS The validated method showed good linearity and specificity. The intraday and interday precision were both <16%, and the accuracy across the assay range was within 100 ± 15%. The recoveries ranged between 75 and 95%. The stability results showed that vitamin D metabolites are not very stable when exposed to continuous freeze-thaw cycles; the variations in concentrations of vitamin D metabolites ranged between 15 and 60%. The overlapping peaks of vitamin D, its epimers, and its isobar (7αC4) were resolved using chromatographic separation. There were significant differences in the concentrations of all metabolites of vitamin D between the DDD and SDL mice. Between the groups SDD (control) and SDL, a significant difference in the concentrations of 3-epi-25OHD was noted, where C3 epimer was about 30% higher in SDL group while no significant differences were noted in the concentrations of vitamin D, 25OHD, 1α25(OH)2D, and 7αC4 between SDD and SDL group. CONCLUSIONS A validated method, combined with a simple extraction technique, for the sensitive LC-MS/MS determination of vitamin D metabolites is described here. The method can eliminate the interferences in LC-MS/MS analysis caused by the overlapping epimer and isobar due to them having the same molecular weights as 25OHD. The validated method was applied to mouse serum samples. It was concluded that a standard-vitamin D diet causes an increase in the proportion of all the vitamin D metabolites and C3 epimers and isobar, while UV light has no pronounced effect on the concentrations of the majority of the vitamin D metabolites except 3-epi-25OHD. Further studies are required to confirm this observation in humans and to investigate the biochemical pathways related to vitamin D's metabolites and their epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Asma Al Menhali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Soleiman Hisaindee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (A.S.); (S.H.)
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Al-Zohily B, Al-Menhali A, Gariballa S, Haq A, Shah I. Epimers of Vitamin D: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020470. [PMID: 31940808 PMCID: PMC7013384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the sources, formation, metabolism, function, biological activity, and potency of C3-epimers (epimers of vitamin D). We also determine the role of epimerase in vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and vitamin D receptors (VDR) according to different subcellular localizations. The importance of C3 epimerization and the metabolic pathway of vitamin D at the hydroxyl group have recently been recognized. Here, the hydroxyl group at the C3 position is orientated differently from the alpha to beta orientation in space. However, the details of this epimerization pathway are not yet clearly understood. Even the gene encoding for the enzyme involved in epimerization has not yet been identified. Many published research articles have illustrated the biological activity of C3 epimeric metabolites using an in vitro model, but the studies on in vivo models are substantially inadequate. The metabolic stability of 3-epi-1α,25(OH)2D3 has been demonstrated to be higher than its primary metabolites. 3-epi-1 alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (3-epi-1α,25(OH)2D3) is thought to have fewer calcemic effects than non-epimeric forms of vitamin D. Some researchers have observed a larger proportion of total vitamin D as C3-epimers in infants than in adults. Insufficient levels of vitamin D were found in mothers and their newborns when the epimers were not included in the measurement of vitamin D. Oral supplementation of vitamin D has also been found to potentially cause increased production of epimers in mice but not humans. Moreover, routine vitamin D blood tests for healthy adults will not be significantly affected by epimeric interference using LC-MS/MS assays. Recent genetic models also show that the genetic determinants and the potential factors of C3-epimers differ from those of non-C3-epimers.Most commercial immunoassays techniques can lead to inaccurate vitamin D results due to epimeric interference, especially in infants and pregnant women. It is also known that the LC-MS/MS technique can chromatographically separate epimeric and isobaric interference and detect vitamin D metabolites sensitively and accurately. Unfortunately, many labs around the world do not take into account the interference caused by epimers. In this review, various methods and techniques for the analysis of C3-epimers are also discussed. The authors believe that C3-epimers may have an important role to play in clinical research, and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Al-Zohily
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE;
| | - Asma Al-Menhali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE
- Correspondence: (A.A.-M.); (I.S.)
| | - Salah Gariballa
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE;
| | - Afrozul Haq
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India;
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE;
- Correspondence: (A.A.-M.); (I.S.)
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Ghaly S, Bliuc D, Center JR, Clarke MW, Jones AP, Trend S, Kermode AG, Neale RE, Hart PH. Vitamin D C3-epimer levels are proportionally higher with oral vitamin D supplementation compared to ultraviolet irradiation of skin in mice but not humans. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:110-116. [PMID: 30296587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3)) undergoes epimerization to form C3-epi 25(OH)D3 and C3-epi 1,25(OH)2D3. These epimers have less calcaemic activity than non-epimerized metabolites and are not differentiated by many immunoassays when reporting total 25(OH)D3 levels. This study aimed to compare the effect of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and oral vitamin D3 supplementation on vitamin D C3-epimer levels. C57Bl/6 female mice were fed either vitamin D-sufficient (vitamin D3 2000 IU/kg) or -deficient diets (no vitamin D3) for 4 weeks. Among the vitamin D-deficient group, the shaved backs of half were irradiated daily for 4 days with 1 kJ/m2 UVR, followed by twice weekly irradiation for 4 weeks. Despite similar 25(OH)D3 levels, the UV-irradiated group had a lower proportion of C3-epi 25(OH)D3 at week 7 (p < 0.05) and week 9 (p < 0.01). C3-epimer concentrations and %C3-epi 25(OH)D3 were also analysed in serum samples from two human clinical trials. These trials investigated the effect of high dose oral vitamin D3 supplementation and narrowband UVB phototherapy, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D3 and the %C3-epi 25(OH)D3 levels measured at 12 months after oral vitamin D3 supplementation were not significantly different to those measured at the time of maximal effect of phototherapy (2 months). Thus, the proportion of 25(OH)D3 that undergoes epimerization is greater with oral vitamin D3 supplementation than exposure to UVR in mice, but not in humans. This important difference between human and murine vitamin D metabolism warrants consideration when interpreting animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ghaly
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dana Bliuc
- Clinical Studies and Epidemiology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Clinical Studies and Epidemiology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael W Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anderson P Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Cancer Aetiology and Prevention Group, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Torugsa S, Nimitphong H, Warodomwichit D, Chailurkit LO, Srijaruskul K, Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B. The genetic determinants of circulating C3-epimers of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2018; 12:36-41. [PMID: 29892565 PMCID: PMC5992311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complexity of vitamin D metabolites especially the contribution of C3-epimers of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (C3-epimers) in human sera remains unclear. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D-related gene pathway contribute to variation in C3-epimer levels. Therefore, we investigated candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) concerning C3-epimer levels. METHODS The candidate SNPs, including DHCR7/NADSYN1 (rs12785878), CYP2R1 (rs2060793) and GC (rs2282679), were genotyped in 1727 members of the third project of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand 3/1 cohort investigation. Each SNP was tested under three genetic effects (dominant, recessive and additive models) concerning the levels of total serum 25(OH)D [the sum of 25(OH)D2+3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D2+3], non-C3-epimers [25(OH)D2+3] and C3-epimers [3-epi-25(OH)D2+3], using linear regression analysis. RESULTS Among the participants, the median (range) levels of non-C3-epimers and C3-epimers were 22.7 (6.4-49.2) ng/mL and 1.3 (0.01-14.2) ng/mL, respectively. In regression analysis, we found the genetic variation of two SNPs, the DHCR7/NADSYN1 (rs12785878; G > T) and GC (rs2282679; T > G) under additive genetic models, explained the variation of C3-epimer levels about 1.5% (p = 1.66 × 10-7) and 1.1% (p = 1.10 × 10-5), respectively. Interestingly, participants carrying the minor T-allele of rs12785878 exhibited a trend to increase C3-epimer levels, while those carrying the minor G-allele of rs2282679 exhibited a trend to decrease levels of both non-C3-epimers and C3-epimers. In addition, CYP2R1 (rs2060793; G > A) was clearly associated only with non-C3-epimer levels (p = 2.46 × 10-8). In multivariate analyses, sex, age and BMI were predictors for variation in C3-epimer concentration; sex and age for variation in non-C3-epimers. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate genetic models concerning the variation in C3-epimer levels. Our results emphasize that genetic determinants and the potential factors of C3-epimers differ from non-C3-epimers. This study contributes fundamental knowledge of the endogenous vitamin D pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikunya Torugsa
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6th Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Hataikarn Nimitphong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daruneewan Warodomwichit
- Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - La-or Chailurkit
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kriangsuk Srijaruskul
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Boonsong Ongphiphadhanakul
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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